Chapter 7 Review CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. TYPES: 1. 2. BLOOD 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.

55% Plasma: blood proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens), glucose, vitamins, minerals, gases, waste 1% white blood cells 45% red blood cells: hematocrit Erythrocytes: red blood cells: transport oxygen with hemoglobin, no nucleus Leukocytes: white blood cell, nucleated, separated into granulocytes, agranulocytes Platelets: no nucleus, small fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocyte in bone marrow, blood clotting Open Circulatory System: low pressure, no distinction between fluids, pushed through by heart Closed Circulatory System: blood in vessels, pushed by heart to tissues Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells Carries wastes away from cells Carries chemical messages Distributes heat Maintains levels of body fluids Carries immune cells

BLOOD GROUPS Blood types have special markers. If transfused into an ill matching blood type, it acts as an antigen and stimulates antibodies. They clump together, clog capillaries, and cause cell death. 1. 2. 3. 4. O: no antigens, A and B antibodies A: A antigen, B antibody B: B antigen, A antibody AB: A and B Antigen, no antibody

Rhesus Factor: Rh negative Rh positive, not the other way around. Artificial Blood: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. No blood matching Stored when frozen No expensive screening procedures No virus Provides time Supplement for patients with diseases Ill suited for other functions

BLOOD VESSELS

1.

2. 3.

Arteries: carry blood away from heart, thick walls inner and outer connective tissue, middle muscle fibres and elastic connective tissue. Aneurysm (fluid filled bulge). Vasoconstriction and vasodilation are caused by the autonomic nervous system. Movement of blood regulated by precapillary sphincters. (Atherosclerosis, part of arteriosclerosis degeneration of blood vessel) Capillaries: small, single layer of cells, fluid and gas exchange through diffusion proteins, water soluble ions, vitamins, gas, fluid, amino acids, glucose, etc. Veins: Venules Veins Heart. Low pressure, uses valves and skeletal muscles. Also blood reservoirs.

Major veins and arteries: Superior Vena Cava subclavian vein jugular vein. Inferior Vena Cava hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein, renal vein iliac vein femoral vein. Aorta (top) subclavian artery carotid artery. Aorta (bottom) renal artery, mesenteric artery, iliac artery CAPILLARY FLUID EXCHANGE Two forces: Fluid Pressure and Osmotic Pressure, regulated by blood pressure in capillary, large materials (proteins) in the blood. Movement of fluids out must be balanced with movement of fluids in. Arteriolar end: Osmotic pressure 25mm Hg, fluid pressure 35 mm Hg, absorption -10 mm Hg (water goes out). Venous end: Osmotic pressure 25 mm Hg, fluid pressure 15 mm Hg, absorption +10 mm Hg (water goes in). Hemorrhage: low fluid pressure, normal osmotic pressure (in) Starvation: normal fluid pressure, low osmotic pressure (out) Inflammation: normal fluid pressure, low osmotic pressure (out)

THE HEARTS TEMPO Myogenic muscle: muscle that contracts without external nerve stimulation Sinoatrial (SA node): small mass of tissue in the right atrium that originates the impulses Atrioventricular (SA node): small mass of tissues in right atrioventricular region passes impulses to ventricles Purkinje fibres: nerve fibres that branch and carry electrical impulses throughout the ventricles Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems: autonomic nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the SA node. Sympathetic (stress), parasympathetic (relaxing)

HOW THE HEART WORKS The heart consists of the atria, ventricles, septum (wall of muscle), pulmonary circulatory system, systemic circulatory system. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium The atria are relaxed, and they fill with blood: diastole The atrias muscular walls contract, increasing fluid pressure, and forcing AV valves open The blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It fills with fluid and contracts: systole, forcing AV valves shut (lubb) The blood pushes through the semilunar valves and into the pulmonary circulatory system. The ventricles relax, fill with volume. Pressure decreases and the semilunar valves shut. (dubb) The pulmonary arteries take the blood to the lungs, where it meets oxygen. Blood enters through the pulmonary veins and into the left atrium. The heart undergoes diastole and systole. Blood is pumped through the aorta.

Coronary Arteries: supply muscles of the heart with oxygen and nutrients. Blocked artery chest pains, angina. Cardiac Catheterization: thin, plastic tube passed into leg vein. X ray dye injected into blood vessels, image traced by fluoroscope or on tv monitor. A longer catheter is used to inject the dye into a coronary artery, to point out problems. It can also take blood samples to test oxygen levels, or monitor pressures in heart chambers. In Angioplasty, a tiny balloon is attached to scrape and collect debris from a blockage. Heart Murmurs: valves do not close completely leakage gurgling sound. Heart beats faster, and contracts harder. EVAD: electrohydraulic ventricular device: artificial heart, battery powered coil taped to chest. BLOOD PRESSURE Sphygmomanometer: cuff with air bladder wrapped around arm. Small pump inflates, and closes off blood flow. Stethoscope placed below cuff, air is slowly released until low pitched sound blood entering previously closed artery. Gauge on sphygmomanometer measures systolic blood pressure (pressure of blood during ventricular contraction: 120 mm Hg). Cuff deflates. Blood flows in during ventricular relaxation or filling (diastolic blood pressure: 80 mm Hg). 120/30. 2 factors: 1. 2. Cardiac Output: amount of blood pumped from heart each minute. Arteriolar resistance: diameter regulated by coiling, smooth muscles. Constriction increases blood pressure. Dilation reduces blood pressure. Responds to neural and hormonal controls, and metabolic products (from exercise)

Regulation: special blood pressure receptors in walls of aorta and carotid arteries are sensitive to high pressures. They send a nerve message to the medulla oblongata (blood pressure regulator at the stem of the brain). Sympathetic nerve impulses and parasympathetic nerve impulses are sent. Drugs and the Heart: Beta 1 receptors: on surface of cardiac muscle. Affect speed and strength of heart contractions, directly influence blood pressure. Beta 2: blood vessels and bronchioles. They accept epinephrine, a stress hormone that increases blood pressure. Beta-blockers tie it up. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. High cholesterol Smoking Diabetes mellitus High blood pressure Lack of regular exercise Rapid weight change Genetic factors

Hypertension (sustained high blood pressure), arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, heart attack (destruction of the heart muscle), stroke (interrupted blood flow to the brain), arrhythmia (irregular heart beat, ventricular fibrillation).

Homeostatic mechanism: Exercising nervous, hormonal, circulatory systems. Sympathetic nerve stimulates adrenal glands hormone epinephrine release of red blood cells from spleen increased heart rate and breathing rate = more oxygen delivery, waste removal LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Drains proteins from ECF and returns them to circulatory system. Lymph (like blood plasma) are transported through open-ended lymph vessels in a low pressure system. (helped by slow muscle contractions, flaplike valves). Lymph nodes house white blood cells that filter out bacteria through phagocytosis. They filter damaged cells + debris, supply lymphocytes to body (white blood cells producing antibodies). Spleen: largest lymphoid organ. Richly supplied with blood sinuses, holds 150 ml of blood = blood reservoir. Releases red blood cells, responding to low blood pressure, low oxygen levels. Thymus gland: where T lymphocytes, T cells mature designed to ensure no immune response against the bodys proteins. No antibodies for antigens. During fetal development, postnatal life, bodys proteins enter, act as antigens. T cells are activated, then destroyed.

Chapter 7 Questions 1. What are the functions of the Circulatory System? (5)

2.

How does a sponge transport oxygen and nutrients?

3.

Explain how the earthworm has a closed circulatory system.

4.

Define: interstitial, sinus, mesoderm.

5.

What is in Plasma, and what does it do?

6.

What are the differences between Erethrocytes and Leukocytes? What are the similarities?

7.

What are the functions of Hemoglobin?

8.

Explain what Platelets are and what they do.

9.

Explain what would happen if type B blood was transfused into blood type A.

10. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Artificial Blood? 11. Define: Aneurysm, atherosclerosis.

12. How does the Autonomic Nervous System work?

13. What are the differences in the layers of Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins?

14. What materials/fluids/etc are exchanged through the capillaries?

15. Explain how veins can push blood back to the heart.

16. Define: ECF, filtration, absorption

17. Explain the differences in pressures for a hemorrhage, starvation, and inflammation.

18. Explain the process of blood moving from the body, through the heart, and back to the body. (Including all the blood vessels)

19. What is Cardiac Catheterization, and what can it be used for?

20. Explain the process of a heart beating, using terms: sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AD) node, purkinje fibres.

21. What does the sympathetic nervous system do? Provide an example.

22. What makes the lubb-dubb heart sounds?

23. What does the heart do to compensate for heart murmurs?

24. Explain how a sphygmomanometer works.

25. Explain arteriolar resistance.

26. How is blood pressure regulated?

27. What are the factors that affect the health of the heart? What are some cardiovascular diseases?

28. What is the difference between hypertension and arrhythmia? What are the similarities?

29. Give examples of homeostatic mechanisms, use the term spleen.

30. Explain, briefly, what the lymphatic system does.