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Segunda Especialidad en Ginecologa y Obstetricia Post Grado en Medicina Fetal y Diagnostico Pre-Natal Maestra en Fisiologa Diplomado en Gentica y Embriogenia Humana
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El desarrollo embriolgico Mecanismos Biolgicos aprehendidos a lo largo de la evolucin de cada especie. Estos MB son eventos moleculares de diverso orden (celulares, bioqumicos, inmunolgicos, etc.) que se han transmitido genticamente de generacin genes del desarrollo expresin gentica: impronta genmico impriting genetic -
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I. ANATOMA MACROSCPICA Peso: 230 700 g (depende de la EG) Dimetros: 20 a 18 x 12 a 15 cm. Forma: Discoidal u Ovoidea Cara Fetal: Lisa-Insercin de cordn umbilical. Vasos sanguneos fetales: 2 arterias y 1 vena. Cara Materna: RugosaCotiledones: 7, 15 o 20. Calcificaciones. Membranas Amnios Corion (liso o calvo) Placenta hemocorial.
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2. ANATOMA MICROSCPICA DE LA VELLOSIDAD CORIAL 2 Mes 130 140u 5 Mes 30u 8 Mes 51u 9 Mes 49u
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CARACTERISTICAS DE LA PLACENTA
3. ESPESOR DE LA PLACENTA
30s 36s 40s 44s 30 m. m. 36 m. m. 40 m. m. 25 - 30 m. m.
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CARACTERISTICAS DE LA PLACENTA
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CARACTERISTICAS DE LA PLACENTA
CP = 0.10 Placenta Pequea CP = 0.08 Placenta Anormalmente pequea CP = 0.18 Placenta Relativamente grande CP = 0.20 Placenta Anormalmente grande
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9. VALORES NORMALES DE PRESIN PARCIAL DE O2, CO2 y pH EN SANGRE MATERNA, FETAL Y ESPACIO INTERVELLOSO
VASOS UTERINOS V pO2 HbO2 pCO2 pH 40 76 40 7.34 A 95 98 32 7.4 30-50 60-70 *40 *7.37 ESPACIO INTERVELLOSO VASOS UMBILICALES V 25-30 68 43 7.38 A 15 30 48 7.35
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FETAL CIRCULATION
Umbilical Vein carries O2 blood from placenta to the fetus LIVER Ductus venosus - shunts the blood to the inferior vena cava Right atrial opening into the Left atrium Ovale foramen
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Ductus venoso
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AS Adults...
Umbilical Vein - Ligamentum teres ( free edge of the falciform ligament) Ductus Venosus - Ligamentum Venosum Stretches from the left branch of the portal vein to the inf. Vena cava vein Ductus Arteriosus - Ligamentum arteriosum stems from the left pulmonary art. To the under surface of the aortic arch
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Barrera Placentaria
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10 15 20 25 a 37 37 a 42 43
Reynes Cj. Liquido Amnitico. En Ultrasonografa en Obstetricia. Reines Cj, Stoopen me Editores. 1ra Edicin Interamericana Mc Graw Gill. Mxico 1992
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COMPOSICION DEL LIQUIDO AMNIOTICO Osmolaridad (mOsm/L) Sodium (mEq/L) Potassium (mEq/L) Chloride (mEq/L) Lactate (mEq/L) Calcium (mg/dl) Glucosa (mg/dl) 255-258 124 - 126 3.9 - 4.5 103 - 108 7-9 3-6 0.2-0.4
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Anormalidades en la produccin y/o en la eliminacin del LA = volmenes inadecuados = se interpretan como marcadores de enfermedad materna y/o fetal 1. Oligohidramnios 2. Polihidramnios
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Oligohidramnios
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Polihidramnios
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Alteraciones de la disposicin
Circulares de cordn 25% de embarazos Pueden ser nicas, dobles, triples, etc. Se sospecha en modo B (muesca en regin cervical) y se confirma con Doppler
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Alteraciones de la disposicin
Nudos de cordn Pueden ser falsos o verdaderos Los verdaderos son raros (1%) y difciles de dx.por eco Se obs.como dilataciones de los vasos umbilicales
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Se asocia a otras anomalas fetales hasta en un 20%, como CIV, malformaciones urinarias y RCIU. Tambien a insercin velamentosa
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Insercin Velamentosa
Se obs.en 1% de emb. Insercin directamente sobre las membranas sin proteccin de gelatina de Wharton Se asocia a: anom.fetales, RCIU, vasa previa
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Quiste de Cordn
En 2 y 3 Trimestre: Aneuploida en 50% casos. En 1 T: Hallazgo normal La mayora desaparecen: 13% anomalas En los persistentes: 26% anomalas
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Cordn Umbilical
Indice de espiralamiento (IE): No. vueltas vasculares Longitud del CU en cm
Valor Promedio: 0.21+/- 0.07
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ndice de Espiralamiento Vascular Anormal y Pronstico Perinatal Mayor frecuencia de desaceleraciones variables moderadas y severas en los RN con vasos del cordn umbilical hipo-espiralado (0.1 vuelta por centimetro) o hiper-espiralado (0.3 vuelta por centimetro), p < 0.05
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Mola Hidatiforme
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La Mola Hidatiforme se caracteriza por que los cromosomas de sus clulas contienen 46 cromosomas pero todos son paternos siendo este un caso de diginia y de expresin de impronta genmico de los genes de desarrollo
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Anormalidades de la Implantacin - 1
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Anormalidades de la Implantacin - 2
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Embarazo mltiple
Corionicidad y Amnionicidad
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Reserva Funcional
Capacidad Vital
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INSUFICIENCIA PLACENTARIA
CAPACIDAD FUNCIONAL TOTAL DE LA PLACENTA CAPACIDAD VITAL + RESERVA FUNCIONAL
(Reserva Respiratoria Fetal o Fetoplacentaria)
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PREECLAMPSIA
Desorden multisistmico de causa no totalmente conocida en el embarazo humano caracterizada por presentarse clnicamente como dos sndromes
Sndrome materno (HTA, proteinuria, alteracin de la funcin renal y heptica, eclampsia Sndrome fetal (RCIU, reduccin del LA e inadecuada oxigenacin) Asociado a tasas altas de Muerte materna y Perinatal en todo el mundo
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GRACIAS