Assignments of viscoelastic Course Series 1 & 2

Nima Sarrafzadeh Ghadimi

Faculty of Biomedical Engineering

Biomechanical engineering

Professor : Dr.Kasra

Problem 1
How will the sound from tuning forks made of brass, aluminum, and plastic differ? Because all of the materials are considered viscoelastic and to some extent have viscoelastic properties according to the kind material this properties can differ among materials. As the viscoelastic properties increases in a material the viscous part absorbs the impacts energy. So the sound of brass is louder than aluminum and plastic.

Problem 2
Discuss five materials that you have observed to be viscoelastic.
Disks Disks in the human spine are viscoelastic. Under normal body weight, the disks creep, that is they get shorter with time. Lying down allows the spinal disks to recover and this means that most people are taller in the morning than in the evening. Astronauts have gained up to 5cm in height under near-zero gravity conditions. Skin tissue This can be seen by pinching the skin at the back of the hand; it takes time to recover back to its original flat position. The longer the skin is held in the pinched position, the longer it takes to recover. The more rapidly it is pinched, the less time it takes to recover it behaves more elastically. Skin is an ageing material, that is, its physical properties change over time. Younger skin recovers more rapidly than older skin. Wood The beams of old wooden houses can often be seen to sag, but this creeping under the weight of the roof and gravity can take many decades or centuries to be noticeable. Concrete and soils are other materials which creep, as is ice, which has consequences for glacial movements. Turbine blades Materials which behave elastically at room temperature often attain significant viscoelastic properties when heated. Such is the case with metal turbine blades in jet engines, which reach very high temperatures and need to withstand very high tensile stresses. Guitar strings Guitar strings are viscoelastic. When tightened they take up a tensile stress. However, when fixed at constant length (strain), stress relaxation occurs.

Problem 3
Under what conditions an aging material may be regarded as non-aging?
Aging is understood as a time dependent variation of the isotropic homogenous stiffness, which is not caused by stresses. When the stiffness is taken as independent of time aging material could be considered as non-aging.

Problem 4
Can you think of a material that is not passive?

Problem 5
How does a linearly viscoelastic material differ from an elastoplastic material?
A material is considered elastoplastic (or elastic-perfectly plastic) when the inelastic region of the stress-strain diagram is idealized as a straight line. If the material behaves linearly in the elastic range, then the stress-strain diagram consists of two straight lines in the elastic and inelastic regions with different slopes. In this State the substance is subjected to a stress greater than its elastic limit but not so great as to cause it to rupture, in which it exhibits both elastic and plastic properties. As long as the stress is less than the yield value, Hooke's law may be used when the material behaves linearly elastic. When the stress reaches the yield stress, the material starts to yield and keeps deforming plastically at a constant stress level. If the load is removed at any point along the stress-strain diagram, then the unloading path will be along a straight line segment CD parallel to the initial portion AY of the loading curve. The fact that the unloading curve is linear is because the material is linearly elastic.

A viscoelastic substance has an elastic component and a viscous component. The viscosity of a viscoelastic substance gives the substance a strain rate dependent on time. viscoelastic

substance loses energy when a load is applied, then removed. Hysteresis is observed in the stress-strain curve, with the area of the loop being equal to the energy lost during the loading cycle. Specifically, viscoelasticity is a molecular rearrangement. When a stress is applied to a viscoelastic material such as a polymer, parts of the long polymer chain change position. This movement or rearrangement is called Creep. Polymers remain a solid material even when these parts of their chains are rearranging in order to accompany the stress, and as this occurs, it creates a back stress in the material. When the back stress is the same magnitude as the applied stress, the material no longer creeps. When the original stress is taken away, the accumulated back stresses will cause the polymer to return to its original form. The material creeps, which gives the prefix visco-, and the material fully recovers, which gives the suffix -elasticity. Linear viscoelasticity is when the function is separable in both creep response and load. All linear viscoelastic models can be represented by a equation connecting stress and strain: