Probability Distribution

Probability Distribution Till now, we had been adding or subtracting only natural numbers. Since natural numbers are all positive numbers, adding them mean probability distribution moving forward & subtracting them means moving backward on a number line. But, as we know that integers include, not only positive numbers, but also, their negative equivalents. Thus, we need to understand the concept of adding integers carefully. For this, we must first understand that magnitude of an integer means the number without any sign. It is also called modulus or the absolute value of integer & is represented by two vertical lines; one before & one after the number, e.g., magnitude or modulus of -3= I-3I=3 & I+7I=7. Now, when two integers to be added have same sign, i.e., both are either positive or negative, on being added, they will move forward in the direction of their sign. This means that if both numbers are positive, we will add them & the sum will carry a positive sign. While if both the integers to be added are negative; we will still add them but the sum in this case, will carry a negative sign.

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For example: If we have to find the sum of 3 & 8 , since both the numbers to be added are positive, we will add them as usual. Thus, the sum will be 3 + 8 = 11. Also, if we have to add two negative integers, say, -3 & -8 ; here both the numbers to be added are negative integers. We will again add these numbers ignoring their sign first. We notice that the two numbers are equal in magnitude to the numbers taken in the above example. Thus, the sum will be same in magnitude to the sum in the above case, but it will carry a negative sign. Thus, the sum of -3 & -8 is -11. While adding integers, with same sign ,on the number line also; we begin with the point representing any one of the numbers to be added & move further in the direction of the sign of such integer, as many number of steps as is the magnitude of the other number to be added. Thus, while adding integers with same sign, the sum will carry the same sign as of the integers to be added. Since integers can be positive as well as negative, the numbers to be added may not always carry the same sign. When the two integers to be added carry different signs, the rule for adding them is totally different. In such a case, in place of adding them, we rather subtract the magnitudes of such integers. Then to the difference so obtained, we give the sign of the integer that has bigger magnitude. For example: To add 6 & -8 , I-8I=8 , so we will subtract 6 from 8. We get 2. Now of the two integers, the number with bigger modulus is -8 as 8>6; this carries a negative sign, thus the sum will also carry negative sign & we say 6+(-8) = -2.

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On the other hand, if we wre to add -6 & 8, I8I>I-6I ,i.e., 8>6, so here the sum will carry positive sign & now -6+8=2. To learn about Graphing Lines go online. Also sample papers for history CBSE board are available at various sites online. Example 1:In a class, the average number of marks obtained by student in Physics is 0.52, chemistry is 0.48 and in both Physics and chemistry they obtained 0.37. Find the total average obtained in either Physics or chemistry. Solution: P(A) = Average number of marks in Physics = 0.52 P(B) = Average number of marks in Chemistry = 0.48 P(A and B) = Average number of marks in both physics and chemistry = 0.37 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A-B) = 0.52 + 0.48 0.37 = 0.63

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