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Lynne Cameron
The Metaphor Network
MetNet
What is metaphor?
A device for seeing something in terms of something else (Burke, 1945, p.503)
Metaphor is
linguistic cognitive affective socio-cultural
Metaphor is linguistic
Linguistic metaphor is the use of a word or phrase that brings (or could bring) some other meaning to the contextual meaning.
potential, not necessarily active conventionalised as well as novel or deliberate weak as well as strong
The word or phrase that brings the other meaning is the metaphor Vehicle.
Language
+ gesture spoken discourse the production and interpretation of metaphors in the dynamics of talk written discourse the use of metaphors by the writer and interpretation by readers
Metaphor is cognitive
Conceptual metaphor is a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system (Lakoff, 1993, p.203) Everyday language reveals systems of metaphorical mappings.
Metaphor is affective
The Vehicle terms of linguistic metaphors often carry evaluations, attitudes, values, beliefs, perspectives. Im going to give you a little bit of information. Were going to look at
Metaphor is socio-cultural
as well as individual group metaphors: porridge, screws speech communities:
I hear what you say I see what you mean
Procedure (i)
Identification of linguistic metaphors
Procedure (ii)
Identification of linguistic metaphors
Starting Points:
Pat
at the beginning as a republican I felt obliged as a republican to sit down and talk about that and against the backdrop of the political reasons given a platform for a republican message that had been censored for decades so when offered an opportunity to sit down and talk about what motivated you then you should avail of that so thats the way I walked into it
Starting Points:
whos so open
to understanding your perspective then youre obliged to somehow reciprocate
Starting Points:
in er, the first few days after the bomb just thinking if only I could bring something positive out of this and feeling very strongly that my father was killed because he was part of a conflict
Jo
Starting Points
ehm
its very hard to hate and my idea of Pat was of someone without much humanity and I wanted to meet him and hear his story and discover his humanity later on also came the idea that I wanted him to hear my story
Research question
How does metaphor contribute to the process of reconciliation? Data and evidence
Global metaphor use
systematic use of metaphors metaphor clusters and absences
Metaphors
Alterity
Discourse topics
time
To A
time Using statistical analysis and visual display (reported in Cameron & Stelma, 2004, Journal of Applied Linguistics).
Cluster
Identifying clusters
Example cluster
Pat ...(1.0) got a distorted picture of me. perhaps, I don't know. .. I don't know. .. I think maybe they were just thinking, they wouldn't see a need to meet any of their victims. yeah yeah .. and so they ... therefore couldn't see why you would. [hmh] [and] I think it was more like that. ... hmh and they could see, ... how from my healing journey, if I could build a bridge with you, that would ...(1.0) help me. but they couldn't see -... perhaps there was even a need for a journey.
discourse management
getting the talk started finding a new topic
Systematic Metaphors
Systematic metaphors are connected sets of linguistic metaphors used around a single Topic across a discourse event. . the first conciliation meeting is a stage on a
journey
.. there's been a long long .. 16 years of [getting to this point]. .. the end of that journey, would be, .. sitting down and, ... talking to the people who did it.
More examples
CONNECTION
I was crying in a desert
LISTENING TO A STORY
I wanted to hear his story
building bridges
Pat ... (1.0) in the er -the journey, ...(1.0) coming ... to a bridge,/ ... you [know]. [hmh] ... with two ends, all those bridges are there to be built
Jo Pat Pat
Pat Jo
Pat Jo Pat Jo
...
Jo
Distribution of clusters and absences. Use of systematic metaphors by the two speakers. Changes over time in use of systematic metaphors.
References
Burke, K. (1945). A Grammar of Motives. New York: Prentice Hall. Cameron, L. (1999). Identifying and describing metaphor in spoken discourse data. In L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.), Researching and Applying Metaphor (pp. 105-132). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cameron, L. (1999). Operationalising metaphor for applied linguistic research. In L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.), Researching and Applying Metaphor (pp. 328). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cameron, L. (2003). Metaphor in Educational Discourse. London: Continuum. Cameron, L. (in press). Patterns of metaphor use in reconciliation talk. Discourse and Society. Cameron, L., & Stelma, J. (2004). Metaphor clusters in discourse. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 7-36. Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2nd ed., pp. 202-251). New York: Cambridge University Press.