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To Titanium Industries Data and Reference Guide ! This Acrobat document contains all of the information in the hard copy version. Any page or the complete manual can be selected and printed using the print set up and print options from the file menu. Take advantage of the FIND feature which allows searching utilizing key words. This reader also contains a Bookmark function which acts as an index. When activated, you can immediately access a topic by clicking on it! Thank you for visiting the Titanium Web Site!
March 1998
Working with 6AL-4V, 6AL-4V ELI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 Working with CP GR2, CP GR4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-13 Measurement Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-15 Weight Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-17 Converting Rounds to Hexagons and Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19 Metallurgical Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metallurgical Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20
General Specifications & ASTM Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-21 Military Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-23 International Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 26
TITANIUM PRODUCTION
Titanium, the fourth most abundant metallic element in the earths crust, occurs chiefly as an oxide ore. The commercially important forms are rutile (titanium dioxide) and ilmenite (titanium-iron oxide) the former being richest in titanium content. Titanium can be produced in the following manner:
Reduction
Titanium Scrap
Arc Melting
Titanium Sponge
Ingots
Magnesium Tetrachloride
Alloying Elements
Hearth Melting
Structural titanium alloys are coming in for increased use because they are light, ductile and have good fatigue and corrosion-resistance properties. As a result, more manufacturing engineers are learning that machining these alloys can be a tricky job due to their unique physical and chemical properties. The problems that arise in drilling, turning, and grinding of titanium can be better understood if we look at these properties. They hold the key to successful machining operations. Table 1 compares the general properties of commercially pure titanium with other commonly machined metals. The specific weight of titanium is about two-thirds that of steel and about 60 percent higher than that of aluminum. In tensile and sheet
stiffness, titanium falls between steel and aluminum. But titanium's strength (80,000 PSI for pure titanium and 150,000 PSI and above for its alloys) is far greater than that of many alloy steels, giving it the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any of today's structural metals. Thermal properties are another matter. Titanium alloys have high melting points, which is usually a sign of excellent temperature stability. However, the strengths of titanium alloys fall off rapidly at temperatures above 800 degrees F, and their coefficients of expansion are even less than that for steels. These unusually poor thermal properties account, to a large extent, for the difficulties in machining titanium.
*HCP = hexagonal close-packed lattice; BCC = body centered cubic; FCC = face-centered cubic
A CLOSE LOOK
Titanium alloys have a hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) lattice structure similar to magnesium alloys. However, at about 1625 degrees F, titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation, changing from HCP to a bodycentered cubic (BCC) structure. These allotropic forms of titanium are known as alpha and beta respectively. Alloying elements favor one or the other. For example, a 6-percent aluminum addition stabilizesthe alpha phase, resulting in an increase in the alpha + beta and raising the beta transformation temperature to about 1820 degrees F (25 degrees F). It also increases the metal's elevated temperature strength level. Chromium, iron, molybdenum, manganese and vanadium lower the transformationtemperature, thereby making the beta phase stable at a lower temperature.
GRINDING OF TITANIUM
In grinding, the difference between titanium and other metals is the activity of titanium at high temperatures. At the localized points of wheel contact titanium can react chemically with the wheel material. The most important facts to consider in order to prevent this and ensure successful grinding are: 1. Effective use of coolants. Water based soluble oils can be used but, in general, result in poor wheel life. Solutions of vapor-phase rust inhibitors of the nitrite amine type give good results with aluminum oxide wheels. 2. Correct wheel speeds. A good guide is to use onehalf to one-third of conventional operating wheel speeds to get the best results with titanium. 3. Selection of proper wheels. Silicon carbide wheels can be used at 4000-6000 surface feet per minute to give optimum surface finish at minimum wheel wear but the high speeds essential with these wheels produce intense sparking which can cause a fire hazard unless the work is flooded with coolant. However, vitrified bond A60 wheels, hardness J-M have been successfully used at speeds of 1500 to 2000 surface feet per minute while removing as much as 0.08 cubic inches of metal per minute .
The following pages are recommendations for speeds, feeds and other parameters. The information presented in this booklet are nominal recommendations and should be considered only as good starting points.
MILLING
Depth of Cut (in.) .250 .050 HIGH SPEED STEEL Tool Speed In. Feed Material (fpm) (/TOOTH) M-7, M-42 M-42 30 40 .006 .004 CARBIDE TOOL Tool Speed In. Feed Material (fpm) (/TOOTH) C2 C2 110 150 .006 .004 .006 .004
.250 M-42 25 .007 C3 80 Alloys STA .050 M-42 35 .004 C3 100 (BHN 375 - 420) Cutting Fluid: Water-based soluble oil or water-based chemicals for annealed condition. Highly chlorinated oil for STA condition.
DRILLING
FEED (INCHES/REVOLUTION AT INDICATED NOMINAL HOLE DIAMETER -- INCHES) CONDITION Tool Material M-3, M-7, M-42 M-42, M-33 Speed (fpm) 20 1/8 .002 1/4 .005 .006 3/4 .007 1 .008 .002 1 .009 .002 2 .010 .003 3 .011 .004
Alloys Annealed (BHN 320 - 370) 15 .0005 .001 .0015 .0015 Alloys STA (BHN 375 - 420) Cutting Fluid: Water-based soluble oil or water-based chemical
GRINDING
WHEEL DESIGNATION CONDITION Type of cut Aluminu m Oxide A 46 JV A 60 LV Silicon Carbide C 46 JV A 70 LV C 46 JV WHEEL SPEED (fpm) Aluminu m Oxide 1500-2500 1500-2500 Silicon Carbide 30005500 30005500 Table Speed (fpm) 40 40 40 40 Down Feed in/Pass .001 .0005 Max .001 .0005 Max Cross Feed
in\Pass
Alloys Annealed Rough (BHN 320-370) Finish Alloys STA (BHN 375-420) Rough
30005500 Finish C 60 LV 30005500 Grinding Fluid: Highly chlorinated oil or 10% sodium nitrite-amine
TURNING
Condition Depth Of Cut (in.) .250 .100 .050 .250 .100 .025 .250 .100 .025 HIGH SPEED STEEL Tool Speed Feed Material (fpm) (ipr) CARBIDE TOOL SPEED (fpm) Tool Brazed Throw-aFeed Material Tool way tool (ipr)
Commercially Pure
C2 C2 C3 C2 C2 C3 C2 C2 C3
JOINING OF TITANIUM
Titanium and titanium alloys can be readily joined by normal mechanical fastener techniques. With the exception of brazing and friction welding, these methods are the only satisfactory means of making joints between two nonweldable titanium alloys or between titanium and dissimilar materials. Fusion, resistance, flash butt, electron beam, diffusion bonding and pressure welding techniques are available and are widely practiced to produce joints in titanium and titanium alloys.
Use low cutting speeds. A change of 20 surface feet per minute to 150 surface feet per minute using carbide tools results in a temperature change from 800 to 1700 F. Maintain high feed rates. Temperature is not affected by feed rate so much as by speed, and the highest feed rates consistent with good machining should be used. Use copious amounts of cutting fluid. Use sharp tools and replace them at the first sign of wear. Tool failure occurs quickly after a small initial amount of wear. Never stop feeding while tool and work are in moving contact. Allowing a tool to dwell in moving contact causes work hardening and promotes smearing, galling, seizing and tool breakdown.
(Note: Hints for Machining Titanium has been reprinted from OREMET Titanium technical data. OREMET is the parent company of Titanium Industries, Inc.)
FORMING TITANIUM
Commercially pure titanium is readily formed at room temperature, using techniques and equipment suitable for steel. When correct parameters have been established, tolerances similar to those attainable with stainless steel are possible with titanium and its alloys. Recognition of several unique characteristics of titanium will aid in ease of forming: 1. The room temperature ductility of titanium and its alloys, as measured by uniform elongation, is generally less than that of other common structural metals. This means that titanium may require more generous bend radii and has lower stretch formability. Hot forming may be required for severe bending or stretch forming operations. 2. The modulus of elasticity of titanium is about half that of steel. This causes significant spring back after forming titanium for which compensation must be made. 3. The galling tendency of titanium is greater than that of stainless steel. This necessitates close attention to lubrication in any forming operation in which titanium is in contact (particularly moving contact) with metal dies or other forming equipment. Preparation for Forming Normally, titanium surfaces are acceptable for forming operations as received from the mill. Gouges and other surface marks introduced during handling should be removed by sanding. To prevent edge cracking, burred and sharp edges should be filed smooth before forming.
WELDING TITANIUM
In general, welding of titanium and its alloys can be readily performed, but it is necessary to exclude reactive gases, including oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and to maintain cleanliness. Thus weld properties are heavily influenced by welding procedures, especially by the adequacy of inert gas shielding. The GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) process is common, although GMAW (gas metal arc welding), friction welding, laser welding, resistance welding, plasma arc welding, electron beam welding, and diffusion bonding are all used in some cases. Both alloy composition and microstructure are important in determining weldability, with the presence of beta phase having a deleterious effect. Unalloyed titanium and alpha alloys are generally weldable and welded joints generally have accep-table strength and ductility. Postweld stress-relief annealing of weldments is recommended. Some alpha-beta alloys, specifically Ti-6Al-4V, are weldable in the annealed condition as well as in the solution treated and partially aged condition (aging can be completed during the post-weld heat treatment). Strongly stabilized alpha-beta alloys can be embrittled by welding, the result of phase transformations occurring in the weld metal or the heat affected zone. Some beta alloys are weldable in the annealed or the solution treated condition.
6Al-4V ELI Guaranteed Room Temperature Mini mum 120,000 115,000 10 25 4.5T , 5T 19 6-10T Rc 30/34 Typical Strength (%RT) & Ductility
-320F -423F
77 75 17
74 68 17
68 63 18
54 45 27 67.9
263,000 248,000 6
6Al-4V 16.5 Approximately 6.10 0.160 Approximately 3000F 171 at room temperature; 187 at 800F 0.135 at room temperature 4.2 at room temperature; 6.8 at 800F 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 800F Good Slight 1000F Moderate Moderate
6Al-4V ELI 16.5 Approximately 6.10 0.160 Approximately 3000F 171 at room temperature 0.125 at room temperature 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.7
Per F. (10 )
10
Joining, Welding
Principal Uses
Available Forms
0.08% max C, 0.05% max N, 0.015% max H 0.08% max C. 0.05% max N, 0.015% 0.25% max Fe, 5.75-6.75% Al, 3.5- max H (sheet), 0.13% max O, 5.5-6.5% Al, 4.5% V, 0.20% max O 3.5-4.5 % V, 0.25% max Fe Alpha-Beta See reference 3 for properties in aged condition. 0.0125% max 11 (bar). 0.0100% max 11 (billet). <0.070 inch. >0.070 inch. Alpha-Beta 0.0125% max H (bar) 0.0100% max H (billet) 0.20 and below 8%: 10 % for plate; determined by configuration of bar and forgings. <0.070 inch >0.070 inch Min. Yield 110,000 for 1.75 diameter or larger
11
80 76
57 46
46 30
36 26
28 20
CP GR4 15.1 Approximately 6.5 0.164 3020F 18F 60 0.129 Approx. 9.8 at room temp. 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.6 1000F 400F 600F 800F 1000F Good Good Good Moderate Good Good Slight Moderate
2-
F/ft
Approx. 9.5 at room temp. 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.6 400F 600F 800F Good Good Good Moderate Good Good Slight Moderate
12
Readily cut with saw or abrasive wheel Readily cut with saw or abrasive wheel
0.08% max C, 0.05% max N, 0.015% 0.08% max C, 0.05% max N, 0.015% max H (sheet), 0.20% max Fe. max H (sheet), 0.30% max Fe Alpha 0.0125% max H (bar). 0.0100% max (billet) Sheet Bar <0.070 inch thick. >0.070 inch thick. Alpha Highest strength commercially pure sheet grade 0.0125% maxH (bar) 0.0100% max (billet) Sheet Bar: 70,000 Bar: 60,000 Bar <0.070 inch thick >0.070 inch thick.
13
Fraction
1/64 1/32 3/64 1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64 1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64 3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64
Decimal mm
.01562 .03125 .04688 .06250 .07812 .09375 .10938 .12500 .14062 .15625 .17188 .18750 .20312 .21875 .23438 .25000 .26562 .28125 .29688 .31250 .32812 .34375 .35938 .37500 .39062 .40625 .42188 .43750 .45312 .46875 .48438 .50000 0.397 0.794 1.191 1.588 1.984 2.381 2.778 3.175 3.572 3.969 4.366 4.763 5.159 5.556 5.953 6.350 6.747 7.144 7.541 7.938 8.334 8.731 9.128 9.525 9.922 10.319 10.716 11.113 11.509 11.906 12.303 12.700
Fraction
33/64 17/32 35/64 9/16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64
Decimal
.51562 .53125 .54688 .56250 .57812 .59375 .60398 .62500 .64062 .65625 .67188 .68750 .70312 .71875 .73438 .75000 .76562 .78125 .79688 .81250 .82812 .84375 .85938 .87500 .89062 .90625 .92188 .93750 .95312 .96875 .98438 1.00000
mm
13.097 13.494 13.891 14.288 14.684 15.081 15.478 15.875 16.272 16.669 17.066 17.463 17.859 18.256 18.653 19.050 19.447 19.844 20.241 20.638 21.034 21.431 21.828 22.225 22.622 23.019 23.416 23.813 24.209 24.606 25.003 25.400
1/4
17/64 9/32 19/64 5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64 3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64 7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64
3/4
49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 53/64 27/32 55/64 7/8 57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64 31/32 63/64
1/2
14
Yard .001094 .010936 .027778 .333333 1 1.09361 1093.6 1760 Pound (Troy) .000174 .002679 .083333 .075955 1 1.21528 2.67923 Pound (Troy) 2679.23
2430.56 2722.22 Hectometer 100m Hectogram 100g
Meter .001 .01 .025400 .304801 .914402 1 1000 1609. Pound (Avoir.) .000143 .002205 .068571 .0625 .822857 1 2.20462 Pound (Avoir.) 2204.62
2000 2240 Kilometer 1000m Kilogram 1000g
Mile (Statute)
.62137 1 Kilogram .000065 .001 .031104 .028350 .373242 .453592 1 Kilogram 1000
907.185 1016.05
Grain 1 Grain 1 Gram 1 Ounce (Troy) 1 Ounce (Avoir.) 1 Pound (Troy) 1 Pound (Avoir.) 1 Kilogram 1 15.4324 480 437.5 5760 7000 15432.4
Ounce (Troy) .002083 .32151 1 .911458 12 14.5833 32.1507 Net Ton (Short) 1.10231
1
1
.907185 1.01605 Millimeter Centimeter .01m Centigram .01g
1 Meter
Ton 1,000,000g
15
SQUARES
Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.9568 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1631 X Diameter2
RECTANGLES
Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.9568 X Thickness X Width Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1631 X Thickness X Width
HEXAGONS
Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.6947 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1412 X Diameter2
OCTAGONS
Lbs. per Lineal Foot = 1.6211 X Diameter2 Lbs. per Lineal Inch = .1351 X Diameter2
CIRCLES
16
ROUND SEAMLESS TUBING W = 6.14 (D-T) T W = Weight in Pounds per Foot D = Outside Diameter in Inches and Decimals of an Inch T = Wall Thickness in Decimals of an Inch
RECTANGULAR SEAMLESS TUBING W = 3.9095 (A + B-2T) T W = Weight in Pounds per Foot A and B = The two outside dimensions in inches measured at right angles to the sides T = Wall Thickness in Decimals of an Inch
17
SIZES OF ROUNDS REQUIRED TO MAKE HEXAGONS OR SQUARES DISTANCES ACROSS CORNER OF HEXAGONS AND SQUARES
Distances across Corners of Hexagons and Squares
F
D=1/1547d E=1.4142d F=0.5773d
d 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 9/32 5/16 11/32 3/8 13/32 7/16 15/32 1/2 17/32 9/17 19/32 5/8 21/32 11/16 23/32 3/4 25/32 13/16 27/32 7/8 29/32 15/16 31/32 1 1-1/32 1-1/16
D 0.0721 0.1443 0.2164 0.2886 0.3247 0.3603 0.3698 0.4329 0.4690 0.5051 0.5412 0.5773 0.6133 0.6494 0.6855 0.7216 0.7576 0.7937 0.8298 0.8659 0.9020 0.9380 0.9741 1.0102 1.0463 1.0824 1.1184 1.1547 1.1907 1.2268
E 0.0884 0.1767 0.2651 0.3535 0.3977 0.4419 0.4861 0.5303 0.5745 0.6187 0.6629 0.7071 0.7513 0.7955 0.8397 0.9839 0.9281 0.9723 1.0164 1.0606 1.1048 1.1490 1.1932 1.2374 1.2816 1.3258 1.3700 1.4142 1.4584 1.5026
F 0.0361 0.0721 0.1082 0.1443 0.1623 0.1803 0.1983 0.2164 0.2344 0.2524 0.2705 0.2885 0.3065 0.3246 0.3426 0.3606 0.3787 0.3967 0.4147 0.4328 0.4508 0.4688 0.4869 0.5049 0.5229 0.5410 0.5590 0.5770 0.5950 0.6131
d 1-11/32 1-3/8 1-13/32 1-7/16 1-15/32 1-1/2 1-17/32 1-9/16 1-19/32 1-5/8 1-21/32 1-11/16 1-23/32 1-3/4 1-25/32 1-13/16 1-27/32 1-7/8 1-29/32 1-15/16 1-31/32 1-3/32 1-1/8 1-5/32 1-3/16 1-7/32 1-1/4 1-9/32 1-5/16
D 1.5516 1.5877 1.6238 1.6598 1.6959 1.7320 1.7681 1.8042 1.8403 1.8764 1.9124 1.9485 1.9846 2.0207 2.0568 2.0929 2.1289 2.1650 2.2011 2.2372 2.2733 1.2629 1.2990 1.3351 1.3712 1.4073 1.4434 1.4794 1.5155
E 1.9003 1.9445 1.9887 2.0329 2.0771 2.1213 2.1655 2.2097 2.2539 2.2981 2.3423 2.3865 2.4306 2.4708 2.5190 2.5832 2.6074 2.6516 2.6958 2.7400 2.7842 1.5468 1.5910 1.6352 1.6793 1.7235 1.7677 1.8119 1.8561
F 0.7754 0.7934 0.8114 0.8295 0.8475 0.8655 0.8836 0.9016 0.9196 0.9377 0.9557 0.9742 0.9918 1.0098 1.0278 1.0459 1.0639 1.0819 1.1000 1.1180 1.1360 0.6311 0.6491 0.6672 0.6852 0.7032 0.7213 0.7393 0.7573
18
SIZES OF ROUNDS REQUIRED TO MAKE HEXAGONS OR SQUARES DISTANCES ACROSS CORNER OF HEXAGONS AND SQUARES Continued
Distances across Corners of Hexagons and Squares
F D d E
d 2 2-1/32 2-1/16 2-3/32 2-1/8 2-5/32 2-3/16 2-1/4 2-5/16 2-7/8 2-15/16 3 3-1/16 3-1/8 3-3/16 3-1/4 3-5/16 3-3/8 3-7/16 3-1/2 3-9/16 3-5/8 3-11/16
D 2.3094 2.3453 2.3815 2.4176 2.4537 2.4898 2.5259 2.5981 2.6702 3.3197 3.3919 3.4641 3.5362 3.6084 3.6806 3.7627 3.8219 3.8971 3.9692 4.0414 4.1136 4.1857 4.2579
E 2.8284 2.8726 2.9168 2.9610 3.0052 3.0404 3.0936 3.1820 3.2703 4.0658 4.1542 4.2426 4.3310 4.4194 4.5078 4.5962 4.6846 4.7729 4.8613 4.9497 5.0381 5.1265 5.2149
F 1.1540 1.1720 1.1901 1.2081 1.2261 1.2442 1.2622 1.2983 1.3343 1.6589 1.6950 1.7310 1.7671 1.8032 1.8392 1.8753 1.9114 1.9474 1.9835 2.0196 2.0556 2.0917 2.1277
d 2-3/8 2-7/16 2-1/2 2-9/16 2-5/8 2-11/16 2-3/4 2-13/16 3-13/16 3-7/8 3-15/16 4 4-1/8 4-1/4 4-3/8 4-1/2 4-3/4 5 5-1/4 5-1/2 5-3/4 6
D 2.7423 2.8146 2.8867 2.9583 3.0311 3.1032 3.1754 3.2476 4.4023 4.4744 4.5466 4.6188 4.7631 4.9074 5.0518 5.1961 5..485 5.774 6.062 6.351 6.640 6.928
E 3.3587 3.4471 3.5355 3.6239 3.7123 3.8007 3.8891 3.9794 5.3917 5.4801 5.5684 5.6568 5.8336 6.0104 6.1872 6.3639 6.717 7.071 7.425 7.778 8.132 8.485
F 1.3704 1.4065 1.4425 1.4786 1.5147 1.5507 1.5868 1.6229 2.1999 2.2359 2.2720 2.3080 2.3801 2.4523 2.5244 2.5965 2.7400 2.8900 3.0300 3.1900 3.3200 3.4600
19
METALLURGICAL DEFINITIONS
STRESS STRAIN STRESS-STRAIN CURVES MACRO MICRO Force per unit area. A measure of the relative change in the size or shape of a body. Plot of stress (in lbs./in 2) versus strain (usually in in./in.). Refers to macroscopic examination, capable of being seen with the unaided eye. Refers to microscopic examination, requires visual enhancement to be viewed .
Ti-Grade 2 Ti-Grade 5 316 Stainless 254 SMO 2205 Duplex Monel 400 Inconel 625 Hastalloy C-276 70/30 Cu-Ni
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM B265 ASTM B299 ASTM B337 ASTM B338 ASTM B348 ASTM B363 ASTM B367 ASTM B381 ASTM B862 ASTM B863 ASTM F1108 ASTM F1295 ASTM F1341 ASTM F136(e-1) ASTM F1472 ASTM F620 ASTM F67 Plate and Sheet Sponge Pipe (Annealed) Seamless and welded Welded Tube Bar and Billet Fittings Castings Forgings Pipe - As welded, no anneal Wire - Titanium and titanium alloy 6Al-4V Castings for surgical implants 6Al-4V Niobium alloy for surgical implant applications Unalloyed titanium wire for surgical implant applications 6Al-4V ELI alloy for surgical implant applications. Editorial changes were made throughout March 1994 6Al-4V for Surgical implant applications 6Al-4V ELI Forgings for surgical implants Unalloyed titanium for surgical implant applications
20
21
Commercially Pure Titanium (CP) Code Designation CP - 1 ( 70 KSI-YS) CP - 2 ( 55 KSI-YS) CP - 3 ( 40 KSI-YS) CP - 4 ( 25 KSI-YS) Alpha Titanium Alloys (A) Code Designation Composition A-1 5Al - 2.5 Sn A-2 5Al - 2.5 Sn (ELI) A-3 6Al - 2Cb - 1Ta - 0.8Mo A-4 8Al - 1Mo - 1V Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloy (AB) Code Designation Composition AB - 1 6Al - 4V AB - 2 6Al - 4V (ELI) AB - 3 6Al - 6V - 2Sn AB - 4 6Al - 2Sn - 4Zr - 2Mo AB - 5 3Al - 2.5V AB - 6 8Mn Beta Titanium Alloys (B) Code Designation Composition B-1 13V - 11Cr - 3Al B-2 11.5Mo - 6Zr - 4.5Sn B-3 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr
22
Commercially Pure Ti CP 70 Alpha Titanium Alloys 5Al - 2.5Sn 5Al - 2.5Sn (ELI) 8Al - 1Mo - 1V 6Al - 2Cb - 1Ta - 0.8Mo Alpha-Beta Ti Alloys 3Al - 2.5V 6Al - 4V 6Al - 4V (ELI) 6Al - 6V - 2Sn 7Al -4Mo 6Al - 2Sn - 4Zr - 2Mo 6Al - 2Sn - 4Zr - 6Mo Beta Titanium Alloys 13V - 11Cr - 3Al 11.5Mo - 6Zr - 4.5Sn 8Mo - 8V - 2Fe - 3Al 3Al - 8V - 6Cr - 4Mo - 4Zr
Other Specifications MIL-H-81200 Heat treatment of titanium and titanium alloys AMS 2631 Ultrasonic Inspections MIL-STD 2154 Ultrasonic Inspections
23
1 2 3 4 7.11 12 5
Ti-4AI-4 Mo2.5Sn (550) Ti-10Fe-2V-3AI (10-2-3) Ti-15V-3AI-3 Cr3Sn (15-3) Ti-6AI-2Sn 4Zr-2Mo (6-2-4-2)
BPF BF PSWT
45-51 and 57 4983 4916 Beta alloys having excellent fabricability and high strength developed by heat treatment. AB4 As Comp
As Comp
BPSF
4975 4976
Ti-6AI-2SnBPSF 4981 4Zr-6Mo(6-2-4-6) B=Billet/Bar P=Plate S=Sheet T=Tube W=Wire F=Forgings C=Castings
24
FIRE PREVENTION
Storage of coarse titanium turnings and chips is relatively safe. Storage or accumulation of titanium fines constitutes a fire hazard. Clean machines and good workshop practice are usually sufficient to avoid any danger of fire when machining titanium. Titanium chips, turnings or fines should not be allowed to accumulate in machines. If a fire does start its effect can be minimized by isolating the burning material from the bulk. The fire can then be extinguished with a dry powder extinguisher. A sodium chloride base powder can be an effective agent. Use National Fire Protection Association Class D extinguisher (salt). Use salt or sand to reduce oxygen. Fire may be isolated and allowed to burn itself out. Fire or explosions may be initiated by exposing any concentrated dust suspension in an enclosed area to spark or flame. Generally, titanium dust or powder must be minus 100-mesh in order to create an explosive dust-air mixture. Cutting and grinding fires can prese 3 nt an explosion hazard when airborne in levels above 35 mg/m (U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation No. 4835).
25
T = Temperature F ( C)
R
0.02(0.001) nil nil 0.5(0.013) <1.0(<0.025)
C
75 100 5 to 99.7 99.5
T
300(149) 300(149) 255(124) boiling 100-500 (38-260)
Media
Cupric chloride Cupric choride Cupric cyanide Cuprous chloride Cyclohexane (plus traces of formic acid) Dichloroacetic acid Dichlorobenzene+ 4-5% HCl Diethylene triamine Ethyl alcohol Ethylene dichloride Ethylene diamine Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Ferric chloride Ferric sulfate 9H2O Flubonic acid Fluorsilicic Food products Fomaldehyde Formamide vapor Formic acid aerated Formic acid aerated Formic acid non-aerated Furfural Gluconic acid Glycerin Hydorgen chloride, gas Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid chlorine saturated 200ppm Cl2 + 1% HNO3 + 5% HNO3 + 5% HNO3 + 5% HNO3 + 1.7 g/l TiCl4 + 0.5% CrO3 + 1% CrO3 + 1% CrO3 + 0.05% CuSO4 + 0.5% CuSO4 + 0.05% CuSO4 + 0.5% CuSO4 Hydrofluonic acid Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide Hrdrogen suflide, steam and 0.077% mercaptans Hypochlorous acid + Cl2O and Cl2 gases Iodine in water + Potassium Iodide Lactic acid Lactic acid Lead acetate Linseed oil, boiled Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium sulfate Manganous chloride Maleic acid Mercuric chloride Mercuric chloride Mercuric cyanide Methyl alcohol Nickel chloride Nickel chloride Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, aerated Nitric acid, non aerated Nitric acid Nitric acid
T
boiling 246(119) (boiling) room 194(90) 302(150) boiling 355(179) room boiling boiling room room 212(100) boiling 236(113) (boiling) 302(150) room elevated room ambient boiling 572(300) 212(100) 212(100) 212(100) 212(100) room room room ambient boiling boiling boiling 374(190) 374(190) room 200(93) 200(93) boiling boiling 200(93) 100(38) 200(93) 200(93) 200(93) boiling boiling room room room room 200-230 (93-110) 100(38) room 212(100) boiling room room 300(149) boiling room room 212(100) 95(35) 212(100) 212(100) room 95(35) 212(100) 212(100) room room room 104(40) 140(60) 158(70) 392(200) 518(270) 554(290) 176(80) boiling boiling
R
0.2(0.005) 0.1(0.003) nil <0.1(<0.003) 0.1(0.003) 0.29(0.007) 4(0.102) nil 0.5(0.013) 0.2-5.0 (0.005-0.127) nil nil <0.5(<0.127) nil nil 0.1(0.003) nil rapid 1870(47.5) no attack nil nil 0.04(0.001)** 0.05(0.001)** 44(2.44)** 118(3.00)** nil nil nil nil >100(>2.54) 550(14.0) 400(10.2) <1(<0.025) >1120(>28.5) 17.0(0.432) 3.6(0.091) 1.2(0.030) 2.9(0.074) nil 1.2(0.031) 0.72(0.018) 1.2(0.031) 3.6(0.091) 2.4(0.061) 2.5(0.064) 3.3(0.084) rapid <5(<0.127) <5(<0.127) <12(<0.305) nil 0.001(0.000) nil <5.0(<0.127) <5.0(<0.127) nil nil nil nil nil nil nil 0.6(0.002) 0.04(0.001) <5(<0.127) nil nil 0.17(0.004) 0.11(0.003) 0.19(0.005) 0.08(0.002) 0.18(0.005) 0.10(0.003) 1.46(0.037) 1.56(0.040) 24(0.610) 48(1.22) 12(0.305) 1-3(0.025-0.076) 3-4(0.076-0.102) 5-20(0.127-0.508)
67 10 25 saturated saturated saturated 10 100 -10 50 spent pulping liquor saturated 28 28 28 saturated 10 saturated 3:1 3:1 25 saturated 27 10 saturated saturated saturated 10 liquid vapor undiluted cooking liquor saturated 5 10 20 55 60 saturated 6 18 saturated slurry 100 liquid vapor >0.7H2O >1.5H2O -<0.5H2O 5 in steam gas + H2O and air 5 100 30 100 100 vapor & liquid 10 15 50 240g/l plating salt 5 50 50 aerated 50 62 20
450(232) 212(100) 212(100) room room room room 104(40) 431(222) room 212(100) 159(71)
nil 0.09(0.002)* 124(3.15)* nil nil nil nil <5.0(<0.127) 440(11.2) nil nil 0.6(0.015)
212(100) room boiling boiling room 212(100) room room 175(79) 212(100) room boiling room room room room boiling 86(30) 86(30) room 79(26) boiling 212(100) 212(100) 212(100) 220(104) 300(149) boiling 212(100) 70(21) --boiling boiling room 392(200) 207(97) room 180(82)
<0.5(<0.013) 0.1(0.003) nil nil nil nil 0.4(0.010) nil 34.8(0.884) nil nil some small pits nil nil nil nil nil rapid <0.1(<0.003) nil 0.02(0.01) nil 0.02(0.005)* 0.29(0.007)* 0.61(0.015)* 0.02(0.001)* <0.1(<0.003)* nil 0.05(0.001) nil nil excellent nil nil nil nil 0.03(0.001) may react <0.1(<0.003)
Chloride dioxide in steam Chlorine trifluoride Chloracetic acid Chloracetic acid Chlorosulfonic acid Chloroform Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromium plating bath containing fluoride Chromic acid + 5% Nitric acid Citric acid Citric acid Citric acid Citric acid Cupric chloride *May corrode in crevices
210(99) 86(30) 180(82) boling room boiling boiling 180(82) 180(82) 171(77) 70(21) 140(60) 212(100) boiling 300(149) boiling
nil vigorous reaction <5.0(<0.127) <5.0(<0.127) 7.5-12.3 (0.191-0.312) 0.01(0.000) 0.1(0.003) 0.6(0.015) 1.1(0.028) 58.3(1.48) <0.1(<0.003) 0.01(0.000) <5.0(<0.127) 5.50(0.127-1.27) corroded nil
26