MACB e/foundation Final Exam Study Guide

1 1. Histology - general a. Techniques i. ii.

i.

ii.

Hematoxylin (basic) and Eosin (acid) stains Electron Microscopy vs. Light Microscopy b. Tissue types and embryologic origin c. Need to know general characteristics of individual tissue types Epithelial 1. Polarity 2. Mechanism for naming 3. Superficial cell layer (S) 4. Basement membrane 5. Tissue specific layer under basement membrane (ie. dermis/loose connective tissue/ lamina propia,etc...) 6. Mechanism for nutrient supply to superficial cell layer 7. Vascularity in sub - basement membrane layer 8. Nerve endings may, however, terminate in superficial cell layer 9. Understand typical structure, function for different types of epithelial tissue a. cuboid cells usually found making ducts or tubes b. stratified squamous usually found in esophagus c. Pseudostratified with cilia - respiratory d. Transitional - urinary bladder, ureters - should know that these are dome shaped cells - change shape with pressure e. Simple squamous - endothelium f. Columnar with villi - GI Connective 1. 3 consistent elements (specific to each site/type of CT) a. cell b. matrix c. fiber 2. Fibers - strength characteristics a. Elastin b. Collagen c. Reticular 3. Different types of CT and location/structure and function a. Cartilage types and characteristics/location b. Loose and dense CT c. vascularity of different types d. areolar CT (adipose)

MACB e/foundation Final Exam Study Guide

2 e. Blood as a connective tissue iii.

cell elements plasma/serum matrix fibrin fibrous element Muscle

1. Types - location/structure and function a. skeletal - should know general structure of sarcomere

iv.

and what the different bands are b. cardiac - intercalated discs c. smooth - involuntary, disorderly 2. Membranes / coverings a. epimysium b. perimysium c. Sarcolemma Nervous 1. neuroectodermal origin/neural crest 2. closely related to endocrine 3. Myelin production and function 4. Cellular elements a. Neuron generic structure and function of each element cellular function at synapse - nature of neurotransmitter release after stimulation from action potential Potential fate of neurotransmitter after leaves receptor reuptake catabolism b. Glia microglia - most common schwann - myelin in PNS oligodendrocyte - myelin in CNS Astrocyte - cellular involvement in blood - brain barrier Ependymal - form choroid plexi and line ventricles 5. CSF a. production b. function c. circulation duration and general pathway 6. location of ultimate resorption into vascular space 2. Histologic Features of Body Systems a. Integument

MACB e/foundation Final Exam Study Guide

3 i. ii. iii. iv.

v.

vi.

i.

Skin layers - orders - function - events within active layers Excellent URL - showing all layers and functions http://www.fpnotebook.com/der/exam/sknantmy.htm Difference between thick and thin skin Dermal appendeges 1. Hair follicles 2. Sweat glands - apocrine/merocrine/sebaceous Cells 1. Langerhans 2. Merkle 3. Pacini Membranes 1. Connective tissue 2. Bi - layered within body cavities (pleura/peritoneal/pericardial) - consisting of inner (visceral) layer - which in some cases may be the outer layer of the structure being covered by membrane (e.g. outer vascular layer - adventitia - is the inside layer of the pericardial membrane) 3. Space between layers is empty - (in reality, a small amount of serous fluid for lubrication may be present - but for medical purposes, the space can be considered empty) b. Respiratory Macro - anatomy 1. Conducting zone - all structures involved in moving air into and from gas - exchange zones. No alveoli, thus no gas exchange. This division of respiratory system is called Anatomic Dead Space - and will not change in volume 2. Respiratory Zone - all areas within the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs. As alveoli usually are present at about the tertiary bronchus - terminating in alveolar sacs this volume comprises the respiratory zone. As pathologic process interfere with gas exchange - eventually resulting in permanent functional impairment of areas throughout the respiratory zone - these regions are now defined as physiologic dead space - as the lack of gas exchange occurring here is related to the terminal effect of a specific pathologic process 3. Carina - bifurcation of trachea - located posterior to external landmark called angle of louie or the manubriosternal junction. The right mainstem bronchus forms a less acute

MACB e/foundation Final Exam Study Guide

4

ii.

i.

angle with the trachea than does the left mainstem bronchus - thus foreign bodies or errant intubation attempts often involve the right lung and/or bronchus 4. http://faculty.washington.edu/alexbert/MEDEX/Spring/TS %20CXR%20Reference%20study%20guide/TS%20CXR %20Reference%20study%20guide.htm 5. Know the structures relevant to the hilum of the lung Microanatomy 1. Most epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 2. Many goblet cells and other cells like Clara Cells - which are involved in secretion as well 3. Know significance and function of type I and II alveolar cells 4. Wandering macropghages 5. Surfactant chemistry, production and function 6. Understand the typical anatomy of the alveolocapillary membrane within the respiratory zone alveoli c. Skeletal System Gross anatomy of long bones -

ii. Osteon Structure and function

MACB e/foundation Final Exam Study Guide

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iii. Calcium metabolism basics - PTH and calcitonin

PTH Synthesized/released Parathyroid glands - on post. aspect of thyroid gland Stimulus for release Cells Activated Physiologic Effects Hypocalcemia Osteoclasts Bone resorption / elevation of serum calcium level

Calcitonin Parafollicular C cells within thyroid gland Hypercalcemia Osteoblasts Bone mineralization / lowering of serum calcium level

iv. Cellular elements of bone Osteoblasts - from osteoid progenitor cells - actively secrete matrix and mineralize it Osteoclasts - derived from immune/macrophage precursors - resorb mineralized bone. Generally found within small clearings of recently resorbed bone called, Howships Lacunae Osteocytes - mature osteoblasts - surrounded by mineralized bone that they previously secreted

d. Gastrointestinal System

See attached PDFs on GI histology McGill 1 & 2