Acoustics -The science of sound, including its production, propagation and effects -The objective study of the physical

behavior of sound in an enclosed space Sound A wave motion consisting of a series of condensations and rarefactions in an elastic medium produced by a vibrating body Requirements to Produce Sound 1. Presence of vibrating body 2. Presence of transmitting medium 3. Presence of receiving medium AUDIBLE FREQUENCY RANGE -Infrasonic/Subsonic frequencies below the audible range -Ultrasonic/Supersonic frequencies above the audible range Audible Range: 20 Hz 20kHz

1 Sound is Reflected -Echo Becomes apparent to the listener only when the distance from the source and the reflecting medium is great and the difference between the original and reflected sound is greater or equal to 1/17 of a second. -Flutter Brought about by a series of reflections between two parallel surfaces resulting to prolongation of sound Creates listening fatigue -Interference Reflection caused by two parallel surfaces, producing standing waves 2 Sound is absorbed Conversion of sound energy to heat energy 3. Onward transmission through obstruction Physiological Characteristics of Wave Motion 1 Pitch Number of cycles a wave goes through in a definite interval The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch Mel unit of pitch 1000 mels pitch of 1000Hz tone at 40dB Octave pitch interval 2:1; frequency is twice the given tone 2 Tone Timbre quality of sound Pure Tone a sound composed of only one frequency in which the sound pressure varies sinusoidally with time. Musical Sound composed of the fundamental frequency and its harmonics 3 Loudness Fluctuation of air pressure created by sound waves Observers auditory impression of the strength of a sound and is associated with the rate at which energy is transmitted to the ear. Depends on the amplitude of the sound Loudness Level measured by the sound level of a standard pure tone or specified frequency which is assessed by normal observers as being equally loud PHON Phon is the unit of loudness level when: -The standard pure tone is produced by a sensibly plane sinusoidal progressive sound wave coming from directly in front of the observer and having the frequency of 1kHz -The sound pressure level in the free progressive wave is expressed in dB above 2 x 10-5 N/m2 Sone is the unit of loudness of an individual listener. Phon = 40 + 10 log2 sone Sound Levels Sound Pressure (P) and Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Sound Pressure The alternating component of the pressure at a particular point in a sound field Expressed in N/m2 or Pa 1 Sound Pressure Level Equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the RMS sound pressure to the reference sound pressure SPL = 20 log (P/Po) Where: P = rms sound pressure Po = reference sound pressure Po = 2 x 10-5 N/m2 or Pa or 2 x 10-4 dynes/cm2 Po = 0.0002 bar or 2.089 lb/ft2 2. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) at any unit of pressure in dB SPL = 20log(P+N) Where: PN = rms sound pressure expressed in any of pressure in dB N = SPL constant corresponding to the unit at which sound pressure is expressed

Sound Intensity (I) and Sound Intensity Level (SIL) 1 Sound Intensity Defined as the acoustic power per unit area The basic units are W/m2 or W/cm2 The average rate of transmission of sound energy through a crosssectional area of 1 m2 at right angles to a particular direction.

General Interpretations of Sound 1. Physical phenomenon consisting of wave motion in a transmitting medium (objective) 2. Sensation due to outside simulation (subjective) Physical Properties of Sound 1. Amplitude magnitude of the vibration (pressure, current, voltage) 2. Period time it takes to complete a vibration/cycle 3. Frequency number of vibrations / cycle per unit time 4. Wavelength physical length of a vibration 5. Velocity of Propagation Vsound << VRF (344 m/sec << 3 x 108 m/sec) Velocity of Sound

Solids Where: E = Youngs Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3 d = density of the medium, g/cm3

For sound produced at ground level

Liquids Where: E = Bulks Modulus of elasticity, dynes/cm3 d = density of the medium, g/cm3

Sound Intensity

Gases Where: k = specific heat ratio = hsp/hsv hsp = specific heat at constant pressure hsv = specific heat at constant volume 2 p = gas pressure, dynes/cm d = density, g/cm3 Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)

I = 2 / d v Where: d density of the medium (kg/m3) v velocity of sound in medium (m/sec) rms pressure in Pa (N/m2) Sound Intensity in Air I = 2 / 410 Where: dv 410 ray/sec rms pressure in Pa (N/m2) 2. Sound Intensity Level

Dry Air/Air (for TC 20 0C)

Where: I = sound intensity, Io = threshold intensity, Io = 10-12 W/m2 or 10-16 W/cm2 Sound Power (W) The total energy radiated per unit time Sound Power Level (PWL)

where: TK = temperature in Kelvin -Sounds travel more slowly in gases than in liquids, and more slowly in liquids than in solids. -Sounds travels slower with an increased altitude (elevation if you are on solid earth), primarily as a result and humidity changes. Possibilities when a Propagated Sound is Obstructed

Where: W = sound power , W Wo = reference sound power Wo = 10-12 w

Room Acoustics Concerned with the behavior of sound within an enclosed space with a view to obtaining the optimum acoustic effect on the occupants

Requirements -Adequate amount of sound must reach all parts of the room. -Even distribution of sound -Noise must be reduced to an acceptable level. -Optimum Reverberation time, RT60 Reverberation -Tendency for the sound to persist over a definite period of time after it has been produced originally and stopped at the source. -Reverberation Time, RT60 -Time taken

Coefficient of absorption, Ratio of incident sound and absorbed sound Efficiency of sound absorption

Factors Affecting Reverberation Time 1 Volume of the room 2 Type of materials 3 Surface area of material TYPES OF ROOM 1.LIVE ROOM Little absorption (RT60 > 1 sec) 2.DEAD ROOM Large absorption (RT60 < 1 sec) 3.ANECHOIC ROOM - 100% absorption (free field conditions) -A device which when actuated by energy in one transmission system, supplies energy in the same form or in another form, to a second transmission system Classification of Microphones A. General Categories - Passive (Generator Type) Microphone Does not require external power source -Active (Amplifier Type) Microphone Needs an external power source for its operation B. According to Impedance -High Impedance Greater than 1000 ohms -Low Impedance 1000 ohms and below C. According to Method of Coupling -Pressure Type Actuated by the pressure of sound waves against the diaphragm. -Velocity Type actuated by velocity of sound waves -Contact Type D. According to Elements Used 1.Dynamic -Uses the principle of electromagnetic induction -Electromagnetic moving coil microphone A medium-priced instrument of high sensitivity Condenser Carbon : 50 15 000Hz : 200 3 000Hz

for the density of sound energy in the room to drop to 1 millionth (60dB) below of its initial value Optimum Periods of Reverberation Reverberation Time Equations a. Sabines Equation For actual reverberation time with average absorption less than or equal to 0.2; (absorption coefficient, 0.2)

2. Sensitivity -Ability that would be covered by the microphone 3. Dynamic Range -Range of sound intensity that would be covered by the microphone Special Types of Microphones Line Microphone -Capable of picking up sound from a great distance at an angle of 45 degrees and is highly sensitive Differential Microphone -Used in noisy places; good up to 3-in distance Types of Loudspeakers 1.Direct Radiator Type -Those in which the vibrating surface (diaphragm) radiates sound directly into the air A.Dynamic or Moving Coil Loudspeaker -Makes use of a moving coil in a magnetic field and a permanent magnet B..Electrostatic Loudspeaker -Operates on the same principle as a condenser microphone 2.Horn Type -Those in which a horn is interposed between the diaphragm and the air -Used for efficient coupling of sound into the air -Types: Conical Horn Parabolic Horn Exponential Horn Hyperbolic Horn To cover the entire range of audible frequencies, the following speakers are used: 1.Woofer for low frequencies 2.Tweeter for high frequencies 3.Midrange for normal range 4.Subwoofer for very low frequencies

Where; V = room volume, m3 A = total absorption units

Where; V = room volume, ft3 A = total absorption units Example: Calculate the reverberation time of a broadcast studio 8 ft. high by 13 ft wide by 20 ft. long. The material used has a total absorption of 180.75 sabines. b. Norris Eyring Equation For actual reverberation time with average absorption greater than 0.2; ( 0.2 )

Where; V = room volume, m3 = average coefficient of reflecting surfaces Example: A lecture room, 16 m. long, 12.5 m. wide and 5 m. high has a reverberation time of 0.75 sec. Calculate the average absorption coefficient of the surfaces using the Eyring formula. c. Stephens and Bate Equation For ideal reverberation time computation 2. Ribbon -Ribbon moves as if it is a part of the air that experiences rarefactions and condensations 3. Capacitor -Condenser type or electrostatic microphone 4. Carbon -Uses principle of variable resistance 5. Crystal -Uses principle of piezoelectric effect 6. Magnetic -Operated on the magnetic reluctance due to the movable core E. According to directional Characteristics -Unidirectional -Bidirectional -Omnidirectional -Cardioid

Where: r = 4 for speech r = 5 for orchestra r = 6 for choir Optimum Volume / person Concert Halls - 7.1 Italian type opera houses- 4.2 5.1 Churches- 7.1 9.9 Cinemas- 3.1 Rooms for Speeche - 2.8 Example: Suggest the optimum volume and reverberation time for a concert hall to be used mainly for orchestral music and to hold 450 people.

Loudspeaker Phasing When more than one speaker is used: -Phasing must be uniform -Polarities and voice coils are in phase such that the cone of all the speakers move inwards at the same instant. Loudspeaker Enclosure (Baffle) Loudspeaker mounting that is used to prevent the sound waves from the rear from interfering with the sound waves in the front of speaker

Characteristics of Microphone 1. Frequency Response Microphone -Frequency over which the microphone will operate normally -An acoustic device classified as a transducer which converts sound Magnetic : 60 10 000Hz waves into their corresponding electrical impulses Crystal : 50 10 000Hz Transducer 1.Which best describe the sound wave? b. Water 6.Calculate a half wavelength sound for sound a. It may be longitudinal c. Steel of 16000 Hz b. It is always transverse d. Mercury a. 35 ft c. It is always longitudinal b. 10 ft d. All of the above 4.Speed that is faster than that of sound. c. 0.035 ft a. Ultrasonic d. 100 ft 2.Which of the following cannot travel through a b. Supersonic vacuum? c. Subsonic 7.The lowest frequency that a human ear can a. Electromagnetic wave d. Transonic hear is b. Radio wave a. 5 Hz c. Sound wave 5.What is the speed of sound in air at 20C? b. 20 Hz d. Light wave a. 1087 ft/s c. 30 Hz b. 1100 ft/s d. 20 kHz 3.Through which medium does sound travel c. 1126 ft/s fastest? d. 200 ft/s 8.Sound that vibrates at frequency too high for a. Air the human ear to hear (over 20 kHz)

a. Subsonic b. Ultrasonic c. Transonic d. Stereo 9.The frequency interval between two sounds whose frequency ratio is 2. a. Octave b. Half octave c. Third-octave d. Decade 10.A 16 KHz sound is how many octaves higher than a 500 Hz sound a. 2 b. 5

c. 4 d. 8 11. Sound waves composed of but one frequency is a/an a. Infra sound b. Pure tone c. Structure borne d. Residual sound 12. Sound wave has two main characteristics which are a. Highness and loudness b. Tone and loudness c. Pitch and loudness d. Rarefactions and compressions 13. When waves bend away from straight lines of travel, it is called a. Reflection b. Diffraction c. Rarefaction d. Refraction 14. The amplitude of sound waves, the maximum displacement of each air particle, is the property which perceive as _____ of a sound a. Pitch b. Intensity c. Loudness d. Harmonics 15. It is the weakest sound that average human hearing can detect. a. SPL = 0 dB b. Threshold of hearing c. Reference pressure = 2 x 10-5N/m2 d. A, b, c 16. What is a device that is used to measure the hearing sensitivity of a person? a. Audiometer b. OTDR c. SLM d. Spectrum analyzer 17. What is the device used in measuring sound pressure levels incorporating a microphone, amplification, filtering and a display. a. Audiometer b. OTDR c. SLM d. Spectrum analyzer 18. It is the device used to calibrate an SLM? a. Microphone b. Pistonphone c. Telephone d. Filter 19._____ is the sound power measured over the area upon which is received. a. Sound pressure b. Sound energy c. Sound intensity d. Sound pressure level 20.A measure of the intensity of sound in comparison to another sound intensity a. Phon b. Decibel c. Pascal d. Watts 21. Calculate the sound intensity level in dB of a sound whose intensity is 0.007 W/m2. a. 95 dB b. 91 dB c. 98 dB d.101 dB 22. What is the sound pressure level for a given sound whose RMS pressure is 200 N/m2? a. 200 dB b. 20 dB c. 140 dB d. 14 dB 23.What is the sound intensity for an RMS pressure of 200 Pascal? a. 90 W/m2 b. 98 W/m2 c. 108 W/m2 d. 88 W/m2 24.The sound pressure level is increased by _____ dB if the pressure is doubled. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

25.The sound pressure level is increased by _____ dB if the intensity is doubled. a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 26.If four identical sounds are added what is the increase in level in dB? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 27. The transmission of sound from one room to an adjacent room, via common walls, floors or ceilings. a. Flanking transmission b. Reflection c. Refraction d. Reverberation 28. _____ is the continuing presence of an audible sound after the sound source has stop. a. Flutter echo b. Sound concentration c. Sound shadow d. Reverberation 29. Required time for any sound to decay to 60 dB a. Echo time b. Reverberation time c. Delay time d. Transient time 30. A room containing relatively little sound absorption a. Dead room b. Anechoic room c. Live room d. Free-field 31. A room in which the walls offer essentially 100% absorption, therefore simulating free field conditions. a. Dead room b. Anechoic room c. Live room d. Closed room 32. Calculate the reverberation time of the room, which has a volume of 8700 ft3 and total sound absorption 140 sabines. a. 0.3 sec b. 3.5 sec c. 3 sec d. 0.53 sec 33. It is an audio transducer that converts acoustic pressure in air into its equivalent electrical impulses a. Loudspeaker b. Amplifier c. Baffle d. Microphone 34. _____ is a pressure type microphone with permanent coil as a transducing element. a. Dynamic b. Condenser c. Magnetic d. Carbon 35. A microphone which has an internal impedance of 25 k is _____ type. a. High impedance b. Low impedance c. Dynamic d. Magnetic 36. A microphone that uses the piezoelectric effect a. Dynamic b. Condenser c. Crystal d. Carbon 37. _____ is a type of loudspeaker driver with an effective diameter of 5 inches used at midrange audio frequency. a. Tweeter b. Woofer c. Mid-range d. A or C 38. _____ is measure of how much sound is produced from the electrical signal. a. Sensitivity b. Distortion c. Efficiency d. Frequency response

39. It describes the output of a microphone over a range of frequencies. a. Directivity b. Sensitivity c. Frequency response d. All of the above 40. A loudspeaker radiates an acoustic power of 1 mW if the electrical input is 10 W. What is its rated efficiency? a. -10 dB b. -20 dB c. -30 dB d. -40 dB 41. An amplifier can deliver 100 W to a loudspeaker. If the rated efficiency of the loudspeaker is -60 dB. What is the maximum intensity 300 ft from it? a. 10 dB b. 20 dB c. 30 dB d. 40 dB

52. What is the loudness level of a 1KHz tone if its intensity is 1 x 10-5W/cm2? a. 100 phons b. 105 phons c. 110 phons d. 100 phons

53. A transducer that converts acoustic signals into electrical signals. a. microphone b. loudspeaker c. both a and b d. none of these 54. A characteristic of a microphone which indicates the frequency range over which the microphone the frequency range over which the microphone will operate normally. a. sensitivity b. frequency response c. dynamic range d. directional characteristic 55. An ability of the microphone to detect very slight changes of sound. a. sensitivity b. frequency response c. dynamic range d. directional characteristic 56. The range of sound intensity that would be covered by the microphone. a. sensitivity b. frequency response c. dynamic range d. directional characteristic 57. A special microphone characterized by a long perforated tube and high sensitivity, suitable for TV applications. a. line microphone b. dynamic microphone c. differential microphone d. ribbon microphone 58. A sound intensity that could cause painful sensation to the human ear. a. threshold of sense b. threshold of pain c. hearing threshold d. sensation intensity 59. What is the speed of sound in a material having a density of 1000 kg/cu.m. and Youngs modulus of elasticity of 2.3 x 10exp 9 N/sq.m.? a. 1517 m/sec b. 1571 m/sec c. 1715 m/sec d. 1751 m/sec 60. In acoustics, the volume velocity component is a function of the _____ of the material. a. density b. volume c. diameter d. Youngs modulus

42. Speaker is a device that a. Converts sound waves into current and voltage b. Converts current variations into sound waves c. Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy d. Converts electrical energy to electromagnetic energy 41. An amplifier can deliver 100 W to a loudspeaker. If the rated efficiency of the loudspeaker is -60 dB. What is the maximum intensity 300 ft from it? a. 10 dB b. 20 dB c. 30 dB d. 40 dB 42. Speaker is a device that a. Converts sound waves into current and voltage b. Converts current variations into sound waves c. Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy d. Converts electrical energy to electromagnetic energy 45. It is an enclosure used to prevent front and back wave cancellation. a. Loudspeaker b. Driver c. Baffle d. Frame 46. A circuit that divides the frequency components into separate bands in order to have individual feeds to the different drivers. a. Suspension system b. Dividing network c. Magnet assembly d. Panel board 47. _____ is early reflection of sound. a. Echo b. Pure sound c. Reverberation d. Intelligible sound 48. Noise reduction system used for film sound in movie. a. Dolby b. DBx c. dBa d. dBk 49. Using a microphone at less than the recommended working distance will create a _____ which greatly increases the low frequency signals. a. Roll-off b. Proximity effect c.Drop out d.None of the choices 50. What is the unit of loudness of an individual listener? a. Sone b. Phon c. Decibel d. Mel 51. A unit of noisiness related to the perceived noise level a. Noy b. dB c. Sone d. Phon

61. If the sound source radiates 1 watt, what is its sound power level? a. 0 dB b. 60 dB c. 120 dB d. 240 dB 62. If a note has a fundamental frequency of 100Hz, what is its 5th octave? a. 6400 Hz b. 3200 Hz c. 500 Hz d. 1600 Hz 63. A church has an internal volume of 2550 cu.m. When it contains absorption of 186 metric sabines, what will be its reverberation time in sec.? a. 2 b. 2.2 c. 2.5 d. 3.0