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CFO

Green Is Good
Saving the planet can yield big savings, too
What Happens When the Boomers Retire? Staging The London Olympics Keeping Zipcar In the Passing Lane
Sustainability projects make good business sense at Henkel Corp., says Jeff Piccolomini

June 2012 | www.cfo.com

Six MuSt-haveS for Cloud ContraCtS WatChing out for eMerging riSkS

GE Capital

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contents

50
Just like the accommodations that were made when women entered the workforce in large numbers a generation ago, similar accommodations must be made for older workers.
Joel Reaser of NOWCC

June 2012 Volume 28, No. 5

Features

44

Art Hicks Jr., CFO & COO of Cybex International

Green Is The New Lean


Doing more with less is what many sustainability initiatives are all about. Thats why CFOs are embracing them. By Alix Stuart

50
People to Watch
38 On The Record

When The Boomers Go


The coming retirement of the baby boomers could leave businesses short of critical knowledge and skills. Make sure that doesnt happen to your company. By Russ Banham

60 Take-Away

Let the Games Begin


The 2012 Summer Olympic Games start next month in London, and LOCOG CFO Neil Wood is counting on their success. Interview by Edward Teach
Cover photo by Michelle Nolan. This page, clockwise from top right: Ryan Donnell, Rick Friedman, Roy Shakespeare, photo-illustration by Stephen Webster

Driving Lessons
Zipcar CFO Ed Goldfinger talks about creating metrics that fit the business. Interview by Marielle Segarra

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO

Up Front

contents

June 2012 Volume 28, No. 5

4 From the editor 7 letters 11 opline Banks ease up on loan terms companies are slow to pull the t
trigger on buybacks small businesses spend more time on federal taxes M&A transactions fall effective tax rates rise CFOs are guardedly optimistic about the economy and more.

18 26

18 | Accounting & tAX

29 | risk MAnAgeMent

Flush with Cash Has New Meaning


A rise in Corporate Americas free cash flow and capex could be a healthy sign. By Kathleen Hoffelder

An Emerging Concern
The number and impact of emerging risks are rapidly growing, say experts. By Sarah Johnson

Tax Rules Roil Financial Sector


Proposed rules for implementing FATCA may have broad implications for U.S. banks. By Kathleen Hoffelder

Do Your Internal Auditors Have the Right Skills?


Companies are putting a premium on critical thinking and data-mining expertise. By Sarah Johnson

31 | strAtegy

20 | cApitAl MArkets

IPO Confidential
A provision of the JOBS Act enables private firms to simultaneously pursue an IPO and a sale without disclosing confidential information. By Vincent Ryan

A Better Way to Borrow?


Unitranche loans offer the advantages of speed, simplicity, and savings. By Vincent Ryan

20 31

24 | growth coMpAnies

A New Risk Factor: The JOBS Act


Why some companies are including the law itself as a risk factor in their IPO filings. By Sarah Johnson

Do Mergers Add Value After All?


The perception that mergers and acquisitions destroy shareholder value may be out of date. By Andrew Sawers

35 | technology

26 | huMAn cApitAl

Show Us the Talent


A prominent HR group wants companies to disclose detailed information about their human capital. By David McCann

Before You Sign That Cloud Contract


If you decide to use cloud-computing services, be sure your contract with the provider gives you maximum protection. By Rob Livingstone

By the Numbers
57 FielD notes Perspectives from CFO Research

Made for Each Other


Both separately and together, mobile devices and cloud computing are increasingly supporting corporate growth, according to the latest findings from CFO Research. By David Owens
Clockwise from top right: Michael Klein, Hugh Kretschmer/Getty Images, James Yang, James Steinberg, Thinkstock

2 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

editOr

frOm the

Oldies but Goodies


If you believe that people are your greatest assets, as the old clich goes, then you need to read When the Boomers Go, by contributing editor Russ Banham (page 50). The leading edge of the baby-boom generation reached age 65 last year, and the retirement of that enormous cohort is just beginning. When the boomers depart, their skills, knowledge, and experience will go with them. Banham reports how companies like Lockheed Martin Space Services and Duke Energy are preparing for this by transferring intellectual capital from older workers to younger employees, through mentoring programs and software tools. Of course, a growing number of people are planning to work beyond age 65, whether in their current jobs or new ones. As Banham found, older workers are increasingly finding jobs not just in private companies but also at short-staffed government agencies. One such federal worker recently retired for goodat 92. Not everyone is enamored of age and experience, though. In an eyeopening 2010 book called Managing the Older Worker: How to Prepare for the New Organizational Order (Harvard Business Review Press), Peter Cappelli and Bill Novelli write that many companies are reluctant to hire or retain older workerseven though evidence shows that on virtually every dimension that is relevant to employers, older workers come out ahead of their younger colleagues. Why the reluctance? Misguided stereotypes and simple prejudice are big reasons. But nearly 9 out of 10 companies say their greatest concern about hiring older workers is the conflicts that would result when younger supervisors manage them, according to Cappelli and Novelli. Their book addresses this concern. Younger managers dont really know how to manage older workers, they contend. Like the green lieutenant who ignores the advice of the grizzled sergeant, younger managers typically take an authority-driven approach that doesnt acknowledge older employees greater experience and, often, expertise. A far better way to manage older workers, the authors suggest, is to collaborate and lead by example. P.S. If people are valuable assets, then companies should disclose more information about those assets. At least thats what the Society for Human Resource Management believes. But CFOs arent exactly welcoming the societys proposed standard for human-capital disclosure with open arms, as David McCann reports in Show Us the Talent (page 26).
Edward Teach Executive Editor

EdITORS PICkS

strategy
For a variety of reasonslack of opportunities, switching costs, or, most likely, organizational inertiamany companies allocate essentially the same resources to the same business units every year. But companies with higher levels of capital reallocation generate significantly higher total returns to shareholders, according to How to Put Your Money Where Your Strategy Is, at www.mckinseyquarterly.com (registration required).

leadership
Drawing on the liberal art aspects of organizational change, CFO Stan Rubin of Ocean Bank will tell how to inspire finance teams to achieve excellence at CFO magazines Corporate Finance Excellence conference in Dallas on June 2426. See the Conferences page on cfo.com.

CFO, Vol. 28, No. 5 (ISSN 8756-7113), is published 10 times a year, with combined January/February and July/August issues, and distributed to qualified chief financial officers by CFO Publishing LLC, 51 Sleeper St., Boston, MA 02210(executive and editorial offices). Copyright 2012, CFO Publishing LLC. All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of CFO Publishing LLC. Requests for reprints and permissions should be directed to FosteReprints, (866) 879-9144; E-mail: jkaletha@fostereprints.com; website: www.fostereprints.com. Subscriptions: U.S. and possessions: 1 year $65; 2 years $100; 3 years $130; foreign, 1 year $120 U.S. funds only. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, MA, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to CFO, P.O. Box 1233, Skokie, IL 60076-8233. CFO is a registered trademark of CFO Publishing LLC. SUBSCRIBER SERVICES: To order a subscription or change your address, write to CFO, P.O. Box 1233, Skokie, IL 60076-8233, or call (800) 877-5416; or visit our website at www.cfo.com/ subscribe. For questions regarding your subscription, please contact subscription@cfo.com. To order back issues, call (617) 345-9700, ext. 3200. Back issues are $15 per copy, prepaid, and VISA/MasterCard orders only. Mailing list: We make a portion of our mailing list available to reputable firms.

4 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

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LETTERS
Knowledge by Degree
Your article Too Much Data, Too Little Judgment (May) reminds me of the times in my career when I was responsible for hiring people for financial analysis and planning positions. On the one hand, I found that people, especially those with CPAs and public accounting backgrounds, had a hard time dealing with imperfect data and the related ambiguity inherent in such information. While their training and education was good for specific duties such as auditing and taxes, it was not relevant to such areas as financial planning and analysis, where more creative and judgmental decisionmaking is required. On the other hand, I have found that accountants and financial professionals who have broader-based training and education, such as CMAs, are better at the type of thinking and problem solving that is needed for decision making and the advice that todays CFOs need.
Edward Safran, CMA, CFM Managing Partner & Chief Risk Officer Omega Options Trading Group Chelmsford, Massachusetts

With maverick spending, Aberdeen Group estimates that U.S. companies lose nearly 25% of every dollar spent. In order to gain visibility into spend, companies must ensure that the preapproved-spend process is as easy and intuitive as filing an expense report; otherwise, massive opportunity is lost. Creating this pull mentality will enable employees to efficiently spend on contact, will call out areas of opportunity for procurement, and will allow spend to be benchmarked. In my view, this is how procurement gets its strategic role.
Mark Verbeck Chief Financial Officer Coupa Software San Mateo, California

w Dont Hide
Keep It Secret (Topline, May) raises a very real concern about the risk in sharing spreadsheets. In addition to the points raised by Bill Jelen, I would add that ideally you should not hide columns within your spreadsheets. Its much better practice to keep all rows and columns visible in working areas and then create output sheets with all of the information that needs to be shared. These pages can then be shared as valued sheets (i.e., formulae saved as values) or, even better, as was suggested, as PDFs.
Myles Arnott Via E-mail

w Procuring Efficiently
While the procurement function has often been seen as a tactical weapon, weve continually seen procurement get a seat at the strategic table with forward-thinking procurement professionals (The Rise and Rise of Procurement, May). I think this is dependent on the approach of the procurement group. The procurement function can become more strategic by moving past compliance and working to understand how the company its a part of can get its arms around what it is spending

on and why. Procurement often suffers from a lack of visibility into what it is spending on as a result of spend deflection or maverick spend. I recently spoke to an employee of a large financial company who told me about his requisition of a stapler that had to be approved by the CFO. That was the last time he used the companys procurement solution.
CFO MES ELCO W UR YO ERS LETT

w No Woman, No Cry
At the risk of sounding misogynistic, Im wondering why CFO would devote its cover to a celebration of female CFOs. I have no doubt that the women featured in this article (Risk Takers, Career Makers, May) are all compe-

Send to: The Editor, CFO, 51 Sleeper St., Boston, MA 02210, or e-mail us at: letters@cfo.com please include: Your full name, title, company name, address, and telephone number. Letters are subject to editing for clarity and length.

Jud Guitteau/theispot

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO

LETTERS

Batman Charged
From a blog post on a finance chief who got carried away with a baseball bat:
A few weeks ago the CFO of Talos Partners, a merchant bank that does structured financing and strategic equity investments, decided hed had enough. He apparBest of ently was trying to convince his CEO of something, the Blogs but it seems the message wasnt getting across. So he Vincent stormed out of the room and returned holding a fullRyan sized baseball bat over his shoulder with both hands, according to the Salt Lake Tribune. (Hat tip to CFO Journal for finding this.) Anyway, 59-year-old CFO Mark E. Oleksik eventually calmed down. He is being charged by police for using a dangerous weapon in a fight, although he never swung the bat. I have no doubt that many CFOs would like to have a 30-ounce piece of white ash stored under their desk to brandish at their CEOs from time to time, if they could get away with it. Im not making light of what Oleksik did, but I think we need more CFOs like him. By that, I mean CFOs with backbone. The CFOs behaving badly are not the Oleksiks of the world; [they are rather] the CFOs who are rolling over for the CEO. Clearly, this is CFO Mark what happened at JPMorgan Oleksik hits the local Chase as the companys chief news. investment office built up a $100 billion position in risky bonds and derivatives. For five months there was no treasurer in place at the company, so oversight would have fallen to CFO Doug Braunstein. Why wasnt he standing up to Jamie Dimon and demanding an accounting of the [offices] activities? Give me a CFO who doesnt care about being loved, does have definite points of view, and is not spending all of his or her time wiping the noses of employees.

tent, perhaps even brilliant finance officers, but so what? Even the storys introduction, which begins, Like their male counterparts, female CFOs have taken many paths to the top spot, argues against the type of exceptionality upon which the concept of the article is premised. Id be glad to read an analysis of why women are underrepresented in the C-suite and what material problems that causes for business. But a simple series of profiles of CFOs who are notable solely by virtue of their gender seems at best retrograde, at worst a total waste of time.
Frank Rimaldo Via E-mail

w Still Opposed to FIN 48


FIN 48 is absurd and meaningless, in terms of disclosure that will assist financial statement users (FASB Stands Pat on Reviled Tax Rule, May). Its only use, really, is for the IRS. Think about it: youre assessing whether a tax position is sustainable or not. But youre asking that decision to be madeand auditedby the same people who are filing the tax returns. If they're incompetent in making the tax determination on the tax return, theyre going to be incompetent in determining whether there is sufficient basis for the judgment. There are also literally scores of management decisions that will affect the tax provision and cause radical changes in financial outcomes. Back in 2010, for example, GE reversed a decision to return foreign earnings to the U.S. and decided to permanently invest them overseas. The change in the tax provision boosted net income by nearly 7%. Every good CFO knows that the place to manipulate earnings is the tax provision, because analysts (and most auditors) havent got a clue of what is happening there. A betterand simplerreporting would be to treat all income tax as a contingent liability on the

Among the reader responses:


Rare to find someone who has the courage to stand up for whats right! Especially when they have their personal compensation on the line. More power to the likes of Mark E. Oleksik. Karen

Unfortunately, even Mr. Oleksik was too late to stop this CEO from blowing tens of millions of investors [dollars] on private jets, New York apartments, and luxurious vacations. Talos Partners Shareholder

Really good article, and right on target. Good for Mark. I usually have a bat in my office, but only because I love baseball. Gene Jones

For more, see CFOs Behaving Badly on cfo.com


8 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Oleksik photo courtesy KUTV, Salt Lake City

CFO
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balance sheet at the statutory rate and then increase or decrease the liability as the statute of limitations closes and the tax returns are finalized with the authorities. The results would be far more accurate than the crystal ball accounting voodoo that means absolutely nothing to financial statement users, creates a road map for the tax authorities for audits, and allows for CFOs to wildly manipulate earnings.
Paul Via E-mail

National Advertising Office


new york metro/new england/ohio/ PennsylVania Dulce A. Chicn, (212) 488-4718; fax: (212) 459-3007 new york/southeast Linda Hooper, (212) 488-4722; fax: (212) 459-3007 or (212) 541-5567 midwest Benjamin Cairns, (312) 445-6524 west coast Karin Litcher, (650) 712-1922; fax: (415) 680-2373 account executiVe Holly Karasinski, (646) 234-4101; fax: (212) 459-3007 business suPPort coordinator Katie Banks, (646) 237-4104

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Editorial Advisory Board


David W. Devonshire, EVPEVP/CFO Retired, CFO, Motorola Inc. Bruce Edwards, Chairman Emeritus, Powerwave Technologies Inc. David E. Farber, The RVH Group, Merrill Lynch Frank R. Gatti, CFO & SVP, ETS James C. Johnston, President, Johnston Co. Stephen Payne, Americas Working Capital Leader, Ernst & Young LLP Albert A. Pimentel, CFO & COO, McAfee Inc. Ellen B. Richstone, Former CFO, Rohr Inc., Sonus Networks, and Luminus Devices Inc. Kenneth J. Sanginario, Principal, NorthStar Management Partners Debra Smithart-Oglesby, Former CFO, First America Automotive

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The Trouble With Absorption Costing


This is exactly the problem we are trying to illuminate in our work on lean accounting (Lots of Trouble, March). Orest Fiume and I were both CFOs of companies that were adopting the Toyota Production System and realized that our old-fashioned standard cost accounting would drive poor decision making. We jointly wrote Real Numbers: Management Accounting in a Lean Organization to help communicate this problem. Thank you for your article on this important topic!
Jean Cunningham Via E-mail

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO

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Topline
banking

StatS of the month

Banks Ease Terms For Business Loans


Fiercer domestic competition is making U.S. banks more flexible on spreads, interest-rate floors, and other costs to borrowers.
Business lending in the United States may have turned a corner. Domestic banks and U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks reported easing terms for commercial and industrial (C&I) borrowers in the first quarter of 2012, according to the Federal Reserves quarterly survey of senior loan officers. The banks also reported that demand for such loans had increased. While they arent changing their yardstick for who gets credit, many banks are softening loan terms for large and middlemarket companies. About 58% of the 81 financial institutions surveyed said they cut the spread over cost of funds that they charge borrowers, and 32% said they reduced their use of interest-rate floors. About 17% said they lowered the other borrowing costs that come with a line of credit. This is a change from the Feds January survey, when banks reported that lending standards and terms were static. Standards and terms for small companies, however, remained basically unchanged. A more positive economic outlook doesnt appear to be driving the changes on C&I terms. Nor did many bank officers cite a higher tolerance for risk or an improve-

8.2%
The U.S. unemployment rate for May rose from 8.1% in April.

64.9
The Consumer Confidence Index declined in May for the third month in a row.

54.6
ment in their banks capital position. Instead, almost all domestic U.S. banks said more-aggressive competition from other banks and nonbank lenders had forced them to respond with softer terms. Greater demand for C&I loans carried over from the fourth quarter of 2011. Among the reasons the banks cited for the lift in demand were companies need to finance accounts receivable, to invest in plants or

The Credit Managers Index fell in May for the second consecutive month.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Conference Board, National Association of Credit Management

Michael Austin/theispot

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 11

Topline
equipment, and to finance acquisitions. They also attributed the shift in demand to customers switching banks.

CAPITAL MARkeTS

Plenty of Ammo Left In Buyback Plans


or more. And by some accounts, only about a third of buybacks are ever fully executed. Indeed, when CFO last examined the pace of buybacks, in July 2010, nearly half the companies with share-repurchase authorizations hadnt bought back any shares. Today, by contrast, all 565 companies have bought at least some shares, and 67 companies have repurchased 100% of the shares they said they would buy. But among firms that have buyback plans of $200 million or more and announced their plans prior to March, 20 have bought back 8% or less of their allotment as of the first quarter, according to S&P Capital IQ (see chart). The slowest repurchaser, Lam Research, bought back only $12.5 million worth of common stock out of a $1.6 billion total authorization. (On May 15, Lam announced an accelerated stock repurchase agreement, under which a company buys back shares (Share repurchase immediately from an investment Buyback % repurprograms of $200 million bank, which borrows the shares it authorizachased (by or more announced sells to the company.) tion ($M) end of Q1) before March 2012) With equity markets slumping, it could be a good time for compaLam Research $1,600 1% nies to be in the market for their Cytec Industries 200 1 shares, says Michael Gumport, founding partner of MG Holdings/ Piedmont Office Realty Trust 300 1 SIP, a corporate finance advisoTJX 2,000 1 ry firm. With short-term, small Cameron International 500 1 corrections10% to 15% over a Symantec 1,000 2 month, for examplebuybacks tend to pick up, he says. Whole Foods Market 200 2 But when the market falls for FMC 250 2 an extended period, buybacks MKS Instruments 200 3 dry up, says Gumport. Instead Praxair* 1,500 4 of buying their stock when prices QLogic 200 5 are low, companies get scared like everybody else when they Air Products & Chemicals 1,000 5 dont know what the future holds, Warnaco Group 200 6 and they move into a conserveDun & Bradstreet 500 6 cash mode, he says. Target 5,000 7 That habit causes the majority of share-buyback plans to be unTW Telecom 300 7 profitable. Over the last 10 years, Foot Locker 400 7 the average company has made Weyerhaeuser 250 7 zero on stock buybacks, and a Silgan Holdings 300 7 long list of companies have lost Laboratory Corp. of America $500 8% money, says Gumport. Theyd have done better just putting *Completed a previous $1.5 billion buyback program in Q1. Many U.S. companies currently have active share-repurchase programs, which will enable them to bump up their stock price or earnings per share in coming months. But will they use those programs? In the past 12 months, 565 U.S.-based firms have announced share-repurchase programs, worth $185.9 billion. But their actual purchase activity has been somewhat subdued. Data provided to CFO by S&P Capital IQ shows that U.S. firms have collectively repurchased a little more than one-third of the dollar amount of shares$68.8 billion that their buyback programs allow. (The data is for programs that are still active, and the transactions include both tender offers and open-market deals.) The pace of repurchases is not unusually slow: buyback programs can run three years

The Euro-Zone Effect


The euro-zone crisis continued to affect some kinds of lending. Some U.S. banks reported tightening on loans to financial institutions headquartered in Europe and their affiliates or subsidiaries, as well as to U.S.-based nonfinancial companies that have significant exposure to European economies. But fewer banks reported doing so than in Q4 2011. The larger effect from the euro-zone crisis, at least currently, is the aggressiveness of overseas banks in pursuing U.S. business customers: two-thirds of domestic U.S. banks that normally go head-to-head with European banks said they saw less competition from them last quarter. The picture the survey painted for residential real estate lending was murkier. While more banks on net reported increasing residential real estate mortgage assets, several large banks said that they anticipated reducing their exposures somewhat or substantially, the survey said. Although some banks reported increased demand for residential real estate loans, a majority said they were less willing to originate loans eligible for sale to government-sponsored enterprises.
VincEnT Ryan

Balky Buyers

Source: S&P Capital IQ

their money in the bank. V.R.

12 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Thinkstock

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Grant Thornton refers to Grant Thornton LLP, the U.S. member firm of Grant Thornton International Ltd.

Topline

growth companieS

Small Businesses Spend More Time on Taxes


Nearly two-thirds of small businesses surveyed by the National Small Business Association spent more than 40 hours on federal taxes last year, a 7% jump since the year before. Sixty-four percent of the 350 NSBA members surveyed said they spent more than 40 hours dealing with federal taxes in 2011, including calculating payroll and self-employment tax, filing reports, and working with their accountants. Forty-six percent of respondents spent more than 80 hours. Tax-code complexity may be partly to blame for the increase, says Todd McCracken, president of the NSBA, a trade group. There are a lot of expiring temporary measures in the tax code that have been enacted over the last few years, and weve also changed the way were doing payroll taxes, he says. All of that is on the administrative side for small companies. Indeed, the majority of respondents said that when it comes to tax compliance, the administrative burden is a bigger challenge than the tax bill itself. Time Spent On We often talk about the overFederal Taxes in 2011 all burden of how much we pay 1 to 10 hours 10% in taxes, but especially from a small-business perspective, the 11 to 20 hours 10% burdens of administering our tax 21 to 40 hours 17% code are at least as large, Mc41 to 80 hours 19% Cracken says. For small com81 to 120 hours 18% panies, so much of it is keeping track of all of your activities in 120 hours + 28% the way the IRS wants you to, in Note: Numbers do not add to 100%, due to rounding. order to support your various Source: NSBA survey of 350 members deductions. On the whole, respondents ranked income taxes as their most significant administrative burden, followed by payroll taxes and sales tax. The small-business respondents generally supported reforming the tax code. Seventy-three percent favored reducing corporate and individual tax rates and deductions, and 53% supported a solution similar to the fair tax, a proposal backed by the NSBA and others that would replace all income and corporate taxes with a national sales tax. Of the respondents, 42% are S corporations, 32% are C corporations, and 13% are limited liability companies. Most operate in the manufacturing, professional services, construction, and retail industries. marielle Segarra

Blank Check
Q: When I have no sales of a product in a particular region, Excel leaves those cells in the pivot table blank (Fig. 1). If my data has blanks instead of zeros, Excel assumes that a column is a text column. How do I get rid of the blanks so my calculations are not affected?
Figure #1

Bill Jelen

Ask MrExcel

A: When pivot tables first came out, there was no way to correct this problem. After much outcry from accountants everywhere, Microsoft gave us a way to solve the problem. Follow these steps: 1. Select one cell in the pivot table to display the PivotTable ribbon tabs. On the Options tab, click the Options icon. 2. In the PivotTable Options dialog, select the Layout & Format tab and enter 0 in the For Empty Cells Show text box. Click OK (Fig. 2).
Figure #2

The result is that the blanks in the values section of the pivot table are shown as zeros. If you dont like using zeros, you can enter anything in the For Empty Cells Show text box. Some people like to use dashes () or n.a. in the formerly blank cells. Either works just as well as a zero.

If you would like to submit a question to Bill MrExcel Jelen, go to CFOs Spreadsheet Community Center at www.cfo.com/spreadsheets.

14 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

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the economy

CFOs See Growth Ahead


the world interviewed for Like doctors standing the study, which included over a slowly improva survey of 541 CFOs in ing patient, senior Asia/Pacific, Europe, Latin finance officers in the America, the Middle East/ United States remain guardAfrica, and North America. edly optimistic that the Overall, finance leaders country will realize at least echoed Reillys sentiment, moderate economic growth extolling the virtues of apthis year, according to a replying discipline to finding cent global survey. and delivering value. Seventy-eight percent 2011 As wary as they are, of U.S.-based CFOs foresee CFOs seem more inclined economic expansion this of senior to spend and invest than executives surveyed year, second only to the 86% said their firms were they were last year. In 2011, of finance executives in Inpursuing a deliber62% of all respondents said dia who forecast growth in ate cash-preservation their companies were dethe next 12 months, accordstrategy. liberately pursuing cashing to the fifth annual Amerpreservation strategies. ican Express/CFO Research 2012 This year, more CFOs say Global Business & Spending they are likely to tap their Monitor. The U.S. findings of senior executives surveyed cash reserves than say they are consistent with results say their companies arent. Among U.S.-based from last year, when 79% of plan to spend down respondents, 56% say that U.S. finance chiefs predicted cash reserves. their companies are likely growth. Among all responto increase head count; dents, lofty economic ex59% said they would likely invest more in pectations fell to earth this year, with 64% expanding market access. Juan Figuereo, anticipating growth, compared with an CFO of Newell Rubbermaid, the Atlantaalmost-giddy 75% last year. based consumer-products giant, says that Paul Reilly, CFO of Arrow Electronhis company will focus on gaining tracics in Colorado, says that companies that tion in new Latin American and Asian survived the economic downturn are markets, where, he says, there is some focused on constructing a strategic vilevel of initial investment required, but sion that doesnt sway with every passits relatively small. ing economic indicator. We cant be overtaken with enthusiasm in a period of joSh hyatt and Celina RogeRS expansion, he says. Nor can we allow ourselves to think, in a period of conTo download this years Global traction, that things are only going to go Business & Spending Monitor, The New Era of Value Discipline, down and stay down. Reilly was among go to cfo.com/research. the 20 senior finance executives around

bookshelf

DEfEnDing financE
Robert shiller is well known for having foreseen both the dot-com and the housing bubbles (he is a co-creator of the s&P/caseshiller home Price Indices), and for his pioneering work in behavioral finance. In Finance and the Good Society (Princeton University Press, April, $24.95), the yale economist comes to praise finance, not to bury it. finance, he writes, despite its flaws and excesses, is a force that potentially can help us create a better, more prosperous, and more equitable society. After examining the often unappreciated value contributed by finance professionals, shiller reminds us that finance has already helped build a better world through inventions like amortizing mortgages and mutual funds. Instead of shying away from financial innovation, he argues, we should embrace innovation that can improve peoples lives. that could include everything from, say, derivatives for consumer prices and real estate risks to indexing the tax system for income inequality (the greater the inequality, the greater the tax progressivity). the key to achieving our goals and enhancing human values is to maintain and continually improve a democratic financial system that takes account of the diversity of human motives and drives, concludes shiller. CFO

62%

45%

Senior finance executives most often say theyre very likely to use their cash reserves for the following purposes:*

Fund ongoing operations

Acquisitions

Expand operating activities and head count

Increase R&D spending

27%

26%

25%

25%

*Partial list. Respondents were allowed to choose multiple answers. Source: The New Era of Value Discipline (CFO Research 2012)

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 15

Topline

Tax

M&a

U.S. DealMaking Chills


May was another slow month for mergers and acquisitions in North America. As of May 29, there were 254 deals with a total disclosed value of $88.3 billion for the month, according to data from Mergermarket. Thats a drop from May 2011 of 40% by deal count and 22% by dollar volume. CFOs were clearly interested in acquiring as of the first quarter, but they are not pulling the trigger on deals. In the March Duke University/CFO Magazine Global Business Outlook Survey, 39% of the 477 CFOs surveyed said they planned to buy in the following 12 months, and 14% planned to sell all or part of their companies. Even in the middle market, the segment that has buoyed U.S. merger numbers in the past year, metrics are down, according to Robert W. Baird & Co, an investment bank. Deal count was off 11% year-to-date as of the end of April, and dollar volume was off 22%. The European debt crisis may be to blame for companies hesitance, Baird analysts say. In view of concerns about weakening trends in Europe weighing on growth elsewhere, signs of a broader economic recovery may be needed for M&A performance to strengthen, Baird predicted in a report released in May. Still, certain sectors are humming. As of May 11, energy had the highest amount of U.S. M&A activity measured by dollar volume, $40.1 billion, followed by consumer foods ($17.1 billion), industrial products and services ($12.9 billion), and biotechnology ($12.4 billion), according to Mergermarket. M&A activity tends to MaY dISMaY stall in the summer, so a Decline sudden burst of deal makfrom a year Decline ing in any industry after May ago in # of from a year is unlikely. But Baird says M&A deals ago in dollar if Europes crisis does not in North volume of short-circuit financing, America deals the pieces remain in place for an upturn in the global 0% M&A market. Analysts point -10 to positive variables such as -22% -20 credit-market accessibility, pressure on private equity to -30 -40% invest capital, and cash-rich -40 corporate balance sheets, -50 combined with limited pros-60% pects for organic growth.

Effective Tax Rate Rises For Industrials


The effective tax rate (ETR), or so-called real tax rate after expenses and tax offsets, was a volatile statistic during the financial crisis. The volatility has subsided for most firms amid the economic recovery, according to one study. At the same time, industrial companies have seen their ETRs rise. A May PricewaterhouseCoopers report covering the ETRs of 324 industrial product and service companies across the aerospace, chemicals, transportation, and industrial manufacturing sectors shows that the average threeyear ETR through the end of 2011 was 26.3%, up 0.7% from the year-ago tally of 25.6%. Tax losses and changThe average es in valuation allowthree-year ETR through the end ances were key areas citof 2011, up ed as having negative effects on ETRs. Specifically, 26 companies claimed from a year ago. this category as having Source: PwC an unfavorable impact, to the tune of about 1.1%. But the study found some bright spots in the chemicals sector, which typically has invested in high-growth emerging markets. Our analysis shows stronger recovery in the chemical and industrial manufacturing sectors than in engineering and construction sectors, where conditions are still challenging for some companies, the report said. As emerging markets develop and companies increasingly expand into these territories, more companies will benefit from the lower tax rates within developing countries, said Michael Burak, U.S. and global industrial products tax leader for PwC, in a statement. Tax incentives improved the ETRs of 23 companies in the study. Companies benefited from incentives by 2.6% of their ETR, on average. Twelve companies reported domestic manufacturing deductions and 9 had research-and-development credits.

26.3% 0.7%

Source: Mergermarket (as of 5/29)

v.R.

kathleen hoffelder

16 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

M&A image: Nemanja Sekulic/Getty Images

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accounting & tax

Flush with Cash Has New Meaning


A rise in Corporate Americas free cash flow and capex could be a healthy sign. By Kathleen Hoffelder

For years, nonfinancial companies have put off spending and hoarded cash. Now, for the first time since the financial crisis, they are stepping up their capital expenditures even as they fill their coffers.

tember. Such a convergence of forces has been rare in the past. This is the first reporting period since before the recession that weve seen increased spending on capital expenditures and increases in inventory [while] no longer seeing a decline in free cash flow margin, Mulford says.

Defense Cash Flows Rise


Defense firms in particular improved their free cash margin performance over the year. Free cash margin for the defense industry rose to 10.14% for the 12 months ended December 2011, up from 5.53% in September 2011 and 4.20% over the 12 months ended Q4 2010. The increase in defense cash flows comes despite an overall reduction in government spending, as the Department of Defense reduced its discretionary base budget by $2.6 billion from 2010 to 2011. The defense contractors are doing a remarkable job generating cash in the face of a difficult operating environment, Mulford says. The construction-materials sector and the coal industry, in contrast, had some of the worst free cash margins last year. Free cash margin in December for the construction-materials sector fell by 1.62% from September 2011. The coal industry fared worse, experiencing a 4.99% decline. Despite the overall bounce in free cash flow, the economy may not be out of the woods just yet, cautions Mulford. We might see another downturn, but this is the healthiest Ive seen it, he says. Anytime you have an economy thats growing at 2.2%, youre always on the precipice of falling back-

The turn of events is good news to one analyst who tracks cash-flow data. Its the first truly healthy sign since before the recession, says Charles Mulford, a professor of accounting at Georgia Tech and director of the universitys Financial Analysis Lab. Mulfords latest report, an analysis of nearly 3,000 companies in various industries, shows that free cash margin (free cash flow as a percentage of revenue) increased during the fourth quarter of 2011 after six straight quarters of decline. Free cash margin for companies with a market capitalization greater than $50 million rose to 4.54% for the 12 months ended December 2011,

up 0.13% from 4.41% in September 2011, according to data supplied by Cash Flow Analytics, a firm where Mulford serves as director of research. Free cash margin increased in 3 industries, decreased in 10 industries, and was stable in 31 during the December 2011 reporting period, according to the report. In the midst of the recession, companies cut capex, giving a lift to cash flow. But those cuts stemmed largely from conscious efforts to lower head count and reduce expenses. In the 12 months ended December 2011, however, capital expenditures rose to 3.41%, up from 3.29% recorded in Sep-

18 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

MIchael Klein

Together at Last
Free cash margin rose in Q4 2011
8% 7 8% 6 7 5 6 4 5 3% 4 Dec 07 Dec 08 Dec 09 Dec 10 Dec 11

4.54%

3% 4% Dec and so did Dec 07 08 4% 3

capital Dec Dec Dec 09 10 11 expenditures (% of revenue)


3.41%

3 2% Dec 07 Dec 07 Dec 08 Dec 08 Dec 09 Dec 09 Dec 10 Dec 10 Dec 11 Dec 11

2%

Data for nonfinancial companies with market capitalizations greater than $50 million. Source: Georgia Tech Financial Analysis Lab

ward. These are positive results for which the CFOs that run these companies should be applauded...but you cant let up. CFO

Tax Rules Roil Financial Sector


Proposed rules for implementing FATCA may have broad implications for U.S. banks.

One might think the foreign in the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act relates to only a handful of firms. But proposed FATCA regulations have such a broad extraterritorial reach that

theyre taking on renewed importance for many U.S. financial institutions. First enacted by Congress in 2010, FATCA applies to any U.S. bank that makes dividend payments or interest payments to a non-U.S. entity. (The law was originally created to police noncompliance by U.S. taxpayers using foreign accounts.) Under proposed Internal Revenue Service rules, these banks would be required to withhold the interest or other payments they make to foreign financial institutions (FFIs) that fail to report certain account information to the IRS. If a U.S. bank failed to withhold as required, it would be liable for the withholding tax, plus potential penalties and interest. The proposed rules require the withholding agent to determine whether or not an FFI is in compliance with the 2010 law. The rules also require banks to use separate account identifiers for different types of entities and to abide by strict information-reporting standards. We understand it [FATCA] creates a significant undertaking for financial institutions, IRS commissioner Douglas Shulman said when the proposed rules were issued in February. Currently, U.S. institutions do not have to report information on their accounts with foreign banks and other entities, says Adrienne Baker, partner at Dechert, an international law firm. Under the proposed rules, U.S. institutions will end up being withholding agents, says Baker. A recent Baker Hostetler report went even further, saying that U.S.-based payers of dividends or interest income would be essentially deputized enforcers for the IRS. Financial-services firms have several concerns about the rules, includ-

We understand [FaTca] creates a significant undertaking for financial institutions.


Douglas Shulman, IRS commissioner ing how to identify which accounts in each business unit must comply with FATCA. In a recent KPMG survey, 31% of 150 U.S. bank respondents cited account-identification requirements as their biggest compliance challenge under FATCA. Companies are also concerned that they will not have the systems in place to handle all of the required compliance steps, says Laurie Hatten-Boyd, a national tax principal at KPMG. Its very important that they have their teams in place, she says. Right now they need to have steering committees with IT, operations, and their tax departments all together addressing this. Some financial-industry CFOs are keeping tabs on FATCA through meetings with steering committees and regulators, but others are still educating themselves, she notes. The IRS plans to release final regulations by September. But discussions in IRS and Treasury Department meetings have already surfaced about extending the initial deadlines. The IRS says FFIs will be able to register their account information in an online database starting on January 1, 2013, the first effective date for U.S. documentation compliance with FATCA. K.H.

Editors Choice

ReaDy foR a Change


Finance and accounting employees surveyed in the latest Randstad Engagement Index said the following:

49%

would explore new job options when the market picks up.

12%

would take a pay cut to keep their jobs.

25%

would work longer hours without a pay increase.

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 19

capital Markets

A Better Way to Borrow?


Unitranche loans offer the advantages of speed, simplicity, and savings. By Vincent Ryan

Middle-market companies and leveraged-buyout firms are returning to the recent past with a hybrid loan structure that simplifies the use of subordinated debt and offers companies a lower cost of capital.

First created in 2005, a unitranche facility is a faster way to borrow than the traditional structure for senior and mezzanine debt. The latter is often more complex, because it requires companies to use several lenders often a bank, a mezzanine fund, and another capital providerfor each credit, according to Ted Koenig, chief

The deal didnt require as much micromanagement as it would have had I dealt with two lenders the whole time.
Neel Mayenkar, VP of Wynnchurch

Capital

executive of private investment firm Monroe Capital. In a unitranche facility, a single lender, usually a specialist in businessdevelopment financing, provides the entire credit, works with the borrower, and slices up, or tranches, the loan for other investors. The advantages to the borrower: the convenience of a one-stop shop for financing and a reduced risk that the deal will fall apart. Also, because of the way the loan amortizes, unitranche borrowers often pay less interest than they would using traditional financing. Borrowers typically use unitranche facilities for refinancings, recapitalizations, dividend transactions, and any

financing where they want speed and minimal hassle. Because of its high success rate, unitranche lending is also particularly useful for companies financing a buyout in the currently anemic mergers-and-acquisitions climate, says Koenig. To be sure, the number of unitranche deals is small compared with traditional loans. Still, unitranche financing has picked up in the last two years, according to S&P Capital IQ. Monroe Capital has done 12 unitranche transactions in the last eight months, including financing the acquisition of Fabco Automotive, a transportation parts supplier, by middle-market private-equity firm Wynnchurch Capital in October. Wynnchurch settled on a unitranche facility for a couple of reasons, says vice president Neel Mayenkar. For one, it produced a lower cost of capital, because the entire loan amortized over time, unlike a typical hybrid loan deal, where only the senior debt amortizes, Mayenkar says. Using a unitranche structure also made the financing process easier, he says. The deal didnt require as much micromanagement as it would have had I dealt with two lenders the whole time, Mayenkar says. I was able to focus more on the deal and the diligence. As another benefit, the up-front interest rate on the deal was competitive, but the economics will pay off even more down the road, says Mayenkar. By year three of the transaction, fewer dollars of interest are flowing out under this structure, he says. Mayenkar cautions, however, that the payoff for other borrowers will depend on things like the cash-flow characteristics of their businesses and how they

20 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

James Yang

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capital markets

envision paying down the debt. One potential drawback of unitranche facilities: a borrower is typically not aware of the intercreditor agreements that govern its loan or what portion of the loan is owned by the various lenders, according to a paper by Practical Law Co., an online publisher for attorneys. This setup could cause problems for borrowers if they need additional financing or covenant waivers, Practical Law added. CFO

Desperate for Yield

Treasurers are seeking the slightest pickup in returns on their short-term cash, provided the risk falls within corporate investment guidelines.
During an April press conference, Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke said U.S. monetary policy was in the right placeno tinkering needed. While that may have come as good news for the financial markets, the Feds commitment to near-zero interest rates continues to be a thorn in the side of treasurers and CFOs. Whats their problem? They dont know where to invest the cash that has piled up on their balance sheets. Traditionally safe investments are providing virtually no real yield. CFOs and treasurers are in the most difficult place theyve been in their careers, says Paul Montaquila, vice president of fixed income at Bank of the West. Treasury rates are paltry, and agencies offer only a bit of a pickup [in yield]. But some companies have begun

But most quality investments within the risk parameters of cash managers are still not compensatto loosen their typiing investors enough. cally conservative atWhile some have touttitudes toward liquided nonfinancial cority management, says porate bonds, for exMontaquila. Instead Traditionally safe investments are providing ample, as a safe place of keeping to 30-tovirtually no real yield. to stash cash, the sec60-day thresholds for Treasury rates are paltry, tor is expensive right short-term cash, now and agencies offer only a now, Montaquila says. theyre willing to go out bit of a pickup [in yield] . And while the bonds of nine months to a year Paul Montaquila, financial-services firms on a term certificate of VP at Bank of the West may offer a treasurer a deposit, he says. With 100-to-200 basis point Treasury bills tradpickup, many banks have been downing at 20 basis points, a 50-to-60 basis graded so often that they fall outside point return [on a term CD] is absothe limits of allowable risk. lutely worth it, he says. Since the Fed There is a clock ticking for some is sticking to its guns on interest rates companies, though. First, many treauntil at least late 2014, such CDs dont surers have been keeping cash stashed expose a firm to much maturity risk. in non-interest-bearing bank accounts. In general, treasurers are slightly These accounts have been an attracmore willing to take on a reasonable tive parking spot because of a temamount of risk if they stand to get paid porary guarantee from the Federal for it, says Montaquila. As proof, he Deposit Insurance Corp. But, barring points to last March, when the twocongressional action, FDIC insurance year Treasury bill was trading at a coverage on these accounts will cease whopping 37 basis points. Buyers at the end of 2012. rejoiced and gobbled it up, he says. Second, proposed new regulations At the right levels, companies will exfor the money-market-fund industry tend out on the curve. have cash managers wondering if investing through these vehicles makes Rock-Bottom sense anymore. A survey by Treasury Interest Rates Strategies suggests that if the SecuriU.S. Treasury yield curve, 5/15/12 ties and Exchange Commission enacts regulation that affects returns, treasur3% ers would consider moving money into separately managed accounts, govern2.93% 2 ment securities, bank money-market savings accounts, CDs, and commercial 1 paper. As a result of the FDIC coverage and money-fund regulation developments, entities will have to take those 0% 3m 3y 5y 10y 30y funds and place them somewhere, says Montaquila. V.R. Source: Yahoo Finance deadbeat banks
The Treasury Department revealed in May that most of the 343 banks that received capital injections under the troubled asset Relief Program would not be able to repay their debt to taxpayers in the near future, if ever. See more in The Shadow over Community Banking, CFO.com.

Editors Choice

22 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

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GROWTH COMPANIES

A New Risk Factor: The JOBS Act


Why some companies are including the law itself as a risk factor in their IPO filings. By Sarah Johnson

In the aftermath of Facebooks initial public offering in May, smaller, lesser-known companies are preparing for their own debuts on U.S. stock exchanges. Naturally, they are alerting investors in public filings that their small stature and lack of public-company experience can make investing in their stocks a risky endeavor. But some are going even further, listing the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act itself as a risk factor. During one week last month, at least 13 companies, including HomeTrust Bancshares, Plesk, and LegalZoom .com, warned investors in their Securities and Exchange Commission prospectuses that the regulatory relief provided by the JOBS Act could actually be a turnoff. We cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerginggrowth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors, Cimarron Software wrote in its S-1 form last month. The trend may reflect an unintended consequence of the act, says Michael Stocker, a partner at law firm Labaton Sucharow who represents institutional investors. In their filings, notes Stocker, companies are saying that because they are willing to take advantage of the related standards for disclosures under the JOBS Act, one real risk is that they will be punished by investors, since investors wont be getting as much information and they may have less confidence in how the companies are doing.

So-called emerging-growth companiesthose that take in less than $1 billion a year in revenuecan wait up to five years after their IPOs before following all of the rules that larger listed businesses do. They can submit two audited financial statements to the Securities and Exchange Commission

instead of three; they can avoid holding say-on-pay votes; and, most significant, they are not required to get their auditors sign-offs on internal controls over financial reporting. These companies spell out their exemptions under the JOBS Act in the new risk-factor disclosures. At the same time, they note that they will lose their emerging-growth status before five years if their revenue increases beyond $1 billion, their market cap exceeds $700 billion, or they issue more than $1 billion in nonconvertible debt. Not all emerging-growth companies preparing for an IPO have included the law as a risk factor, but they may want to consider it, says Thomas J. Murphy, a partner at law firm McDermott Will & Emery who helps companies with their public offerings. Its cheap insurance and good disclosure to call out for people [the] places where you differ from other public companies, he says. The additional disclosure implies the company using it is trying to be comprehensive, says Murphy. Moreover, the lines of text may help the company later on if it runs into trouble. If an emerging-growth company has a failure of its controls and has to restate its financial statements, the disclosure is going to be a plus when that company defends itself against a lawsuit, says Murphy. The business can respond by saying, We warned you that there werent auditors

24 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Alex Nabaum

looking independently at this. But the plaintiffs bar may have a retort, suggests attorney Stocker. All the disclosure says is that because of the JOBS Act, the companys stock may not trade [at] as high a volume or [for as] good a price as you may hope, he says. Its not saying because of the JOBS Act you may get a nasty surprise at the end of five years. CFO

New Board For Private GAAP


The Financial Accounting Foundations action ends months of heated debate.

Finance chiefs of privately held companies will no longer be faced with the difficult and costly task of applying public accounting standards to their situations. In May, the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) established a new council to improve standard setting for private companies. The decision comes after scores of comment letters, roundtables, and heated discussions that often pitted the Financial Accounting Standards Board against the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. (The FAF is FASBs parent organization.) The new Private Company Council (PCC) will be the go-to body for private-company accounting issues and will advise FASB on all things related to private companies. It specifically will have to determine whether U.S. generally accepted accounting principles need to be altered to better address private companies. The council is similar in scope to

what the AICPA origithe needs of public- and nally proposed back in private-company finan2009, when a blue-ribbon cial-statement users, panel recommended a preparers, and auditors separate body with stanare not always aligned, dard-setting ability for FAF president and chief private-company accountexecutive officer Teresa ing. Unlike what FASB S. Polley said in a statethis group needs to had favored, the PCC will ment. The plan, she notbe independent. It report to the FAFs board ed, ensures comparabilneeds to be able to of trustees, which will ity of financial reporting look at things fresh select the councils chairamong disparate compaand then advise person and staff of 9 to 12 nies by putting in place FASB and also take its own actions. members. The board will a system for recogniz John Taylor, National also create a Private Coming differences that will Venture Capital Assn. pany Review Committee, avoid creation of a twowhich will have primary GAAP system. oversight responsibilities for the PCC. Although some industry particiIn some respects, the new PCC repants have said that having multiple porting regime will differ dramatically sets of accounting standards would from the original recommendations. not be a problem since they already The council will be smaller, for examexist amid certain Securities and Exple, and will hold more frequent meetchange Commission reporting reings, with at least five a year in its first quirements, others feel more of a three years of operation. The PCC will one-GAAP system would be more also be required to provide quarterly beneficial. written reports to the FAFs board of For its part, the AICPA does not trustees. favor a one-GAAP accounting system, This group needs to be indepenalthough it does support the new standent. It needs to be able to look at dards body. Gregory Anton, chairman things fresh and then advise FASB and of the board of directors of the AICalso take its own actions, which would PA, said in a statement that a one-size then be brought to FASB, says John U.S. GAAP does not fit all companies, Taylor, vice president of research and especially smaller privately held busia CFO Task Force point person at the nesses. National Venture Capital Association. The AICPA believes more work We wanted to make sure actions comneeds to be done when considering ing from the council would be as close the accounting needs of small and to veto-proof as possible. midsize enterprises. It plans to launch an other comprehensive basis of accounting financial-reporting frameIs 1 GAAP Better Than 2? work just for SMEs and for those that do not need to comply with U.S. Establishing the council strikes an GAAP. KAthleeN hoFFelder important balance in recognizing that Houses of Blues
Midmarket executives say the housing market is the top barrier to growth in 2012, according to a Deloitte survey. Government budget challenges slipped from number one in 2011 to number two, followed by health-care costs, consumer confidence, and the European debt crisis.

Editors Choice

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 25

Human capital

Show Us the Talent


A prominent HR group wants companies to disclose detailed information about their human capital. By David McCann

A proposed standard for corporate disclosure of human-capital information has provoked mixed reactions from CFOs and analysts. But the group behind the standard, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), believes that it can convince investors to demand such disclosureand that companies will ultimately provide it.
The standard was drafted by the SHRMs Investor Metrics Workgroup and released in April for a 45-day public review. A significant portion of the value of organizations remains unaccounted for in investment communications, the group wrote of the standards purpose in its executive summary. The guidelines are intended for public companies; compliance would be voluntary. The SHRM aims to win approval of the standard from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), something it doesnt expect to happen until late this year. After that, the society hopes to persuade investor groups and analysts to insist that companies provide the information. Laurie Bassi, a human-capital management consultant who chaired the workgroup, predicts that companies already known to be leaders in human-capital management will be the first to embrace the standard. When it catches on, some of the laggards will come along, she says. They probably wont do so with great enthusiasm in the beginning, but thats how standards can begin to change things.

to provide information in six areas: spending on human capital, ability to retain talent, leadership depth, leadership quality, employee engagement, and a narrative human-capital discussion and analysis (see People Talk, facing page). Bassi says most companies already have most, if not all, of this information on hand. But the standard does not go into great detail about the requested information or how it should be disclosed. That was intentional, says Bassi. One of our objectives was that the standard be easy to love and that it not create unnecessary work, she explains. A consequence of that stance could be that companies disclosures would lack comparability, at least at first. But that may change over time. As investors gain experience interpreting the data and a historical track record is created, the metrics will become increasingly useful, the workgroup predicted in its executive summary.

Polar Reactions
It remains to be seen whether the SHRM can convince analysts and finance chiefs to pay attention to the standard. Peter Wahlstrom, an equity analyst at Morningstar Investment Services, says the disclosures wouldnt help him arrive at investment decisions. I dont think the value extracted from receiving this information, at the proposed level of detail, will outweigh the incre-

Six Degrees of Disclosure


Currently, few companies disclose anything about their human capital other than succession plans for top executive positions and broad summaries of human-capital-related risks. The proposed standard asks companies

26 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Hugh Kretschmer/Getty Images

mental cost incurred by the company to provide it, he says. On the other hand, Keith Mills, an equity analyst at Trillium Asset Management, says that human-capital analysis is critical input in analyzing the probability of a company generating its return on invested capital thats above its weighted average cost of

capital. Investors want companies to build productive, ethical, and sustainable organizations over the long term, he says, and analysts should be aware of all inputs that will contribute to this outcome. A recent CFO.com article on disclosing human-capital information drew similarly polar reactions from

I dont think the value extracted from receiving this information, at the proposed level of detail, will outweigh the incremental cost incurred by the company to provide it.
Morningstars Peter Wahlstrom

People Talk

The proposed standard says companies should report on the following six human-capital-related areas.

1. Spending on human capital


a. Total amount spent on employees (salaries, benefits, taxes) b. Total amount spent in support of employees c. Total amount spent in lieu of employees d. Total amount invested in training and development e. Total head count and total full-time equivalents at the end of the period

2. Ability to retain talent


a. Voluntary and total turnover b. Broken down by subset of EEO-1 job types c. Industry standard formula of (# of terminations during the period)/ (average active head count during the period)

3. Leadership depth
a. Percentage of defined positions that have an identified successor b. Percentage of open defined positions filled internally during the period

4. Leadership quality
a. Index of relevant questions from employee survey b. Information on the response rate and methodology/tool

5. employee engagement
a. Index of relevant questions from employee survey b. Information on the response rate and methodology/tool

6. Human capital discussion and analysis


a. Narrative to provide context and discussion of the reported metrics b. Disclosure of any material risks or any other material information related to human capital
Source: Society for Human Resource Management

finance chiefs. The human-capital disclosure requirement should not be pursued, commented Pete Hastings, finance chief of ISR Group, a private company that provides technical services to unmanned vehicles. The effort required to pull together meaningful data will be significant and will waste the time of very busy people. But Dennis Milosky, CFO of Technical Instruments, a microscopy products and services supplier, called the idea a step in the right direction. It is common practice, he noted, to replace full-time-equivalent employees with outside contractors in order to get around head-count budgets. Those costs are all too often buried in other categories, he said. If this information were disclosed, it would be far easier to evaluate the true efficiency of an organization. To backers of the proposed standard, the criticisms miss the point. While it may take yearsor even a decadebefore the standard is generally accepted, Bassi says the proposal is a good first step, and in fact almost any standardization effort starts this way. It will be revised over the years and gain acceptance. Let perfect not be the enemy of good. CFO

Editors Choice

Aye on PAy Only 19 of 927 Russell 3000 companies that held shareholder say on pay votes by mid-May received a thumbs-down, according to Towers Watson. Last year, shareholders voted down executive compensation at less than 2% of the companies required to hold these advisory votes. See The Say on Pay Is Yes, CFO.com.

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 27

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RISK MANAGEMENT

An Emerging Concern
The number and impact of emerging risks are rapidly growing, say experts. By Sarah Johnson

Like many CFOs, Kevin Gordon is preoccupied with risk. The finance chief of Quintiles, a company that provides services to pharmaceutical and medical-device companies, says risk management is on his mind every minute of the day.
Gordon is particularly concerned about emerging risksthe kind that materialize rapidly, seemingly out of nowhere, and wreak havoc. Accordingly, he monitors economic developments and regulatory activities in the 60 countries where his company does business. When the European debt crisis took shape last year, he pored over the companys cash holdings in overseas financial institutions and examined those banks stability. By their nature, emerging risks are difficult to anticipate. An emerging risk is either something weve never seen before or something we havent seen for a long time, says Max Rudolph, owner of Rudolph Financial Consulting. They can do extensive damage. The European debt crisis, the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, the Arab Spring uprisingsthese once-emerging risks all had a ripple effect in 2011 on supply chains, commodity costs, and liquidity. Experts say such risks are growing. The interconnected nature of the global economy is increasing the speed at which emerging risks arise and cascade, as well as the magnitude of their impact, says Alex Wittenberg, partner

To make maximum use of the time they do spend on emerging risks, CFOs should keep close tabs on market trends, global economic developments, and regulatory activities, and be prepared to jump into action quickly. During the European debt crisis, for example, Quintiles moved some of its cash around to mitigate the risk of changing currency rates. The exercise even made Gordon aware of a new risk: changing overseas banks can take longer than expected.

Learning From Experience


Finance chiefs can also use their past experiences to identify and address emerging risks. New to Coupa Software this year, CFO Mark Verbeck is still smarting from his previous companys last California state-tax audit. Since he joined the spend-management software firm, Verbeck has put new processes in place based on what he learned at his former employer so that Coupa will be better prepared when the tax man comes knocking. CFOs can also stay abreast of emerging risks by reading about the issues facing other businesses or talking with their colleagues through peer exchanges, board memberships, and networking events. Some senior finance executives in the health-care industry, for example, attend conferences and roundtables to hear how other com-

and head of global risk at management consultancy Oliver Wyman Group. A new report from Oliver Wyman suggests that executives understand the threat. Seventy-eight percent of more than 200 executives surveyed in the report said they want to increase their capabilities when it comes to managing emerging risks. As it stands, the same executives said they devote just 28% of their risk-management efforts, on average, to emerging risks.

Stephen Webster

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 29

Top Emerging Risks Cited by Risk Managers

68%

42%

38%
they did a decade ago. In the wake of Sarbanes-Oxley, there was a huge risk for companies that failed early [Sarbox] 404 audits, which tested the effectiveness of their internal controls over financial reporting, says Richard Chambers, president and CEO of the IIA. As a result, internal audit was heavily focused on that area, he says. But times are changing. The IIA survey found that analytical and critical thinking is the skill that companies are seeking most in internal auditors this year, named by 73% of respondents. Next are communication skills (61%), data mining and analytics (50%), general IT knowledge (49%), and business acumen (46%). These results reflect a growing trend, Chambers says: internal auditors are evolving from finance and compliance cops to advisers and experts who can opine on broader matters, including strategic risks to the business. The financial crisis stalled some of that progress, since it led companies to downsize many internal audit teams, he admits. But in other ways, the credit crisis may have been good for the role, Chambers says. As regulators called on managers and boards to improve their oversight of risk management, the executives in charge may have given more responsibility, and prominence, to the internal audit team. While the addition of skills will diversify companies audit teams, internal auditors should not be well rounded just for the sake of it, cautions Chambers. Rather, executives should decide what skills their auditors need after assessing their companies unique, industry-specific risks and priorities. S.J.

Financial volatility

Failed and failing states

Cybersecurity/ interconnectedness of infrastructure

32%

32%

32%

Chinese economic hard landing

Oil-price shock

Regional instability

Source: 2011 Emerging Risk Survey of risk managers, sponsored by the Casualty Actuarial Society, Canadian Institute of Actuaries, and Society of Actuariess Joint Risk Management Section. Multiple responses allowed.

68 68 42 42 38 38 panies are preparing for impending 32 32 health-care reform under the Patient 32 32 Protection and Affordable Care Act. 32 32

Some groups publish periodic reports ranking emerging risks from highest to lowest level of concern. A recent report by several professional organizations polled the people who live and breathe risksrisk managers. They cited financial volatility most often as a top-five emerging risk, followed by failing governments and cybersecurity (see chart, above). Executives may want to compare rankings like these with their own internal risk lists. To be sure, one companys emerging risks may not be anothers; they vary depending on business size, strategy, and financial strength. That said, another perspective could help companies see their blind spots. Indeed, as many companies may have learned this past year, a lot of [risk management] is being aware of whats going on in the world around you, Verbeck says. CFO

Do Your Internal Auditors Have The Right Skills?


Companies are putting a premium on critical thinking and data-mining expertise.

Ten years after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act made financial controls job one for internal auditors, companies want auditors to shift some of their attention to operational risks. A recent survey by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) found that just over one-quarter of corporate internal audit work this year will focus on operating risks. The survey of 461 internal auditors in North America also found that compliance risks will make up 15% of internal audit efforts and Sarbox testing will take 12%. The findings suggest that companies are looking for a wider range of skills from their internal auditors than

Editors Choice

fraud doesnt take a holiday


The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners suggests that companies require all employees to take regular vacations. a lot of cases that are brought to us or that we read about are brought to light when someone is filling in for someone else, says Andi McNeal, director of research at the ACFE. See How to Prevent Workplace Fraud, CFO.com.

30 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Think Stock

strategy

IPO Confidential
A provision of the JOBS Act enables private companies to simultaneously pursue an IPO and a sale without disclosing confidential information. By Vincent Ryan

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act has thrown a new wrinkle into the dual track strategy, in which late-stage private companies pursue an initial public offering while they negotiate with acquirers. Companies often use this strategy to signal to potential buyers that they

are serious about going public and that acquirers may therefore lose their chance to buy them at an attractive price. The JOBS Act enables companies to submit a draft S-1 statement for confidential review by the Securities and Exchange Commission before they go public. That gives sellers even more leverage, allowing them to put competitive pressure on acquirers without publicly disclosing information like trade secrets and names of key customers. (Companies will still be able to share their confidential registration statements with individual potential buyers.) In the past, all IPO filings were public, which may have kept some companies that were considering a sale from filing at the same time, notes Bill Kelly, a partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell. Those companies [previously] had to choose between filing publicly [versus] not filing and not having a credible IPO alternative, he says. Now, however, the issuing company [doesnt] have to tip its hand, says Michael Nall, founder of the Alliance of Merger & Acquisition Advisors. Further, under the new law, a company that used the dual-track

strategy to drive up its selling price would have little to lose. Even if the IPO fell apart, if the company filed privately, it would not face the stigma that often comes with pulling an offering, Kelly adds. As a result, more companies may pursue the dual-track strategy. Now they can sort of have their cake and eat it, too, says Kelly. Some studies have

shown that dual-track companies sell at a 20% premium to other companies. Still, businesses that file confidentially may give up some of the ancillary benefits of a highly visible share offering. Often, a public IPO filing can indicate that a company is doing well, and [that] visibility helps with customers and recruitment, Kelly says. By attracting outside buyers, a public filing can also stoke competition for a company, says Nall. Theres no doubt that the bigger the number of potential buyers, most often, the higher the price, because the company gets bid up, he says. Since they lack the extensive networks of large companies, small companies in particular may benefit from filing publicly. Private companies keep a very tight circle, and inevitably there is a trade-off, Nall says. At the same time, says Kelly, if a company has a competent banker, it should know who the potential acquirers are, and the company shouldnt have to file something [publicly] with the SEC in order to attract them. The JOBS Act also gives pre-IPO companies more latitude in testing the waters of the public market. The firms advisers can premarket an offering, even before filing with the SEC, to gauge how much interest investors have in a firms shares. This new rule allows companies to gather more information before deciding whether to sell or go public, says Kelly. CFO
strategy Continues on page 32

James Steinberg

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 31

Strategy

total return*

Positive returns For Acquirers


*Long-term adjusted total return for acquirers, adjusted to the FTSE All-Share Index. Sample: 3,272 UK acquisitions between 1/1/97 and 12/31/10. Source: The Economic Impact of M&A: Implications for UK Firms, November 2011

8% 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0%

6.5%

1.2%

Months around announCeMent of aCquisition -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 18 24 30 36

Do Mergers Add Value After All?


The perception that mergers and acquisitions destroy shareholder value may be out of date.

For years, debate has raged over the value of mergers and acquisitions. Studies have tended to find that M&A is a surefire way to destroy shareholder value in acquiring firms. Yet, companies keep making acquisitions to grow market share, expand geographically, and diversify into other industries. A new study suggests that the conventional wisdom is at least incomplete. True, the November 2011 report, by researchers at the M&A Research Centre at Cass Business School in London, shows that most deals dont add value to share-price performance in the three-year period after they are announced. But the study, which examined more than 3,000 UK acquisitions by UK companies between 1997 and 2010, also found that successful deals create more value than unsuccessful deals destroy. While about 60% of acquisitions in the study failed to create value, the net share-price returns of all acquirers were positive. During the 40 days after

an acquisition, net cumulathe deal to coincide with tive abnormal returns (the a peak in the share price. difference between actual (The findings also suggest returns and a market inthat the more cash in the dex) were about 6%, equal mix, the more successful to an average of about 178 the deal.) million (about $287 milUltimately, Faelten lion) in value per deal. contends, the idea that One possible explanaup to 70% of M&A deals tion for this result: savdestroy value is dated. of acquisitions vier dealmakers. These People have been using in the study failed days, more companies of those numbers for a very to create value, a certain size will have a long time, she says, addbut the net share-price corporate-development or ing that some of the influreturns of all a strategy department and ential studies date back to acquirers were will look for deals and tarthe 1980s. positive. gets, so they have a lot of The UK governments experience, says Anna FaDepartment for Business, elten, deputy director of the M&A ReInnovation and Skills commissioned search Centre and author of the study. the study, The Economic Impact of The longer-term picture, from 4 M&A: Implications for UK Firms, in months before until 36 months after a the wake of public furor over Kraft deal, shows that overall, acquisitions Foodss 2010 acquisition of UK concreate value in the run-up to a deal, fectionery group Cadbury, a transacwith acquirers share prices outpertion that began as a hostile bid. Not forming the market index at a peak of only does the research fail to provide 7.5% in the 2 or 3 months after a deal any evidence that hostile takeovers are (see chart above). From then on, outvalue destroying in the long run, but it performance starts trending back toalso shows that acquirers involved in ward just 1% after three years. The rehostile deals generate more shareholdsearch suggests that acquirers can take er value compared with those involved advantage of this trend by including in friendly takeovers, the study says. shares in the deal consideration offered AnDrew SAwerS is editor of Cfo euroto target shareholders and then timing pean Briefing, a Cfo online puBliCation.

60%

Editors Choice

Flawed Forecasts
Global 1,000 companies are missing their quarterly working-capital forecasts (including inventory, receivables, and payables) by up to 23%, according to a study by REL Consulting. That amounts to as much as $600 million for a typical Global 1,000 company, with $29 billion in annual revenue, says REL.

32 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

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TECHNOLOGY

Before You Sign That Cloud Contract


If you decide to use cloud-computing services, be sure your contract with the provider gives you maximum protection. By Rob Livingstone

When a business moves to the cloud, it hands off its servers, its networks, and even its data to its provider. All that it has left is a contract. Given this, CFOs need to ensure that their cloud contracts are comprehensive, balanced, and enforceable, preferably in legal jurisdictions that suit the needs of their companies. Here are six actions to take before signing a contract:
1
to amend the terms of the agreement unilaterally. This approach is not ideal for most businesses, and it presents a potential risk if the vendors changes are not in a companys best interest. If cloud initiatives are critical to business, companies should seek a fully encapsulated wet-ink (original) con-

tract that cannot be changed without approval by both parties. Secure minimum functionality. Companies that can negotiate with their providers should ensure that their contracts include minimumfunctionality standards. This is especially important in software-as-aservice (SaaS) contracts that allow vendors to terminate parts of their service portfolios. If a company depends on services that have been terminated, it could essentially be pushed out of its contract.

Get a wet-ink contract. Early on, cloud adopters were mostly consumers and small businesses that agreed to cloud contracts online in the form of a click-through I Accept button or a similar mechanism. In almost all instances, these contracts contained clauses that allowed providers

Safeguard the right to terminate. To upgrade and maintain their services, providers may add or remove key features. If any of these changes alter the applications functionality, companies should be able to terminate their contracts without penalty. Businesses should also try to ensure that vendors will provide them with assistance and host their data while they transfer to another service.

Demand full disclosure. It is not uncommon for SaaS providers to use other providers for different cloud services. Companies should ensure that vendors offer assurances on privacy and data residency throughout their cloud network. They should also determine whether these contracts will affect their regulatory and compliance obligations if some of their providers own service providers are foreign-owned.

Maintain the right to audit. Companies should make sure

Jeffrey Coolidge/Getty Images

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 35

29%
their contracts allow them to employ an independent and qualified auditor to validate their providers performance under the contract. The role of cloud auditor is clearly explained in Section 2.4 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cloud Reference Architecture. Guard against mergers and acquisitions. The cloud landscape is volatile, and a provider may be bought by another outfit at some point in the future. Make sure the cloud contract is an irrevocable guarantee of continuous service and is binding on all parties and their successors through the providers supply chain. Contracts should also exclude the possibility that users can be terminated without cause at the vendors convenience. Rob Livingstone is a

Going Digital
Big data and digital marketing Become top strategic priorities.

Digital business initiatives involving big data, cloud computing, and social media are becoming a strategic priority for many companies, according to McKinsey & Co. More than half of nearly 1,500 C-level executives surveyed by the consultancy in April said both big data and digital marketing (including social media) were among their top 10 strategic priorities. But many respondents also said their companies lacked the resources and the organizational structure to capitalize on such initiatives. Almost half of the executives surveyed said their companies were investing too little in digital initiatives to meet their goals. Thirty-six percent of CEOs said their digital business initiatives were funded at the right level, while only 29% of CFOs said the same. Still, executives are somewhat optimistic about the value of digital business initiatives. A third of respondents predicted digital business would increase their companys operating income by at least 10% in the next three years. They tended to place more value on some initiatives than others: 44% said they outperformed their competitors using big data and analytics more significantly than they did using any other digital strategy, followed by 32% for digital marketing techniques and 28% for social tools or technologies.
mArIelle segArrA

Percentage of CFOs who say their digital business initiatives are funded at the right level

Consultant and former Cio and a regular Contributor to Cfo.com.

Facebook Users, Meet timeline


The social networks new layout can help users increase customer engagement.

In March, Facebook forced all business users to adopt Timeline, its new page layout. The change may cause companies to put more effort into maintaining their Facebook business pages, but the new design may also help them increase customer engagement, experts say. The switch to Timeline has already caused a lot of page administrators

to wake up and moderate their pages daily, says Jim Belosic, CEO of ShortStack.com, a custom Facebook app creator. The new design includes analytics tools, a spot for a horizontal photo banner, room for customizable apps, and a time line that invites companies to describe their corporate histories. Timeline enables businesses to offer content that goes beyond wall posts and fan likes, Belosic says. For example, companies can use the coverphoto feature to grab customer attention. The cover photo gives companies more of a chance to make a quick impression, says Jennifer Fournier, owner of Canadian bookstore Chat Noir Books. Chat Noirs cover photo, a reader substituting a books cover for his face, won the bookstore a spot on a PCWorld.com list of best business cover photos.

At Kraft Foods, the Nabisco division has done a great job adding a lot of company history to its Oreo cookie Facebook page, says Belosic, using Timeline to include photos, events, and milestones. I can see that theyre really a part of American culture, he says. Theyre more than just a cookie, The new design also gives companies an opportunity to publicly account for past blunders. Smart companies will include their mistakes and will follow those with what they did to correct them, says Cliff Figallo, senior site curator at Social Media Today, a socialmedia discussion website. Netflix, for example, has not removed posts about last years roundly criticized rate hike. Theyre a web-savvy company and understand the need to learn and change fast, Figallo says. That will be reflected on Timeline. bonnie evans

Verbatim

You have to be able to say, Heres my patent, and this is why Im going to crush the competition and continue doing so for the next 10 years. If you can do that, youre having a great day. Patent attorney Anne Culotta in Welcome to the IP Bubble, CFO.com

36 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

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For the London 2012 Olympic Games, 2.5 square kilometers of industrial land in East London has been transformed into green space. Woods office overlooks the new site.

oN The RecoRd

Let the Games Begin


The 2012 Summer Olympic Games start next month in London, and Neil Wood is counting on their success.

London 2012 mascots Welcock and Mandeville

NeiL Wood

CFO, London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games


The Summer Olympic Games are synonymous with competition, glory, internationalismand, lately, prodigality. The 2008 Olympics in Beijing cost $43 billion; today its facilities are rarely or never used. Athens reportedly spent $11 billion on the 2004 Summer Games, double the original budget, and many millions more to maintain vacant venues. Montreal needed 30 years to settle all of its bills for the 1976 Olympics. Will London, which hosts the 2012 Olympic Games in July, avoid such a legacy? Neil Wood thinks so. On leave as a partner with Deloitte, the 47-yearold Wood has been CFO of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) since its inception in 2005. Before that, he was instrumental in putting together Londons successful bid for the Games, an effort for which he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. With a workforce of some 200,000 people, including up to 70,000 volunteers and about 100,000 contractors, LOCOG is responsible for staging the Games. (The Olympic Delivery Authority handles the big investments in permanent venues and infrastructure.) Wood spoke with CFO in April about what remains to be done.

Are the Olympic Games still on time and on budget? Yes on both counts. We have two separate budgets, two separate organizations delivering the games. One is the Olympic Delivery Authority, which is the public entity thats responsible for building a lot of the infrastructure. Thats publicly funded and is largely complete in terms of its work. It has delivered below budget. Then theres my organization, the organizing committee, which is a private company, privately financed. We are on budget, and ours is approximately 2 billion [$3.1 billion]. That figure is where you started from, several years ago. That is exactly where it started. Not only have we maintained our costs within that original budget estimate, but we have also managed to deliver within the revenues weve been able to raise. What are you spending the money on? The single biggest area is venue overlay [temporary facilities and infrastructure]. About 20% to 25% of our budget goes in that, which is unusually large for [an organizing committee]. Thats because we based our bid around lots of temporary build; we didnt want to leave a lot of white elephants. Technology is the next biggest area. About 20% of our budget goes to the technology infrastructure required for the Games everything from the results and scoring systems to the communications systems that enable folks to communicate between venues and back to the international broadcast centers. What are the sources of your funding? The single largest source of our income is local sponsorship, where well raise about

Beach volleyball is scheduled to take place at the Horse Guards Parade.

After test events, the BMX track was made faster and more competitive.

Wood photo by Roy Shakespeare; other photos courtesy of London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 39

ON THE RECORD

Neil Wood, CFO, LOCOG

700 million. That was the target we set in 2005 when the economic environment was looking pretty buoyant. The good news is that weve hit that target, and we closed our sponsorship program at the end of last year. We will also raise about 600 million from ticketing revenues, and there weve always balanced three priorities: affordable tickets, full venues, and our revenue targets. The third large source of income is the two elements of funding that we received from the International Olympic Committee (IOC). One is its fixed contribution, and the other relates to the international sponsors, the top sponsors. The total that has been swirling about between those two elements is about 600 million. How much of the revenue from the Games goes back to the IOC? There are two ways that money goes back to the IOC. One is it gets a royalty on all sponsorship and ticketing income. The second way is if we were to make a profit at the end, then 20% of that profit we pay back to the IOC. But its looking like well have a balanced budget rather than a profit. What issues, if any, have been keeping you up nights? The biggest issue, and its an ongoing one, is cost management. The economic model of an [operating committee] is quite interesting. Theres no direct link between the cost of delivering what you have to deliver and the revenue you can raise. As a result, weve had to operate with very, very fine levels of contingency. And weve had to be incredibly focused on cost control, incredibly disciplined as an organization. How many finance staffers do you have helping you keep costs under control? There are just over 100. The two biggest elements of my team are financial

control, which is the basic finance back office, where I have about 30 staffers; and then a proportionately large financial planning team of about 35 staffers. Thats quite a large planning team compared to the size of the control team, but its been essential to enable us to control the cost base. China spent $43 billion on the Beijing Olympics. What will be the total tab for the London Games? Weve got our core budget of about 2 billion. Then theres the publicsector budget of 9.3 billion, the bulk of which has gone for building the infrastructure in the Olympic Park. That will almost certainly come in under budget. Theres about 500 million headroom in that budget as we speak, and theyre largely done with their program now. An important point to make there is that about 75% of that spend will remain in legacy. So a lot of that has to do with dealing with basic infrastructure in that part of London, burying power lines, cleaning up the environment, and so on. The Olympic Park is in East London, correct? Thats right. It is on an area of land that was largely derelict for many years, really since the Second World War. The Games have been a catalyst for redeveloping that part of London, and its fundamentally transformed now. The largest new urban park in the UK in over 100 years has been put in. As the Games approach, whats left on your agenda? Weve still got a significant proportion of our job to do. A lot of our overlay is necessarily delivered very late in the day. For example, this year is the Queens Diamond Jubilee, and one of our venues, beach volleyball, is right in the center of London, in an area called Horse Guards Parade, where weve got to build a temporary 15,000-seat arena. That can only be done once the
the bloomin Olympics: The new Olympic Stadium will serve as the venue for athletic events as well as the Games opening and closing ceremonies.

celebrations of the Queens Diamond Jubilee are over, which is not until June. Thats just an example. Generally speaking, our overlay program will run right up until the end of June, beginning of July. Once the Olympics are over, how long will it take you to wind up the committees work? Were trying to wind up very quickly. Weve been working on it for almost two years now. In parallel with all the work were doing to organize and deliver the Games weve also had a little project called our dissolution project, to make sure we have an orderly and rapid dissolution. Ultimately we plan to put the company into formal liquidation in June of 2013. What will happen is that on September 10, the day after the closing ceremonies of the Paralympic Games, the majority of the paid workforce will go. At that stage well probably have about 500 people still on our books, compared with about 6,000 staff at Games time. By the end of 2012, that number will have fallen to about 100 people. For you, 2013 will mark the end of 10 years working on the Olympics. What are you going to do for an encore? Take a holiday. [Laughs.] Im a partner with Deloitte. Ive been on a very longterm secondment. And my intention is to go back to Deloitte.
IntervIew by edward teach

40 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Courtesy of London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games

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More than three hundred people attended CFOs inaugural Women in Finance Working Session and Awards Gala on May 15 in New York City. The half-day celebration featured engaging keynotes and panels designed to address the concerns of women in senior finance positions across all industries. At the awards luncheon, CFO recognized a group of twenty female CFOs from the worlds largest companies. Later this month, you can see more about this fun, festive, and energizing event, including video interviews and Q&As with the award winners. Check out CFO.com in late June.

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Green Is The new Lean


Doing more with less is what many sustainability initiatives are all about. Thats why CFOs are embracing them.

44 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

By Alix StuArt
PhotograPh by Michelle NolaN

Before Jeff Piccolomini joined Henkel Corp. in 1997, he was dubious about corporate efforts to address environmental concerns a typical skeptical CFO, as he puts it. A CPA by training and a longtime finance executive, Piccolomini wasnt accustomed to dealing with the kind of green goals that the Germanowned personal-care company had

set in motion, such as reducing carbon emissions. Today, as Henkel releases its 21st annual sustainability reportwhich details plans to become three times more efficient in energy and water usage by 2030Piccolomini has changed his mind. Ive really become a convert, he admits. As president and CFO of Henkels North America unit, he now

8 Jeff Piccolomini, president and CFO, Henkel Corp.

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 45

GReen Is The believes that sustainability is a very new positive thing, and the right long-term Lean view that all companies should have. To be sure, sustainability is still largely about doing good, and making customers and employees feel good about that good. But as saving the planet takes on an increasingly practical focus, many finance executives find themselves in the midst of sustainability efforts at their companies, and explaining their own conversions. Were good folks and we care about our neighbors, says Art Hicks Jr., CFO and chief operating officer of exercise-equipment manufacturer Cybex International. But quite honestly, we get paid to run a successful business, and environmental issues have become bigger business issues in the past few years. Im kind of Piccolomini says that Henkels cusa skeptic, so tomers usually appreciate green-orientI make sure we ed changes, such as reduced packaging. revisit projects one Plus, he adds, I cant think of a time when to two years later to we were faced with a project that was make sure we got a candidate for sustainability but didnt the projected results, make good business sense, he says. and also to learn European companies like Henkel are for future projects. generally ahead of their U.S. peers in terms of their sustainability efforts, in Art Hicks Jr., part because of tighter environmental CFO & COO of Cybex regulations on the continent. But AmerInternational ican businesses are catching up. Close to 80% of large U.S. companies now have a sustainability function, if not a chief sustainability officer. (The main reason for these new positionsahead of customer and employee expectationsis to address energy costs, according to recent research by Ernst & Young.) Sustainability reports are becoming nearly as common as 10-Ks, and environmental issues are one of the top categories in proxy proposals this year. Finance has little choice but to embrace the movement, Capital Expenditures: and many CFOs are doing just that. According to E&Ys research, 65% of finance chiefs at companies with $1 billion or more in revenues said they were somewhat or very Given the attention paid these days to building methods and involved with sustainability initiatives. That shouldnt be manufacturing processes, CFOs can barely sign a lease withsurprising: going green is generally in harmony with the out considering the environmental impact. The big question: traditional CFO mantra to do more with less. In fact, its ripe Will investing in greener materials and processes pay off for the rigorous analysis that finance does so well. Here, within an acceptable time period? we examine three areas of sustainability in which finance When Cybex built a new manufacturing plant in Minneexecutives and their staffs are playing major roles: capisota five years ago, the $1.4 billion company decided that tal expenditures, sustainability reporting, and investor reit would benefit from making the facility as green as poslations. sible. We have adopted lean manufacturing practices, and

Return on Green Investment

46 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Ryan Donnell

we find that they go hand in hand with sustainability efforts, particularly when youre talking about eliminating excess materials and reducing hazardous materials, says Hicks. To that end, Cybex invested in a $3.5 million painting system that minimizes the energy used in coating its products. The Minnesota facility also recycles the water used for painting several times, reducing wastewater, and then keeps it in holding ponds to cut down on pollution. At the same time, Cybex installed machines that laser-cut steel used in its products to decrease waste, and spent $70,000 on energy-efficient lighting. The return on investment from such large projects can be uneven, though many CFOs say they track it rigorously. At Cybex, Hicks says the lighting paid for itself in less than two years in the form of lower energy costs and tax incentives, but he is still waiting for the plant to show a return, thanks to the drop-off in sales volume that accompanied the recession. Meanwhile, he is now considering installing a wind turbine to generate some electricity for the plant, with an expected payback period of two years or less (though he is mindful of the potential disruption to bird migration patterns the turbine may pose). Im kind of a skeptic, so I make sure we revisit projects one to two years later to ensure we got the projected results, and to learn for future projects, Hicks says. Most companies (close to 70%) require sustainability projects to clear the same payback hurdles as other kinds of projects, according to E&Y research. Only 20% permit a longer payback time. UPS is one company that is willing to relax the hurdle rate for projects that generate a sustainability benefit, says Kurt Kuehn, CFO of the $53 billion shipping and logistics giantparticularly

Tax incentives can make a very significant difference to payback models, so its important that the CFO make the connection between tax and sustainability.
Steve Starbuck of Ernst & Young

when it comes to the new vehicles that the company is trying out, including all-electric trucks, hydraulic and electric hybrid trucks, propane trucks, composite plastic trucks, and trucks fueled by liquefied natural gas. We see vehicles as a rolling laboratory, Kuehn says. The goal is to build and maintain a portfolio of truck options for different driving conditions, economies, and climates. Over time, he expects those options to help minimize costs and bolster the companys reputation. In its latest sustainability report, UPS proudly noted that it reached a milestone in 2010 of 200 million miles driven in alternative fuel and advancedtechnology vehicles since 2000. State and federal tax incentives can go a long way toward shifting the ROI calculation. In fact, guiding the tax department to explore such options may be one of the biggest ways a CFO can contribute to the sustainability agenda, says Steve Starbuck, leader of E&Ys climate change and sustainability
Ranking of top three stakeholder groups driving sustainability initiatives (weighted average)

Sustainability by the Numbers


Customers want it, cost reduction is driving it, and CFOs are dealing with it. Customers
How involved is the CFO with 37% your sustainability initiatives? Employees
22%

Customers
37%

Most important drivers of sustainability agenda in the next two years*

Employees
22%

Shareholders
15%

13%
Very involved

Cost reduction
74%

Shareholders
15%

Policymakers
7%

52%

Stakeholders expectations
68%

Policymakers
7%

NGOs
7%

Managing risks
61%

NGOs
7%

Analysts Somewhat involved


6%

Suppliers
3%

35%
Not 40% involved

Revenue generation
56%

Analysts
6%

Government regulation
37%

Suppliers
3%

0%

Source: October November 2011 10 & Young survey 30 20 Ernst of 272 companies with revenues >$1 billion

0%

20

40

60

80%

0%

10

20

30

40%

*Multiple responses allowed.

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 47

services for the Americas. Tax incentives can make a very significant difference to payback models, so its important that the CFO make the connection between tax and sustainability, he says. Some companies may be able to tap alternative energy sources with little or no investment, thanks to incentives. Spice-maker McCormick & Co. recently struck a deal with Constellation Energy to have the utility install solar panels on the roof of one of its Maryland manufacturing facilities, with no up-front investment from McCormick. McCormicks only obligation is to buy all of the facilitys energy from Constellation over the next 20 years, with rates starting at belowmarket levels. The deal makes sense for Constellation because of deep subsidies that come through state and federal tax incentives, says Mike Smith, the utilitys vice president of solar and energy efficiency. In some states we can make the economics work for the customer, in others we cant, Smith says, noting that the sweet spot states right now are Arizona, California, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Jersey.

Green IS The new Lean

UPSs treasury employees were skeptical at first about getting involved. But, with some time, its been exciting for them to see how they can add value, too.
Kurt Kuehn, CFO of UPS

Sustainability Reporting:

Getting Serious
For large companies, producing an annual sustainability report has become almost mandatory. Being a sustainable company is good business, and its also good business to help your key stakeholders understand your sustainability efforts, says Mary Rhinehart, senior vice president and CFO of Johns Manville, the building-materials manufacturer. The company published its first sustainability report in March, called We Build Environments. To remain competitive, it is important that our customers are aware of what we are doing in this area, says Rhinehart. While the contents of sustainability reports still vary widelysome are little more than glossy brochures, with few unique metricsmany are gaining in rigor. Kuehn says UPSs report has evolved over time. Our environmental footprint wasnt something we had thought explicitly about, recalls Kuehn, who helped create UPSs first sustainability report about 10 years ago when he headed investor relations. But we did have a rigorous metrics and analysis environment, in-

Nearly 50% of shareholder proxy proposals this year relate to environmental and social issues, up from 40% in the 2011 proxy season.

cluding a lot of activity-based costing. So we took one of those models, and instead of creating an output of cost, we created an output of carbon. For me, it was an Aha! moment. Now, UPSs report catalogs an impressive array of metrics, including gallons of fuel used per ground package delivered, carbon emissions by business segment, and miles logged with alternative fuel. To make sustainability this quantitative, finance must be heavily involved, experts say. While most firms are tracking environmental metrics in spreadsheets outside normal accounting systems, a lot of the information comes out of the accounting record, Starbuck notes. For example, measuring greenhouse-gas emissions likely entails looking at the amount of electricity purchased, while other metrics might draw on data about how much water was used or the amount of employee travel. Taking it one step further, some companies are now getting their financial auditors to sign off on their sustainability reports. Globally, about half of companies get a third-party

48 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Stan Kaady

A CustoMer serviCe
UPS now offeRS caRbon offSetS to ShIPPeRS.

Some companies, particularly smaller ones, are still blissfully unaware of the carbon emissions they may be generating or how to reduce them. Last year, UPS decided to help enlighten its customers. The shipping and logistics giant rolled out a carbon calculator that tells customers exactly how much of an impact shipping their packages will have on the climate. Then, for as little as a nickel a package, they can pay to erase that impact, through the purchase of an offset that will help fund high-quality and third-party-reviewed projects that sequester carbon. UPS CFO Kurt Kuehn is quick to note that the product is not a moneymaker, at least not yet. In no way has that calculator generated an ROI; we just think its a great way to help our customers adapt to the future, and a positive brand attribute, he says. Its also a useful way for Kuehn to engage his treasury staff in the companys sustainability agenda. Treasury employees screen the offsets that customers indirectly purchase, setting stringent guidelines to help avoid disreputable projects, like funding a reforestation site that could become a parking lot five years later. Treasury groups in most companies are pretty black and white, and they were at least a little skeptical at first about getting involved, says Kuehn. But, with some time, its been exciting for them to see how they can add value, too. a.s.

audit, says Starbuck. In the U.S., that has historically been much lower, around 15%. But I can tell you that were seeing a lot more interest in it. While the third party has often been a boutique firm specializing in environmental concerns, more companies are looking to their auditors for a review, says Starbuck, because Wall Street has confidence in them. Last year Kuehn hired Deloitte, UPSs financial auditors, to provide assurance on the companys sustainability report, in order to enhance the credibility of its data. Theyre already familiar with our systems, so they can hit the ground running, he says.

Investor Relations:

From Fringe to Mainstream


On the face of things, investors are more riled up about environmental issues than ever before. Nearly 50% of shareholder proxy proposals this year relate to environmental and so-

cial issues, up from 40% in the 2011 proxy season, according to Institutional Shareholder Services. Proposals range from general requests, such as those pressing companies to set more-quantitative goals around energy reduction, to highly specific demands, including several asking energy companies to improve the composition of fluid used in hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. Historically, these types of proxy proposals have come from fringe investor groups that are tightly focused on environmental issues, but lately they seem to be gaining more support from mainstream investors. The average shareholder support for such proposals reached 21% last year, with five resolutions garnering more than 50% of shareholder votes, according to E&Ys data. That widespread interest suggests it is not just fringe groups that are voting yes. For example, while pension fund TIAA-CREF, a fairly traditional investor, is not in the vanguard of filing shareholder proposals on environmental or social issues, it is looking for reasonable ones to support, says John Wilson, director of corporate governance. Theres a lot of data showing that commodity prices are rising, and its beginning to be better understood that scarcity of natural resources is becoming a bigger risk factor, he says. We are not prescriptivewere not going to tell a company to invest in renewable energy but were looking for disclosure about your strategy and performance on meeting your goals. One area close to finance that investors have addressed with tenacity is the supply chain. Last year, for example, Apple bowed to shareholder pressure and released an unprecedented amount of data about its suppliers adherence to human-rights standards and environmental regulations. Close to 80% of firms surveyed by E&Y are now working with their suppliers on obtaining similar data. CFO Hicks says Cybex is already reporting details for its European customers, such as how hazardous materials in its products are disposed of at the end of the products useful lives. That certainly makes us think about how to design products in order to reduce the hazardous materials used, he says. When it comes to face-to-face meetings, though, most CFOs say investors are asking few if any questions on sustainability. Addressing the topic, therefore, involves a delicate balance between saying enough and saying too much. You can get pumped up about this, but if you play it too strong, a lot of investors eyes kind of roll back in their heads, says Kuehn. What Ive learned is to pitch this to investors as part of long-term brand investment, a sign of innovation, and part of long-term risk-management strategy. No matter how companies may characterize them, sustainability efforts are increasingly about efficiency and growing the bottom line. We set goals for water usage and energy usage because you cant really hit those while pursuing only economic benefits, says Henkels Piccolomini. In the end, though, cost reductions will flow out of using less water and less energythey almost have to. CFO
alix stuart is a contributing editor of CFO.

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 49

When The Boomers Go


The coming retirement of the baby boomers could leave businesses short of critical knowledge and skills. make sure that doesnt happen to your company.

hanks to its sheer size, the baby-boom generation has had an enormous impact on society and the economy at every stage of its development. The present time is no exception, as Americans born between 1946 and 1964, currently accounting for one-third of the workforce, begin to enter their golden years. Many boomers are postponing retirementtheir nest eggs are too small, or they still have family to support, or they simply prefer to keep working. But many others are ready to retire, and sooner or later, the boomers will be leaving the workplace in droves.

By russ Banham
Photo-illustrations by stePhen webster

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 51

When the Boomers Go


When they do, employers face the loss of all that experience, all that institutional and subject-matter knowledge and expertise. Everyone knew that boomers were getting older and would soon be retiring, but when the financial crisis hit and many stayed on, companies sort of postponed their reactions, says Colleen ONeill, talent management leader for North America at Mercer, the human-resources consulting firm. Now boomers are leaving, thanks to rising 401(k) values, and its time to take action. Many companies are just catching on to the impending exodus. Some are bringing in consultants to ferret out the skill-set gaps that will materialize. Others are developing knowledge-transfer and mentoring programs to get younger workers up to speed. Still other companies are creating flexible work environments where cash-strapped boomers can return to work on a part-time or project basis. For some employers, boomers waving good-bye to the office is good

We realized we had senior people who were very technically expert in our complex systems and would be eligible to retire in a few years. We needed to identify this knowledge and find ways to successfully transfer it.Tory Bruno, Lockheed MarTin space sysTeMs
news, given their generally higher pay and benefits. But the loss of human and knowledge capital is potentially dire for the bulk of organizations in industries like manufacturing, technology, engineering, and accounting. According to a recent poll of employers conducted by the AARP and the Society for Human Resource Management, 72% of HR managers stated that the loss of talented older workers was a problem or a potential problem. Others share this view. Organizations are running much leaner than ever before, and there are not a lot of extra people to pick up the slack when someone exits, says Jackie Greaner, talent management and organization alignment practice leader for North America at human-resources consultancy Towers Watson. Companies need to do a better job of identifying critical skills and planning for their inevitable loss.

The Knowledge CheCKlisT


pproximately 4.6 American adults will turn 65 every minute of 2012, and by 2015 that number will increase, to 8, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That means there is still time to get the corporate house in order before the departures commence en masse. The first order of business is to get the facts straight by determining the organizations skill sets, and a good way to start is by assessing which people are truly strategic. Some skills you can fill easily, says ONeill. Its the singular, hardto-find skills that take a while to replace that create risk. Lockheed Martin Space Systems instituted a project 10 years ago to identify and assess employees skills to prepare for future voids in intellectual capabilities. We realized we had senior people who were very technically expert in our

52 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

complex systems, were known to our customers, and would be eligible to retire in a few years, recalls Tory Bruno, president of Lockheed Martins strategic and missile defense systems unit. We needed to identify this knowledge and find ways to successfully transfer it. Brunos unit began by identifying critical skills needed by the business, and going through a detailed interview process to understand what it was that made certain employees experts. We sought to learn what they did in their careers and learned on the job, and then turned that into what we call a knowledge checklist, Bruno says. Armed with this data, Lockheed Martin now teaches advanced skills to less-experienced employees through its Critical Skills Management Program. The program pairs up a junior employee with an expert, who becomes his or her mentor. A member of the management team, typically the manager of the junior employee, is part of the equation, planning and arranging assignments for the protg to absorb the required knowledge. This three-way partnership is not without teeth, Bruno notes. The respective tasks in the process become part of each employees performance review, he explains. At the end of the process, we have a graduation ceremony, where the protg is certified as an expert by the mentor and manager. Corey Leal, director of finance in Brunos operating unit, says the program has significant financial value. Assuring that our technical employees have the expertise needed to support our core competencies means less reliance on subcontractors and, ultimately, greater profitability for our business, he says.

AccelerAted leArning
or some companies, traditional mentoring processes may not work quickly enough. Seven years to transfer rare skills may be too long, says Mercers ONeill. But if you can create ways to accelerate this to two or three years using software and scenario-planning tools, you will be ahead of the eight ball. Duke Energy, for one, used a software tool to pass on institutional knowledge. We had lots of manuals, drawings, and other informational assets about our existing power stations and brand-new ones, but what we lacked was the human element, which wasnt included in these documents, says Arnold Fry, manager of substation engineering standards and power delivery engineering at the Charlotte, North Carolina based electric utility. Duke Energy scheduled a series of interviews with senior engineers, in which questions were asked about their functions. The responses were then digitized using the software tool. In the old days, a younger worker would shadow an older one, who stood over his or her shoulder and said this piece is rated at that voltage, says Fry. This type of mentoring is fine when you have the time, but now there are too many older workers ready to retire, and far fewer younger ones to come up the ranks. Now when people retire, their experience is preserved and can be passed on to future generations, says Fry. And you are able to access knowledge from multiple people. The need to compress the training time frame is critical in the electric power industry. According to a recent report by the IEEE Power and Engineering Society, 51% of electric power engineers will be eligible to retire by 2014, says Geoff Zeiss, director of the utility industry program at software-maker Autodesk. Utilities are losing experienced workers and are having a tough time replacing them with younger workers. This elevates knowledge transfer to a strategic necessity.

Are the Kids All Right? ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||


What are the greatest basic-skills gaps between younger workers and older workers? (Respondents were asked to name the top two; the top five are listed here.)
Writing in English (grammar, Writing in English (grammar, spelling, etc.) spelling, etc.) Technical (computer, engineering, Technical (computer, engineering, mechanical, etc.) mechanical, etc.) Mathematics (computation) Mathematics (computation) Reading comprehension Reading comprehension (in English) (in English) Source: 2012 English language English language survey of 430 (spoken) (spoken) HR professionals by
the Society for Human Resource Management/AARP

What are the greatest applied-skills gaps between younger workers and older workers? (Respondents were asked to name the top two; the top five are listed here.)
Professionalism/work ethic Professionalism/work ethic Critical thinking/problem solving Critical thinking/problem solving Written communications Written communications Lifelong learning/self-direction Lifelong learning/self-direction Leadership Leadership 27% 27% 16% 16% 16% 16% 15% 15% 20 20 40 40 60% 60% 52% 52%

51% 51% 33% 33% 16% 16% 13% 13% 12% 12% 20 20 60% 40 40 60%

0% 0%

0% 0%

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 53

Out and Still abOut


nother way to bridge the skills gap is to hire boomers who have retired from their old jobs but still want to work. Almost half of adults aged 65 to 69 receive wages, salaries, or income from self-employment, points out Samantha Greenfield, employer engagement specialist at The Sloan Center on Aging & Work. Where to find these older workers? Many have joined organizations that provide skilled workers to companies needing them on a part-time or even full-time basis. The National Older Worker Career Center, for instance, specializes in recruiting and providing skilled engineers, scientists, technicians, and other professionals for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency. Were an executive search firm, except these executives are in their 60s, 70s, and older, says Joel Reaser, NOWCC senior vice president. Theyre tramping across ranches and farms to design dams to control soil erosion, and working to develop

pesticides. Our oldest, at 92, just retired for good this time. Reaser says the steady exit of baby boomers from the workforce is having an adverse effect on the federal government, which cant find enough younger talent to pick up the slack. The solution is to recruit and employ experienced retired people until younger workers get up to speed. Organizations are not going to have an option about whether or not to hire older workersthe demographics insist on it, says Reaser, who is 72. This isnt, Lets hire older people because theyre nice to have around. There are few other choices. Employers will have to adapt to an older cohort of workers, says Reaser. Just like the accommodations that were made when women entered the workforce in large numbers a generation ago, similar accommodations must be made for older workers, he says. These include preventive health care and health maintenance, flexible work arrangements, and valuing power naps in the middle of the day. Yoh, another staffing agency, also specializes in providing seasoned workers as short- and long-term temporary work-

Bridging Generation Gaps


connecting workers of all ages can be a challenge.
With many baby boomers and pre-boomers staying on in a variety of roles at their companies, todays workforce is looking a bit like a family reunion, with as many as four generations sitting at the table engaging in oft-cumbersome conversations. Getting four generations to agree on anything is difficult, but in the workplace, effective communication and collaboration are imperative. a big struggle to keep all this intellectual capital working together effectively. This was the case at California State University in Chico, where, because it is a college campus, ages range from professors and administrators nearing age 65 to students still in their teens. The wide difference in ages hindered the universitys ability to create a collaborative working environment in an office environment, whereas they are communicating using smartphones and social media on the go, she says. In putting together the town hall, they rebelled against me drawing up diagrams of the seating arrangements, for instance, on paper, which I planned to fax or scan and e-mail. That was too long and inefficient, they argued. The university tapped a Mindjet product called Mindstudents who collaborate using their smartphones. Banking giant Wells Fargo is tackling the same challenge in a different way, piloting a masters-level certificate program that pairs up members of its Boomers Connection network with its Young Professionals network in Minnesota. Graduates receive an MA in organizational leadership certificate from St. Catherines University in St.

Each generation has very distinct methods of communicating. Jascha kaykas-wolf of MindJet
Many of the same challenges prevail, however. Each generation has very distinct methods of communicating, says Jascha Kaykas-Wolf, chief marketing officer of Mindjet, a maker of collaborative work management software. For instance, many pre-boomers focus on building personal relationships, [while] many millennials use social collaboration tools like Facebook and Skype to communicate and collaborate. Its preparing Cal States annual town-hall meeting, a oneday event in which students, faculty, administrators and community members gather to hear various speakers discuss public-interest topics. Thia Wolf, an English professor and director of the universitys first-year experience program, acknowledges that she and her students communicate and work differently. Im in my mid-50s and am used to e-mail and faxing in jet Connect to bridge the generation gap. The software uses brainstorming and task management capabilities as well as social media and integrated online sources in the cloud like Google and Twitter to capture, organize, and communicate information. This allows a multigenerational team to plan and stay current on a project, no matter what devices they use. So, for example, Wolf stays connected via her desktop with Paul/Minneapolis. The goal is to get older people to work alongside younger people who work very differently than they do, and vice versa, to appreciate each others learning and work styles, says Philomena Morrissey Satre, vice president of diversity and inclusion for the banks Mountain Midwest region. This years graduating class of 12 includes seasoned banking executives as well as newer hires. R.B.

54 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

When the Boomers Go


ating these affiliate networks, where they take a cadre of recent retirees and bring them in on consulting assignments, she explains. Were actually thinking of something similar here at Mercer. We have a whole category of people who are going to leave the business, and were investigating the idea of them coming back part-time as consultants in a more systematic way.

The FourTh GeneraTion


dding a fourth generation to the work environment is a good thing, contends Rivera. The composition of the workforce is changing out of necessity, he says. If youre going to be competitive today, you have to appreciate the generational differences. Young peoplethe millennial generationare looking for openness, transparency, and a sense of meaning in employment, whereas pre-boomers and boomers seek ways to spread their knowledge. Blending this is the real trick. (See Bridging Generation Gaps, facing page.) Another trick may be to amend internal company rules governing pensions. Many businesses with benefit plans stipulate that employees will receive a stated percentage of the highest salary they received in the five years before their retire-

This isnt, Lets hire older people because theyre nice to have around. There are few other choices.Joel ReaseR of NoWCC
ers, in its case to the telecom, technology, aerospace, life sciences, and entertainment industries. Companies are looking for highly technical legacy experience as much as they want younger people with cutting-edge technology skills, says Matt Rivera, Yohs director of customer solutions. We dispatch older people to employers on a contingent basis or from project to project. One novel staffing resource is work campersretirees with specialized skills who travel from city to city in recreational vehicles to fill in where they are needed. These are sought-after workers for bridge assignments, says Joan Davison, president and COO of Staff Management SMX, a managed staffing and recruiting services provider based in Chicago. They have exited the workforce, but they still want that feeling of engagement, in addition to the extra income. If they live in Minnesota, they might be enticed to spend the winter in Southern California for two months in a technical capacity. (One potential drawback: having an RV in the parking lot for two months.) ONeill points out that many companies are forming retiree networks internally. A lot of technology firms are crement, Reaser notes. If they stay on in some capacity at lower annual compensation, they run into the risk of a lower pension, he says. Obviously, the rules need to change. Changing such rules and providing flexible work arrangements for older workers serve yet another purpose: helping companies ease high-paid employees out the door. Mercer does this by offering a senior consultant in a leadership role the opportunity to move laterally into a client-facing position at lower pay. This only works if you have the right conversation with the older worker, affirming that he or she still has a place in which to contribute, ONeill cautions. The concept may have appeal to boomers. There are many boomers who no longer want to work full-time, yet wouldnt mind moving into an encore career, says Ted Fishman, author of Shock of Gray, a 2010 book on the aging of the worlds population. Davison concurs. Corporate America is recognizing that you cant simply push the workforce out the door anymorecertainly not boomers, she says. You need ways of accommodating them. CFO
russ banham is a contributing editor at CFO.

cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 55

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Field Notes

Perspectives from CFO Research

Made for Each Other


Both separately and together, mobile devices and cloud computing are increasingly supporting corporate growth, according to the latest findings from CFO Research. By David Owens

Its no secret: companies large and small are scrambling for growth. And as businesspeople turn over every last stone in that quest, they cant afford to spend all their time chasing down information. They need their information to catch up to them. Operational agility is key, and its rooted in the ability to communicate and collaborate with anyone, anytime, anywhere. That requires mobile technology smartphones, tablets, laptopsand companies are busy supplying it. In a research report published this past March, titled Uncrossing the Wires: Startingand Sustainingthe Conversation on Technology Value, CFO Research asked both CFOs and IT executives what technologies would be most important for their companies success within the next three years. Nine out of 10 (89%) answered mobility, the use of mobile devices. Almost as many of those surveyed, 75%, cited cloud computing as key to success. In fact, finance executives are increasingly saying that the path to mobility goes through the cloud. For example, in a November 2011 CFO Research report titled Exploring New Models for Enterprise IT, Philipp Neuhaus, CFO of Germany-based hygiene services firm CWS-boco International, praised his companys adoption of cloud-based salesforce.com for customer relationship management. Our sales force can access it [salesforce.com] on demand quite easily

from everywhere they are, he said. Mobile devices and the cloud, in short, are made for each other. In the same November report, Tom Bartlett, CFO of American Tower Corp., a U.S.based lessor of antenna space on communications towers, touched on what the intertwining of mobility and access can mean for his business: Anytime you can increase functionality, ease of use, mobility, those types of things which is what cloud computing can doI have to believe that its a gamechanger. And the name of that game, of course, is growth.

89%

of finance and IT executives said that mobility and the use of mobile devices would be among the most important technologies for their companies success in the next three years.

CIOs Know Strategy


In your opinion, how well does your CIO understand how technology supports your companys business strategy and generates value?

Finance executives say

6%
Poor

46%

49%
Excellent

IT executives say

2%
Poor

33%

64%
Excellent

n Poor n Adequate n Excellent


Source: Uncrossing the Wires: Startingand Sustainingthe Conversation on Technology Value, CFO Publishing LLC and SearchCIO.com, March 2012. Sponsored by Cisco Systems.

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 57

Field Notes
Lifted by the cLoud
In our most recent internal technology survey of our readership, finance executives from small and midsize businesses repeatedly cited growth as the impetus for upgrading their information systems and platforms: The main priority for upgraded technology is to be able to handle growth. Improve customer experiences from changes made to support future business growth. Develop systems to support our operation requirements as we experience increased growth. Smaller companies, in particular, are looking to the cloud to give them lift. Some need help managing the increasing complexity that naturally follows success. Discussing his small manufacturing companys new cloudbased CRM system, one companys controller said the purchase was necessary, as prior to this we were managing through spreadsheets. Growth demanded that we implement a system that fit into our business processes. An executive from a small but ambitious zoo wrote about his organizations selection of a cloud vendor to help solve its growth problem: Our current customer database system lacks an adequate reporting function. Several similar database systems were used by different departments. Our goal is to integrate them into one [cloud-based] system and provide upto-date BI [business intelligence] information. The right cloud-based service can be ideal for growing on the pay-as-you-

Bringing Business Insight to IT Decisions


While nearly every finance chief we interviewed extolled the value of having a closer relationship with the IT organization, some insisted that the real goal should be to create closer relationships not only between finance and IT but between finance, IT, and the business units. The message is really not about the evolving relationship between finance and IT, says Jack de Kreij, CFO of Royal Vopak, a Netherlands-based bulk liquid storage provider for the global oil and chemical industries. Instead, he says, its about creating an involving relationship between the business, finance, and IT. Without involving all three parties, he warns, technology becomes the province of two expert functionsfinance and ITthat are then denied the insights that business-unit leaders can and should bring to the table. *** Royal Vopak has relied for nearly a decade on its Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Board to evaluate technology investments. The board is stocked with leaders of the companys business units, its global IT leader, and its executive board, including CFO de Kreij. This eliminates the risk of over-professionalization of the process by technology experts, and a lack of involvement by the business itself, says de Kreij. Once the ICT board gets behind a proposal, de Kreij explains, finance challenges that proposal from an investment perspective, reviewing key performance indicators laid out in the business case and, where metrics are difficult to establish, relying on the business judgment of the boards members. Over the past three to five years, de Kreij continues, fi-

nance has taken on a stronger support role in this fashion, developing decision matrices where each project is ranked from a value-creation perspective, from a complexity perspective, and from a cost perspective. He notes, though, that those matrices often must be filled in by people outside of finance, since finance cannot judge the complexity of an IT project. Other CFOs we interviewed are also driving the formation of, or are at least participating in, multidisciplinary teams with the responsibility for making sure technology investments make business sense. For example, at Wesco International, a U.S.-based distributor of electrical products and industrial supplies, technology investments are vetted by a balanced IT advisory council that includes members of all the functional areas of the company, including finance and IT, as well as business-unit leaders. At another company, Eurocopter Group (Europes largest helicopter manufacturer), a Strategic IM Plan brings together stakeholders across the value chainbusiness-function chairs, together with finance and what [Eurocopter] calls information managementto seek common agreement on when and where the company should be investing in technology. As a result, says CFO Dieter John, the companys IM group has become a strategic business enabler helping to drive corporate growth. As part of these teams, CFOs play a key middleman role between users and providers of technology, offering the translation needed to match business needs with technical capabilities. As the CFO of one company observes, Our CIO likes reporting to the CFO because he feels a CFO can do a better job of explaining and packaging things in a way that the rest of the members of management can understand.
Excerpted from The Expanding Role of the CFO: Using Technology to Drive Value for the Business, CFO Publishing LLC, November 2011.

58 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

go model, avoiding the need to sink large chunks of capital into hardware and systems. It also can provide the support a company needs for a flexible and dynamic growth strategy. As the zoo executive wrote, The new system provides all the solutions we were looking for, and it also covered some areas we can utilize in the future. But scalability through the cloud works for large companies, too. Shaun Hughes, chief information officer of Elders Ltd., told us how an eye to the future led the Australian agribusiness and real estate company to choose a cloud-hosted ERP system. Moving to the cloud gave us the ability to incrementally and economically increase the size of our IT environment in small amounts consistent with our rollout plan, said Hughes. We didnt have to buy a big box.

the mobile society


Elsewhere in Exploring New Models, a finance executive from an Asian bank insisted that competitive advantage in the future will be driven not so much by product innovations as by technologytechnology that can change the life of the customer or the way a company itself does business. In large part, these changes will come from creating the so-called mobile societyplacing information directly in the hands of customers, suppliers, and co-workers alike, wherever they happen to be. Because of the mobile society, roles will change inside the company as well as out. Old ways of working wont cut it anymore. Responding to a question

just as an efficiency about CFO-CIO workmechanism to push ing relationships in the bottom line. Uncrossing the Wires, Cloud computing the CFO of a large U.S. is going to untie ITs health-care provider hands to concentrate zeroed in on a lingermore on the business, ing problem: They live says Gustavo Aguirre, in their own specialized CIO of private health world, be it finance or insurer Grupo OSDE IT, and do not always in Argentina. If it understand the exact works as it should, IT needs and limitations of With social media and will be able to stop dothe other. Companies cloud computing, IT is helping a lot of things that will need to find ways to ing companies to reach out have no value. Forbreak through these trato a larger set of customers in unique ways, which were tunately, many of the ditional barriers: finance not there three years befinance and IT execucan no longer afford to fore, says Abhishek Jain of tives weve surveyed be just the controller of Schneider Electric in India. are hopeful that IT is the purse strings while up to the challenge: IT is cast as the enthusi49% of CFOs think their CIOs have an astic promoter of the latest technology excellent understanding of how techtrend. (See Bringing Business Insight nology supports corporate strategy, to IT Decisions, facing page.) while 64% of IT executives think so. The cloud will help dissolve those When your workday is no longer barriers. With this [cloud] service, tied to a desk, an office, or a factory we dont have to care about IT infrastructure and hardware anymore, said floor, accommodating the mobile CWS-bocos Neuhaus. That means that workforce becomes the priority, as one reader said in our internal survey. the IT function can spend more time Technology is serving as the enabler, caring about the business itself. In a companion report to Exploring with companies now able to share information instantaneously, adds WalNew Models, Abhishek Jain, associate ter Wallace, instructor in the departgeneral manager in acquisitions and ment of managerial sciences at Georgia alliances for Frances Schneider ElecState Universitys Robinson School of tric in India, said that especially with Business and director of the Global Losocial media and cloud computing, IT gistics Roundtable. For more and more is helping companies to reach out to a larger set of customers in unique ways, companies, the union of mobile technology with emerging cloud capabiliwhich were not there three years beties is promising to be the game-changfore. He concluded, IT is now seen er theyre looking fora true marriage more and more as an enabler to drive made in heaven. CFO the top line of the company, and not

Editors Choice

MORE FROM CFO RESEARCH: Scan this! To read the full reports cited in this article, go to the research page on www.cfo.com. Our research team regularly polls senior finance executives on core aspects of financial management. Youre certain to find insights that are relevant to your most pressing concerns.

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cfo.com | June 2012 | CFO 59

TAKE AWAY

Driving Lessons
name

Ed Goldfinger CFO of Zipcar

position

previous positions

CFO of Spotfire, a business-intelligence and analytics software company; CFO of the Latin American beverage business at Pepsi-Cola International; senior manager in the audit practice at KPMG.

notable for

Being finance chief of one of the largest car-sharing companies in the world. Based in Cambridge, Mass., Zipcar has more than 700,000 members in four countries.

When youre inventing a new business and innovating a new category, you have to innovate the metrics around the business, too. I actually invented one here, called weekality. Everyone has heard of seasonality, and there is a seasonal aspect to our business. But even within a week you have times when people are driving our cars a lot, like two oclock on a Saturday afternoon. You also have times when the cars arent in use that much, like overnight during the week. One thing that came out of this analysis was the idea of an overnight program. If people are commuting into work and they want to use a car for the evening, because they Zipcar CFO Ed Goldfinger want to do errands or go on a date, they can take the car at night and return it in the morning for far less than they would pay for a day rate. For us its a great deal, because those cars really werent being used much anyway. So in some ways, the secret sauce to the business is understanding what our trends are around vehicle use and member behavior.
His taKe-aWaY:
interview by marielle Segarra

60 CFO | June 2012 | cfo.com

Goldfinger photo by Rick Friedman

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