Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-001-E
Drilling operations
a) Overview of drilling plants, equipment, components b) Overview of drilling fluids: muds, cements & chemicals c) Outline of drilling techniques. Innovative vs traditional drilling. On-shore & off-shore drilling d) Blow out prevention and control e) Drilling site organisation f) Cutting disposal: problems and solutions
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-002-E
Whats the purpose of well drilling? The main goal is to reach the target!
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-003-E
0m 30" 20"
2000 m 13 3/8"
4000 m 9 5/8"
Shale Limestone
Hy d
ar oc r
n bo
Reservoir
7"
6000 m
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-004-E
Reservoir
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-005-E
Drilling Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-006-E
Type of rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-007-E
Drilling Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-008-E
Drilling Rigs
Floating rigs
Stationary platforms
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-009-E
Land Rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0010-E
Off-shore Rigs
Stationary Platform
Jack up rig
200 m
100 m
1000 m
3000 m
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0011-E
Off-shore Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0012-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0013-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0014-E
Posted Barge
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0015-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0016-E
Submersible Rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0017-E
Platform Rgis
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0018-E
Platform Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0019-E
Platform Rigs
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0020-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0021-E
Tender Unit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0022-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0023-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0024-E
Stationary Platform
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0025-E
Off-shore Rigs
Jack up rig
Surface Wellhead
0m 100 m
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0026-E
Jack-up rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0027-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0028-E
Off-shore Rigs
Semisub rig
Subsea Wellhead
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0029-E
Semi-sub rig
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0030-E
Off-shore Rigs
(Anchored) Drilling ship
Subsea Wellhead
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0031-E
Off-shore Rigs
(Dynamic positioning) Drilling ship
Subsea Wellhead
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0032-E
Drilling Ship
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0033-E
Off-shore Rigs
Max Water Depth
3000 2500 Expl. 2000 Prod. SHELL SHELL SHELL ELF 1500 TEXACO EXXON SHELL EXXON HUMBLE OIL EXXON + 1950 1960 1980 1990 2000 2001
Drilling Operations
TotalFinaElf
1000
500 0
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0034-E
Rig Equipment
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0035-E
Hoisting System
E A) Top Drive A) Asta motrice B) Mobile mobile block B) Taglia pulley C) Hook C) Gancio D) Derrickman Floor D) Piattaforma del pontista E) Fixed pulley block E) Taglia fissa F) Winch table F) Water G)Drillers cabin G) Argano H) Injection del perforatore H) Baracca head I I)) Jacket hose Testina d'iniezione L ) Drill pipes L) Rotary hose M) Mast di perforazione M) Aste N) Blow Out Preventer (BOP) N) Tool joint O)Wellhead O) Torre
D M L H A B C I F
N O Cellar
Drilling Operations
Ground Floor
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0036-E
Rotary system
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0037-E
Travelling block
Section Bushing
Hook
Rotary Hose
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0038-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0039-E
Drilling String
Drill Pipes Heavy Weight (intermediate stiffness pipes) X-over Drill Collars (Heavy weight pipes) Jar (Shock tool to be activated while drilling string stuck) Drill Collars Stabilizer (for hole reaming) Drill Collar Shock absorber (vibrations damper) Stabilizer Drill Collar Near bit Drill bit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0040-E
Drilling String
Drill pipe
Drill pipe
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0041-E
Drill Bits
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0042-E
Drill Bits
PDC BITS
Steel Body
Matrix Body
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0043-E
Drill Bits
NATURAL DIAMOND BITS
Nat. Diamond
Impregnated
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0044-E
Coil Tubing
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0045-E
Coil Tubing
Coiled tubing can be used in several wellbore operations: perforating, fluid pumping, bridge plug setting, etc. It allows to carry out operations in a well while other operations are performed in a second well It can also be used in the drilling phase
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0046-E
Drill Pipes
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0047-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0048-E
Tubular goods are classified according to the Minimum Yield Strength. TYPES OF STEEL Minimum Yield Strength Minimum Yield Strength
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0049-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0050-E
Upset
An upset is done at the two ends of the drill pipe body in order to have higher thickness in the end part and therefore a gradual change in section from drill pipe body to tool joint There are three kinds of upsets:
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0051-E
Tool Joint
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0052-E
Tool Joint
The connection of a drill pipe body and a tool joint should be provided by:
FLASH WELDING
FRICTION WELDING
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0053-E
Non-destructive Tests
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0054-E
Non-destructive Tests
PENETRANT LIQUIDS: They enable the identification of discontinuities having an outlet to the surface. Unlike the MAGNAFLUX method, with penetrant liquids it is possible to survey discontinuities (cracks) also at high depth only with an outlet on the surface. ULTRASOUND AND GAMMA RAY: These nondestructive test methods are very effective. They are able to survey not only the presence of discontinuities inside the drill pipe, but also its position and extent. They also enable to verify the thickness and transversal section of the drill pipe.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0055-E
The Heavy Weights are semi heavy drill pipes: something between DP and DC (drill collar) They have similar configuration to normal drill pipes. However, the tool joints are much longer and have an upset in the centre, working as stabilizer. Both the tool joints and the centre upset are protected from wear by hard facing bands.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0056-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0057-E
Drill Collar
The drill collars (heavy drill pipes) are manufactured from a solid bar, externally turned, internally bored and thread at its ends.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0058-E
Drill Collar
External Configuration:
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0059-E
Drill Collar
They are produced in a wide range of dimensions Minimum external diameter: Maximum external diameter: Minimum internal diameter: Maximum internal diameter: 2 7/8 14 1 3 1/4
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0060-E
Drilling Muds
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0061-E
Containing formation fluids by exercising a hydrostatic pressure at bottom hole Consolidating the borehole walls by creating a filter cake Cooling and lubricating the drill bit Conveying drilling debris from the bottom hole to the surface Keeping cuttings in suspension when circulation is halted Providing information on drilled formations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0062-E
- LIQUID PHASE
Fresh H2O Salt H2O Low Toxic OIL Sintetic OIL Foreign elements
- SOLID PHASE
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0063-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0064-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0065-E
Formation pressure typically increases with depth To compensate for this we increase the density of the mud with barite Mud weight must be limited to the minimum necessary to control the well, maintain its stability, and still stay below the fracture gradient
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0066-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0067-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0068-E
Mud Circuit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0069-E
Directional Wells
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0070-E
Logistical problems
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0071-E
Environmental concerns
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0072-E
Multi-target wells
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0073-E
Original Well
Corrected Well Path
Sidetrack
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0074-E
Unapproachable targets
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0075-E
Relief Wells
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0076-E
Horizontal Wells
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0077-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0078-E
Long Radius
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0079-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0080-E
Downhole Motors
PDM - (Positive Displacement Motors)
1/2 - 3/100ft (30m) Smaller BOS No Surface Rotation Kick-Off Sub Double Kick-Off Sub
BOS
BOS
BOS
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0081-E
Rotating shaft
Movable piston
Non-rotating sleeve
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0082-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0083-E
Standard steerable
Autotrak
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0084-E
Casing
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0085-E
What is a Casing ?
Casing is metallic pipe that is lowered in a well in order to cover the open hole, isolating it from the drilled formations. Once positioned at the desired depth, casing is cemented in place by pumping a slurry inside it. The slurry goes out of the casings bottom, which is called shoe, and rises in the casing/open hole annulus.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0086-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0087-E
Conductor pipe Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Liner (a casing string that does not extend to the top of the wellbore)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0088-E
Cementing Operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0089-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0090-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0091-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0092-E
Filling the annular space between the wall of an uncased hole and the casing is the first operation after the bit has been run out of the hole and the casing has been run in for the following reasons: a) To support the casing and anchor it to the borehole wall. b) To prevent the borehole from caving. c) To protect the casing from corrosion. d) To protect the casing from crushing or bursting. e) To isolate adjacent zones of the borehole and prevent the different formation fluids from mixing. f) To extend and optimize the life of a well. g) To increase well safety and control.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0093-E
Cement slurries can be used in three types of jobs: a) Cementing of casing or strings (primary) b) Remedial or complementary cementing c) Cement plugs.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0094-E
Casing Cementing
Depending on the order, their position and purpose, casing can be called: a) b) c) d) Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing Liner
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0095-E
The normal dimensions of the casing or liner and in which open hole they are run in are shown below; the dimensions are given in inches: casing/ liner dimension (inches) 20 18 5/8 13 3/8 9 5/8 7 5 open hole dimension (inches) 26 24 17.5 12.25 8.5 6.5
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0096-E
Types of casings
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0097-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0098-E
This is perhaps the most significant and closely examined value in a lab report. For a very good reason, because the Thickening Time (T.T.) is the value which allows us to carry out the job in safe conditions. Underestimating the time can result in disastrous cementing which can even lead to the well having to be abandoned in the most serious cases.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-0099-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00100-E
Cementer
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00101-E
Fango
The time needed the cement to set The time needed the cement to set at the end of displacement (WOC) at the end of displacement (WOC) will vary according to the type of will vary according to the type of used slurry used slurry
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00102-E
Cement is a complex mixture of silicates and calcium aluminates. Its grinding fineness determines its hydration capacity. A little difference in the chemical composition or in the physical condition of cement can cause a strong performance variation. It is essential to perform lab tests before each operation, using water, cement and additives samples obtained from the site where the operation will take place.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00103-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00104-E
Lost Circulation
PARTIAL LOSSES Absorption up to a maximum value of about 8 m3/h TOTAL LOSSES Mud doesnt return to the surface during drilling operations Absorptions are caused by: High-porosity and high-permeability formations Fractured formations Underpressured formations Karst
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00105-E
Lost Circulation
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00106-E
Stuck Pipe
Main stuck pipe causes are: Key seats Differential pressure (sticking) Wedging in (Packing off) - While the drill string is being lowered - While the drill string is being pulled out A collapse caused by: - Total circulation loss - Unstable formations - Debris accumulation in caved-in boreholes
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00107-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00108-E
Sticking Block
Drill pipes
Borehole
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00109-E
Fishing Operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00110-E
Overshot
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00111-E
Magnetic Fisher
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00112-E
Underground Blow-out
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00113-E
Underground Blow-out
Gas Migration Charged formation
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00114-E
Underground Blow-out - 1
Gas Migration Shear Rams (open)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00115-E
Underground Blow-out - 2
Gas Migration Shear Rams (closed)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00116-E
Underground Blow-out - 3
Gas Migration Shear Rams (closed)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00117-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00118-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00119-E
Capping
2) positioning BOP 2) positioning BOP
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00120-E
Capping
3) Set Up Choke & Kill lines 3) Set Up Choke & Kill lines
BOP open
= Valves Closed
Choke line
Kill line
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00121-E
Capping
4) opening Choke & Kill lines 4) opening Choke & Kill lines
BOP open
Kill line
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00122-E
Capping
5) Closing BOP 5) Closing BOP
BOP closed
Choke line
Kill line
= Valves Open
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00123-E
Capping
6) Gradual Closing of Choke e Kill lines (the well is in pressure) 6) Gradual Closing of Choke e Kill lines (the well is in pressure)
BOP closed
Kill line
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00124-E
Capping
7) Well Killing by pumping through kill line. 7) Well Killing by pumping through kill line.
BOP closed
Kill line
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00125-E
Bag Preventer
The BOP stack components are: Bag BOP Ram BOPs Drilling spool (optional) Choke valves Kill valves They are usually built according to API 16 A standards.
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00126-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00127-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00128-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00129-E
Relief well
Reservoir
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00130-E
Relief well
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00131-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00132-E
Well Control
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00133-E
Pit Gain
Suction Pit
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00134-E
Causes of a kick
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00135-E
Blowout control systems can be divided into: Blowout control systems can be divided into: Primary (active): these are the systems that prevent the Primary (active): these are the systems that prevent the occurrence of a blowout (i.e. hydrostatic load of a mud) occurrence of a blowout (i.e. hydrostatic load of a mud) Secondary (passive): all safety equipment contributes to Secondary (passive): all safety equipment contributes to close a wellbore when a serious possibility of blowout exists close a wellbore when a serious possibility of blowout exists or when a blowout is already under way or when a blowout is already under way
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00136-E
Logistical Services
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00137-E
Road Transports
This service provides logistical assistance and transport of materials in onshore operations
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00138-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00139-E
Communications
The Communications Service allows data transmission in the rig operational district headquarters loop
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00140-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00141-E
Drilling Waste
Drilling Cuttings Exhaust mud Wash water Drilling fluids Municipal solid wastes
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00142-E
Drilling waste from WBM (mud and cuttings): non-hazardous Drilling waste from OBM (mud and cuttings): hazardous
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00143-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Operations priorities: Reduction at source Recycle Re-use Recovery
Treatment
Disposal
Waste Reduction
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00144-E
Guiding criteria
Waste volume reduction Re-use of wash water Storage by type
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00145-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00146-E
Semataf: aerial view of treatment and disposal site (2B type) in Lanciano
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00147-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00148-E
silos
Sodium Silicate
Landfill
CONSOLIDATION CORRAL
Re-use
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00149-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00150-E
Does not need special equipment (farm equipment) Does not generate a biproduct: recyclable cuttings/soil
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00151-E
Landfill Re-use
Dehydration process
Solid Water
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00152-E
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00153-E
Up to 1987 :
From 1987:
Discharge into the sea of cuttings (OBM/WBM) and muds (WBM) Zero-discharge and consequent transport to shore of solid and liquid waste (WBM - OBM)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00154-E
Cuttings washer
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00155-E
Management And Cycle Of Drilling Waste Cuttings slurrification and re-injection Options : -- Existing well (production well) -- Drilling and re-injection simultaneously well -- Dedicated well
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00156-E
Injection fluid characteristics: Particle size in suspension Concentration (volume) Density <300 micron 15-25% 1.2-1.6Kg/l
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00157-E
Waste Management
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00158-E
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00159-E
To maximize waste recycling (cement, brick and expanded clay plants, environmental restoration, RSU dump covers)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00160-E
Rig site treatment Zero discharge: solid and (consolidation and liquid waste (WBM dehydration) OBM) is transported onshore Untreated waste disposal H2O recycling ( a closed-loop system allows reduction of waste volumes to be disposed of by recovering water from exhausted mud)
Drilling Operations
Agip KCO
BO-018-GIA-00161-E