Gap Ports

Internal Gap Ports in Sonnet
Jim Merrill Oct 2010
Rev 10.10.01
Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com
Gap Port Topics

Gap Port Basics Calibrated vs Uncalibrated Ports Ports Close to Each Other Using Ports to Replace Active/Passive Material Long Ports Touching Ports
Port Terminals
The polygons are separated by an infinitesimal gap and the port is inserted in this gap.
Example Schematics
Schematic for S33
P3
TRL
Schematic for S11 TRL

P1
TRL
Port interference
Coupling between ports is not considered by de-embedding Co-calibrated ports might be a solution for this problem
Test Case
Resistive Metal (R =250 ohms) Very thin to reduce distributive effects
Fringing Capacitance
The fringing capacitance from the metal feeds makes the resistors non-ideal
Simulate a single resistor
Resistive Metal (R =250 ohms) Very thin to reduce distributive effects
dB[S11]
R in Parallel with C
PI Model at 1 GHz: C_C1 1 2 0.012629pf R_R1 1 2 249.9853
R as a function of frequency
Calibrated Gap Port
This is what you get when you change the impedance of port 3 to 250 ohms (same result as ideal resistor)
Uncalibrated Gap Port
Uncalibrated port includes some fringing fields, but not identical to fringing across resistor
Co-calibrated Port
Co-calibrated port also removes fringing capacitance

Review of Port Calibration
Ideal component (uses co-calibrated ports
Internal gap port
Port calibration removes the fringing capacitance Assumed to be in the measurement of the resistor
Close Ports
Sweep L for both cases
Close Port Test: L = 96 um
Remember: we are inserting ideal resistors in place of ports (not resistors with fringing)
Sweep distance between ports
As ports get closer, errors increase. Remember: resistors are also getting closer
Calibrated vs Uncalibrated
Uncalibrated: leaves fringing in the results Calibrated: removes fringing from results What good are calibrated ports? First: what was the meaning of the calibrated port result?
Calibrated
R R
TRL
Uncalibrated TRL
Calibrated
R R
TRL
Uncalibrated TRL
To test: Analyze transmission line and add ideal R
Test Calibration
TRL So, the calibrated ports contain just the TRL (no fringing)
Measured TFR
A measured TFR would include fringing
C
Insert measured TFRs here
Inserting measured data
Purpose of Calibrated Ports: To be able to insert measured/simulated data which includes fringing
Gap Port Basics: Summary

Uncalibrated: includes fringing in the results
Fringing is approximated Useful if your models/measurements dont include fringing
Calibrated: removes fringing from results

Good for including measured data Good for circuit subdivision
Using Ports to Replace Active/Passive Material

Rev 10.10.01
Using ports in place of active/passive material
Resistive metal
Can you replace the resistive metal with a port?

Use Gap Port
Change port impedance to mimic the resistor
Currents are not the same!
Change port impedance to mimic the resistor
Distributed resistor
Port assumption: 1. Currents are orthogonal to port 2. Port impedance is a lumped value Current
Current
For a distributed resistor, current can travel horizontally or vertically

Using multiple ports
Multiple ports allows voltages to be different Currents can do what they want to
Summary of Distributed Resistor

When setting impedance of single port, think of it as a lumped element Distributed material cannot always be represented by a lumped element Use multiple ports to overcome this issue
Adjacent Ports that Touch

Rev 10.10.01
Touching Ports
Test Case for Touching Ports
Compare a single port with multiple touching ports Test 1: Short-circuit ports should give ideal short Test 2: Open-circuit ports should give ideal open
Short Circuit Case
Exact results would give 0 ohms All cases are less than 0.005 ohms
Open Circuit Case
Note: A single gap port gives Zin = 20k ohms when de-embedded. Non-deembedded gives same results as above (300 to 150 ohms)
Touching Port Summary

Touching ports cause very little error when port impedance is low Error increases as port impedance increases On the surface calibrated ports look better, but it depends on if you want fringing in the results or not

Gap Ports

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Gap Ports

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Internal Gap Ports in Sonnet

Jim Merrill Oct 2010

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Gap Port Topics

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Schematic for S11 TRL

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Resistive Metal (R =250 ohms) Very thin to reduce distributive effects

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Simulate a single resistor

Resistive Metal (R =250 ohms) Very thin to reduce distributive effects

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Calibrated Gap Port

Uncalibrated Gap Port

Co-calibrated port also removes fringing capacitance

Review of Port Calibration

Ideal component (uses co-calibrated ports

Internal gap port

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Close Port Test: L = 96 um

Sweep distance between ports

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

To test: Analyze transmission line and add ideal R

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Insert measured TFRs here

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Inserting measured data

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Gap Port Basics: Summary

Calibrated: removes fringing from results

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Using Ports to Replace Active/Passive Material

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Using ports in place of active/passive material

Can you replace the resistive metal with a port?

Use Gap Port

Change port impedance to mimic the resistor

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Currents are not the same!

Change port impedance to mimic the resistor

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

For a distributed resistor, current can travel horizontally or vertically

Using multiple ports

Summary of Distributed Resistor

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Adjacent Ports that Touch

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Test Case for Touching Ports

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

Short Circuit Case

Open Circuit Case

Touching Port Summary

Sonnet Software, Inc. 2010 http://www.sonnetsoftware.com

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