Q1) What is the difference between WINS and DNS?

Ans) Domain Name System (DNS) is a database system that translates a computer's fully qualified domain name into an IP address. WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) is a service run on Windows NT servers to provide Windows clients a way to find other Windows computers. WINS resolves,Windows network computer names (also known as NetBIOS names) to Internet IP addresses, allowing Windows computers on a network to easily find and communicate with each other. Q2) What is the difference between TCP and UDP? Ans) TCP is a Transmission Control Protocol. UDP is a User Datagram Protocol. There are four major differences between UDP and TCP: 1. TCP can establishes a Connection and UDP cannot. 2. TCP provides a stream of unlimited length, UDP sends small packets. 3.TCP guaranties that as long as you have a connection data sent will arrive at the destination, UDP provides not guarantee delivery. 4.UDP is faster for sending small amounts of data since no connection setup is required, the data can be sent in less time then it takes for TCP to establish a connection. Q3) Whats the port Number of FTP? Ans) 21

Q4) What is APIPA? Ans) Short for Automatic Private IP Addressing, a feature of later Windows operating systems. With APIPA, DHCP clients can automatically self-configure an IP address and subnet mask when a DHCP server isn't available. When a DHCP client boots up, it first looks for a DHCP server in order to obtain an IP address and subnet mask. If the client is unable to find the information, it uses APIPA to automatically configure itself with an IP address from a range that has been reserved especially for Microsoft. The IP address range is 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254. The APIPA service also checks regularly for the presence of a DHCP server (every five minutes, according to Microsoft). If it detects a DHCP server on the network, APIPA stops, and the DHCP server replaces the APIPA networking addresses with dynamically assigned addresses.

Q5) What is a firewall? Ans) A firewall is a set of related programs, located at a network gateway server, that protects the resources of a private network from users from other networks. (The term also implies the security policy that is used with the programs.) An enterprise with an intranet that allows its workers access to the wider Internet installs a firewall to prevent outsiders from accessing its own private data resources and for controlling what outside resources its own users have access to.

Q6) What is a Subnet Mask? Ans) An IP address has two components, the network address and the host address. A subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and host addresses (<network><host>). Subnetting further divides the host part of an IP address into a subnet and host address (<network><subnet><host>). It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by perfoming bitwise AND operation on the netmask. A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address. Subnet Mask is made by setting network bits to all "1"s and setting host bits to all "0"s. Within a given network, two host addresses are reserved for special purpose. The "0" address is assigned a network address and "255" is assigned to a broadcast address, and they cannot be assigned to a host. Q7) What is an Active Directory? Ans) Active Directory is a database that keeps track of all the user accounts and passwords in your organization. It allows you to store your user accounts and passwords in one protected location, improving your organization's security. Active Directory is subdivided into one or more domains. A domain is a security boundary. Each domain is hosted by a server computer called a domain controller (DC). A domain controller manages all of the user accounts and passwords for a domain.

Q8) What is the port number of DNS? Ans) DNS uses port 53.

Q9) What is CIDR? Ans) (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) An expansion of the IP addressing system that allows for a more efficient and appropriate allocation of addresses. The original class-based method used fixed fields for network IDs, which was wasteful. For example, Class A and B networks can address 16 million and 65 thousand hosts respectively, and most organizations given those addresses never had intentions of putting that many computers on the Internet (see IP address for more details).

Q10) What is the difference between NAT and PAT? Ans) NAT is a feature of a router that will translate IP addresses. When a packet comes in, it will be rewritten in order to forward it to a host that is not the IP destination. A router will keep track of this translation, and when the host sends a reply, it will translate back the other way. PAT translates ports, as the name implies, and likewise, NAT translates addresses. Sometimes PAT is also called Overloaded NAT

Q11) What is VPN? Ans) The virtual private network (VPN) technology included in Windows Server 2003 helps enable costeffective, secure remote access to private networks. VPN allows administrators to take advantage of the Internet to help provide the functionality and security of private WAN connections at a lower cost. In Windows Server 2003, VPN is enabled using the Routing and Remote Access service. VPN is part of a comprehensive network access solution that includes support for authentication and authorization services, and advanced network security technologies. Q12) What features got added with 2008 Windows Server Operating System? Ans) PowerShell, Virtualization (Hyper-V), IIS Version 7, IP Version 6 .. etc Q13) What are the two Zones of DNS? Ans)

1) Forward lookup zone. 2) Reverse Lookup Zone

Forward lookup zone is used to resolve hostname to ip resolution.eg when we type googl.com in web browser, it will search the same in DNS server and get ip for gogle.com then it will connect to google.com. Reverse lookup zone is used to resolve from ip address to hostname. Just reverse of forward lookup zone.

Q14) What is a Global Catalog? Ans) The global catalog is a distributed data repository that contains a searchable, partial representation of every object in every domain in a multidomain Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) forest. The global catalog is stored on domain controllers that have been designated as global catalog servers and is distributed through multimaster replication. Searches that are directed to the global catalog are faster because they do not involve referrals to different domain controllers.

Q15) What is a Virtual Memory? Ans) Virtual memory is a feature of an operating system that simulates additional memory from the Hard disk and allowing application to operate as though the computer has more memory.

Q16) What is the difference between FAT and NTFS File system? Ans) FAT (FAT16 and FAT32) and NTFS are two methods for storing data on a hard drive. The hard drive has to either be formatted using one or the other, or can be converted from one to the other (usually FAT to NTFS) using a system tool. FAT is basically the same file system that has been used on PCs since the early DOS days, with a number of modifications made to allow it to work with larger hard drives. NTFS was originally developed to work in Windows NT, to support large hard drives from the get-go (up to 16 billion gigabytes per volume!) and to guard against the kinds of errors that routinely wreck FAT volumes. NTFS is just the better choice overall Q17) What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit Hardware? Ans) The primary difference between 32-bit and 64-bit processors is the amount of memory they can use. 32-bit processors use 32-bit addressing, hence they can only access up to 4 GB of RAM. 64-bit processors support a theoretical limit of 16.8 million terabytes of RAM (actual systems could never hope to hold anywhere near this much). 64-bit processors can handle a larger load of information by directing twice as much data at a time than a 32-bit processor. That's the common sense part. The problem with 64-bit processors is that you will not notice any difference in speed unless your system matches the 64-bit specification. First you must have a 64-bit motherboard (64-bit bus lines) a 64-bit operating system, and 64-bit applications and software. You cannot run most 32-bit applications on a 64-bit machine. So 64-bit processors work in a 32-bit environment but an increase in speed is not noticeable unless if it is used in a 64-bit environment. Q18) What is an IP Address? This number is an exclusive number all information technology devices (printers, routers, modems, et al) use which identifies and allows them the ability to communicate with each other on a computer network. There is a standard of communication which is called an Internet Protocol standard (IP). In laymans terms it is the same as your home address. In order for you to receive snail mail at home the sending party must have your correct mailing address (IP address) in your town (network) or you do not receive bills, pizza coupons or your tax refund. The same is true for all equipment on the internet. Without this specific address, information cannot be received. IP addresses may either be assigned permanently for an Email server/Business server or a permanent home resident or temporarily, from a pool of available addresses (first come first serve) from your Internet Service Provider. A permanent number may not be available in all areas and may cost extra so be sure to ask your ISP.

Q18) What s the Difference between Class full and Class less IP Addressing? Ans) The difference between classful IP addressing and classless IP addressing is in selecting the number of bits used for the network ID portion of an IP address. In classful IP addressing, the network ID portion can take only the predefined number of bits 8, 16, or 24. In classless addressing, any number of bits can be assigned to the network ID.

Q20) What are the seven Layers of OSI Models?

1. Ans) The OSI model has seven layers. Application Presentation Session Transport Network
Data Link Physical The Physical Layer describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method. The Data Link Layer describes the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Ex: this layer defines the framing, addressing and check summing of Ethernet packets. The Network Layer describes how a series of exchanges over various data links can deliver data between any two nodes in a network. Ex: this layer defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet. The Transport Layer describes the quality and nature of the data delivery. Ex: this layer defines if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery. The Session Layer describes the organization of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. Ex: this layer describes how request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call. The Presentation Layer describes the syntax of data being transferred. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged between hosts with different math formats. The Application Layer describes how real work actually gets done. Ex: this layer would implement file system operations