Research on Magnetization Mechanism of Nano-magnetic Fluid

Jianling LI
School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing,China 100044 07116303@bjtu.edu.cn

Decai LI
School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing,China 100044

AbstractIn this paper, we first analyzed the nano-magnetic fluid composition and properties. Then we studied the characteristics of nano-magnetic fluid magnetization and magnetization mechanism. In addition, we also studied the nano-Fe3O4 magnetic particle size and surface modification on the magnetic properties of magnetic fluids. Nano-magnetic fluid is a new type of liquid nano-composite functional material. It also has a magnetic and mobility, and therefore it has many unique properties and a wide range of applications. Nanomagnetic fluid magnetization characteristic is one of its main properties, its performance and application of magnetic fluid play a decisive role. Keywords-nano-magnetic fluid; magnetic magnetization mechanism; magnetic particles properties;

Figure 1. The composition of nano-magnetic fluid

I.

INTRODUCTION

The characteristics of nano-magnetic fluid The surface of nano-magnetic particles are coated by a layer of surfactant molecules dispersed, in the fluid-based composition and stability of colloidal systems, that is nanomagnetic fluid. On the one hand,magnetic particles kept doing Brownian motion in the fluid-based, even in gravity, magnetic, centrifugal force would not have happened under the action of solid-liquid separation.On the other hand, magnetic fluid has a super-paramagnetic,and in the external magnetic field, there will be the corresponding magnetic properties, viscosity, seal, rheology, magnetic levitation, stability, and the unique properties of birefringence, etc. So it has the practical [2]. Now it has been widely used in industrial, military, aviation, etc. II. ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH

B.

Nano-magnetic fluid has both magnetic and mobility, and therefore it has many unique properties and a wide range of applications. Nano-magnetic fluid magnetization characteristic is its one of the most important performance, which plays a very important role to the performance and application of magnetic fluid, especially worthy of our study and exploration. A. The composition of nano-magnetic fluid Nano-magnetic fluid is consisted of the magnetic particles,liquid-based and surfactant. Magnetic particles determine the nature and content of the magnetic properties of magnetic fluids. The fluid-based composition and the nature of the use of magnetic fluids.The surfactant prevent the magnetic particles due to cohesion between the sediment[1]. Composition of magnetic fluid as shown in Figure 1:

1 magnetic particles, 2 surfactant,

3 liquid-based

978-1-4244-5848-6/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

A. The magnetic characteristics of nano-magnetic fluid Magnetic properties of nano-magnetic fluid is the most important and distinctive physical properties. When the external magnetic field increases in the magnetic fluid,it will activate the magnetic fluid in magnetic domain,so that the magnetic moment orientation in the same direction with the external magnetic field, indicating magnetic. 1) The magnetization process of magnetic fluid Langevin paramagnetism of the classical theory well describes the magnetic properties of magnetic fluid. Because of the ferromagnetic particles in magnetic fluid volume of about 105 times the atomic volume, the magnetic particles also is much easier. These particles appear "superparamagnetic." In other words, they have a high saturation magnetization, there is no remanence and no coercivity. Magnetization characteristics of ferromagnetic material is determined by a special micro-mechanism. The modern concept that, in ferromagnetic material between the adjacent atoms, there is a special exchange coupling. Because of this role, the electron spin magnetic moments in a field plots completely lined up neatly, this spontaneous magnetization zone, that is, magnetic domain, as shown in Figure 2. Although each magnetic domain has already been saturated magnetization, but the magnetization of each magnetic domain in a different direction, so media as a whole does

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not show a magnetic. However, the role of the outer magnetic field, the magnetization direction of the external magnetic field near the magnetic domain will expand their area, other magnetic domain of the magnetization direction will shift to varying degrees, the direction of the external magnetic field. After the establishment of such a magnetic state, because of the interaction between atoms, so that this state is not easy to be disturbed. Therefore, even if the magnetic field removed, the medium can also have residual magnetism [1].

indicated that a magnetic field of micro-current loop. These show a micro-current loop is equivalent to a magnetic dipole, but only in very close to the current loop and the dipole,there is some differences between the two [1].

a magnetic dipole b micro-current loop Figure 3. The physical drawing of magnetic field

Dipole per unit volume of material in the force, as in:

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of magnetic domain

Magnetic fluid magnetization processes are divided into two types.One is the solid-phase particles within the magnetic domain rotation for control purposes,which is known as within the disposition of.The other is the solid particles contained in the base fluid in the rotation for control purposes, this is known as non-endowed in natural disposition, or outside in nature. 2) The magnetization strength of magnetic fluid When the particle is sufficiently small, the magnetic fluid is stable. But when the size of a small ferromagnetic particles a particular critical value, the particle is a singledomain structure. Most of magnets value is 10nm critical dimensions of the order of magnitude, so that all particles in the magnetic fluid can be considered a single domain structure. We assumes that there is no interaction between magnetic fluid is a spherical particle systems, magnetic fluid magnetization can be written as in:

F = M H0 r0
Unit volume of the dipole moment suffered, as in:

(3)

Lm = M H0 V0

(4)

A dipole in a magnetic field the magnetic potential energy, as in:

Em = m H 0

(5)

M = M S coth

M = (M cos )Statistical average

In the equation,

(1) (2) is the

2) Magnetic fluid in the absence of the external magnetic field In the removed external magnetic field, the magnetic fluid magnetization relaxation mechanism are two: a) The first mechanism:The first one is the mechanism of magnetization relaxation in the liquid particles rotation., the mechanism by Brownian rotation diffusion time B explain its characteristics,

is given as in: (6) is the

= D M S H / 24kT . And
3

B = 3V pi / k0T
In the equation,

saturation magnetization Ms of the magnetic strength of the magnetic particles in the liquid volume ratio. Elmore measurement results show that the experimental observations with the Langevin curve fitted well,so we have taken into account the distribution of particle size. Chantrell shown that the use of lognormal size distribution model can be well in line with [2/3]. B. The magnetization mechanism of nano-magnetic fluid 1) Magnetic fluid under the outer magnetic field Under the action of the outer magnetic field, in Figure 3 the a is that a dipole magnetic field conditions.The b

V p1 is the particle volume,

liquid viscosity. However, in the frozen state or in the polymer-coated particle state, this mechanism will be effectively curbed. This time, within the relaxation mechanism is the particle magnetization vector to overcome the magnetic anisotropy and rotation, the first Fresnel envisaged in this process, the process associated with the other relaxation time is N . b) The second mechanism:The second one is the mechanism of magnetization relaxation Fresnel relaxation.

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For uniaxial anisotropic materials, the relaxation time given as in:

1 2

is

N = 0X

exp X
3

(7)

In the equation, X = KV p1 / k0T = D K / 6k0T It is given as in:

0 = M S / 8rK

(8)

In the equation, r is the gyromagnetic ratio, is the damping factor, K is the magnetic anisotropy constant. In the magnetic fluid, small particles magnetization relaxation occurs Fresnel likely to be larger, while the large particle Brownian rotation of the magnetization relaxation occurs more likely to be even greater. Relaxation process of transition in diameter Ds is obtained by N = B , in the solid state may only occur under the Fresnel relaxation [2/3]. 3) Magnetic fluid magnetic testing principle We will act as a magnetic liquid core into the solenoid, and solenoid magnetic axis parallel to the direction. When the electromagnet magnetic field direction changes, we have learned from the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction as in:

strong magnetic induction, and even magnetic saturation, there are other special magnetic properties. Magnetic solid particles showing a reverse magnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, anti-magnetic and ferrimagnetic five kinds. Figure 4 indicated that changes in particle diameter, the impact of the inherent coercive force. As the particles become smaller, its intrinsic coercivity increased, a single magnetic domain when the coercivity increased to the maximum; size and then reduce the coercivity decrease until reduced to 0. Particle size down to the critical diameter dp, due to thermal effects allows it to show the phenomenon of super-paramagnetic. Fe3O4 is a typical representative of strong magnetic particles belonging to cubic crystal system, has anti-spinel structure [6/7].
Intrinsic coercivity kA/m

e=n

d dt

(9)
Particle diameter Figure 4. The relationship between the particle size and the Intrinsic coercivity

In the equation, e is solenoid induction electromotive force generated at both ends; n is solenoid coil turns; is Flux, And we know that: = 2nsB In the equation, s is solenoid cross-sectional area; B is magnetic induction intensity. From these,we get as in:

B=

2ns

1 edt 2ns

(10)

So the problem turn into the integral of the induced electromotive force. In the past we often used to test the program constitutes a general-purpose op-amp integrator, or using a dedicated instrument to measure the number of points were the integral value of induced voltage. As the hardware circuit is difficult to overcome the inherent thermal drift[4], so a larger measurement error. Here we use the Labview library functions provided to carry out numerical integration in order to effectively overcome this defect [5]. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Magnetic properties of any substance are the results of charged particle movement. The molecules and atoms of different materials, due to electronic shell electrons in the number of rows of different fabrics and their interactions to have different magnetic properties. Ferromagnetic particles have a strong magnetic field can be obtained at very low

A. The formation mechanism of magnetic Fe3O4 particles We get Fe304 by chemical coprecipitation. This method is based on FeCl2, FeCl3 (or FeSO4) as raw materials and NaOH (or NH3H2O) as the precipitating agent, preparation of about 10nm magnetic Fe304 particles. This method is simple, low cost, equipment requirements and low benefits, so the actual application is more extensive. We can know from the knowledge of crystallography, sedimentation during the formation of a new phase, including the formation of nucleation and crystal growing up two processes.The relative speed of these two processes directly determine the size of the formation of magnetic particles [8/9]: 1)The formation of nuclei The dissolution of the material in solution is usually a certain limit, and in equilibrium with a maximum solubility often referred to as saturated solubility. When the substances in solution, the actual concentrations exceeding its saturation solubility, the claimed solution is too saturated. Supersaturation is a metastable state. In order to achieve steady state, material from the crystallization solution. Therefore, the material was too saturated in the solution is a necessary condition for the crystallization occurs. 2) Crystals grown

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In essence is the solution of the solute by diffusion through the crystal surface layer of stagnant flow in the crystal surface continuous deposition process. Therefore, the crystals grew mainly by the proliferation of mass transfer process and the surface of the deposition process control, the relative speed of these two processes directly restricts the speed of Crystal Growth. In the crystal growth process, if the deposition rate is far greater than the surface diffusion rate, then the crystals grow by diffusion process control. Conversely, if the rate spread is far greater than the speed of the surface of deposition, then the crystals grow by the surface of the deposition process control. Therefore, if we adopt different measures to intervene in this process, you can effectively control the crystal growth process, we need to get the crystal. B. Fe3O4 particle size on magnetic properties The size of Fe3O4 particle size affects not only the stability of magnetic fluids, but also affect its magnetic properties [10]. Magnetic particle size is very small, the magnetic force between particles in Brownian motion has been offset by the assembly without each other, so that magnetic fluid has good stability. Fe3O4 magnetic particle size on magnetic properties of the main show the magnetic properties of magnetic fluid index Ms with one of them Fe3O4 particles Ms1 relevant. In the case of other conditions remain unchanged, Ms1 value is greater, then the Ms value is greater, the higher the magnetic properties. Since Fe3O4 particles Ms1 value is decreased with decreasing particle size, therefore, prepared by the smaller magnetic particles while the magnetic fluid has good stability, but its magnetic properties is not high. Fe3O4 particle size is large, although the value of Ms1 large, but the Fe3O4 particles suspended in the liquid contained, the adjacent two particles constitute the opposite poles between the gravitational force between the enhanced inter-particle easily gathered into a group, in the gravity field and external magnetic field will produce precipitation under the action of magnetic fluid in the sharp decline in the amount of magnetic particles, their magnetic ability to pro-poor, Ms value is low. In order to obtain good stability, high magnetic properties of magnetic fluids, Fe3O4 particle size should be taken Ms maximum corresponds to particle size. Therefore, Fe3O4 particle size of about 10nm should take better. C. Modified Fe3O4 magnetic particles Modified magnetic particles before and after the magnetization curve in Figure 5. Curve 1 is modified before the particle magnetization curve, curve 2 indicates the magnetization curve of modified particles. From the figure we can see that the modified particles decreased intensity of magnetic saturation, magnetic declined. This is mainly due to the modified particles, the surface coating a layer of nonmagnetic surface-active agent, so that the surface of a few atomic layers of magnetic attenuation or loss of magnetic properties, thereby reducing the magnetic particles [11].

Figure 5. The magnetization curve of modified particles

Through observation of the modified particles in the absence of external magnetic field under the electron microscope photographs show that magnetic particles are almost spherical, and the highly fragmented and found no agglomeration. This is mainly because the surface modified particles coated with a layer of single-molecule level, so that repulsion between the particles reach a balance with the gravity, so that particles evenly dispersed. We can also see that the non-regularity of particle arrangement, which is randomly distributed. In the magnetic field, magnetic particles are arranged randomly distributed structure was destroyed, the role of particles in the magnetic field and the internal particle interaction, according to a certain path of movement, eventually rendering the arrangement of certain rules of form [12]. IV. CONCLUSIONS

Nano-magnetic fluid is a new type of liquid nanocomposite functional material. It also has a magnetic and mobility, and therefore it has a number of unique performance and a wide range of applications. Nanomagnetic fluid magnetization characteristic is its one of the most important performance. This is the performance and application of magnetic fluid play a decisive role, there is a very important research value and significance. We have studied the characteristics of nanomagnetic fluid magnetization and magnetization mechanism analysis of the magnetization process and magnetic fluid magnetization. Magnetic fluid magnetization process is divided into inside and outside the disposition ascribed two. Magnetic fluid with and without external magnetic field changes, in the magnetic field removed, the magnetic fluid magnetization still exists a certain degree of relaxation. We have studied the nano-Fe3O4 magnetic particle size and surface modification on the magnetic properties of magnetic fluids. Fe3O4 particle size is of about 10nm to take when the magnetic fluid stability, high magnetic properties. Surface modified particles reduce the intensity of magnetic saturation, and the magnetic is downing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology funding of China. This work was supported

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by National Natural Science Foundation of China.Grateful to my teacher's guidance!Thanks to the support of students! REFERENCES
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