American History Assignment 7 page 598 etc.

Chapter 21: A new place in the world: 1865-1914 Aftermath of civil war: little interest in events transpiring outside its continental boundaries. Unlike Britain and other European powers, US seemed to have few imperial ambitions. Army was shrinking in size daily, becoming a mall force of 25.000 men. By 1914 all that had changed: - trading and investing missionaries formal possession of territory in the Caribbean and the pacific (Puerto Rico, part of Cuba, Hawaii, Philippines. Navy and army, defeated European empire. 1865-1890: two impulses in foreign policy: - One expansive: the nation had grown in population and territory. Steer clear of foreign entanglements, to enjoy the nation's geographic isolation from other powers. 1867: Seward (secretary of state under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson) purchased Alaska from Russia. Between 1860 and 1897, imports doubled, while exports more than tripled. Pressure for increased government involvement abroad sometimes came directly from Americans who lived and invested in foreign nations. (Costa Rico) Like the planters in Hawaii. 1857: American planters on Hawaii gained access to the American Market by eliminating tariffs on Hawaiian sugar. 1889: Blaine (Republican Secretary under Garfield and Harrison) tried to interest Hawaii in becoming a U.S. Protectorate, but the Hawaiians resisted. Coup by whites Annexation Hawaii, but Harrison's successor, Cleveland repudiated the treaty. Army was small and was also slow to embrace new technology. Navy was antiquated and in disrepair. rebuilding the navy.

Turning point: the 1890s.

forces favoring a more expansive foreign policy gained the upper hand. splendid little war against Spain. The depression of 1890s: economy suffered from excess capacity, or overproduction. best cure: sell more American goods abroad. 1890: Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. Conclusion: USA needed better navy and bases in the Caribbean and the Pacific. Also missionaries. So a lot of expansionism, but not everybody embraced expansionism. Also protest against it. In the 1890s, the US began to flex its muscles in Latin America. (1891 Chile, 1893 Rio de Janeiro, Nicaragua, 1895: Venezuela crisis) Venezuela crisis: had its origins in a 50 year old boundary dispute between Venezuela and the colony of British Guiana: an area (Orinoco) rich in minerals. Britain was acting as though it controlled the region and it spurned Venezuelan effort to negotiate the boundary. Venezuela then turned to the US for help and hired an American lobbyist: Scruggs. He was tapping American fears of the British. Some Americans believed that Britain, having taken what it could in Africa and Asia, was turning its attention to Latin America. 1895: Congress passed a resolution calling on Britain to submit the

dispute to arbitration. Britain ignored the messages. US recalled the Monroe Doctrine. US war threat to Britain. By agreeing to arbitration, Britain had recognized American hegemony in the Western Hemisphere.

Cuba
1868: Cuban nationalists began a decade-log war for independence from Spain. US invest close to 50 million in Cuba's profitable sugar industry and cigars. 1896: Spain sent 150000 troops to Cuba. Key term: reconcentrado: General Weyler of the Spanish army introduced this warfare: he attempted to sever the contacts between rebel forces and the rural peoples who supported them by forcibly relocating large segments of the population into prison-like camps. In Cuba several political factions: small group favored continued Spanish rule Creoles as well as American planters living in Cuba preferred autonomy or home rule within the Spanish empire. Some promoted annexation of the island to the US. The vast majority of Cubans wanted complete independence. Leaders of the movement for Cuba Libre were accordingly wary of American interest in the island. Welcomed American diplomatic support, but feared that American rule would replace Spanish rule. Jose Marti: Leader of the movement. Many members of Congress believed that the US should intervene in Cuba. But president Cleveland resisted such calls, preferring to exert diplomatic pressure on Spain to end the warfare and grant Cuba autonomy within the Spanish empire, a solution that would make Spain responsible for protecting American investments. 1898: American battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 266 Americans. It was likely a accident, but the contemporaries immediately blamed the Spanish. President McKinley prepared for war. Congress agreed to McKinley's demand: US would not recognize the Cuban rebels and thus would not be intervening on their behalf. April 29, 1898: McKinley signed declaration of war. Cubar war of independence Spanish American War. Spanish quickly defeated, because of naval blockade. Ground troops fought the war, but were not very strong. August 1898 Spanish defeated. (only two months!)

Philippines
Philippines held considerable strategic importance for the US, jockeying for power in China. US declared war with Spain also attacking Manila. Quickly defeated Spanish in Philippines. McKinley wanted also the annexation of Hawaii. 1897: McKinley had signed an annexation treaty with the white pro-annexation government. Opposition was strong. August 12, 1898: Hawaii became a U.S. Territory. Key term: Imperialism: annexation of, for example the Philippines, served the nation's (US) economic and diplomatic interests. It would also bring order to the islands, as well as Christianity and civilization to its people. Anti imperialists arguments: The US lacked the constitutional right to acquire colonies. It was simply wrong to impose the will of the US by force on other people. Revolutionaries in Philippines, like Emilio Aguinaldo. In 1899 announced the creation of a republic of the Philippines, with Aguinaldo as president. US refused to recognize. Guerrilla war in Philippines. Aguinaldo was captured in 1901, and most of his troops laid down their arms in 1902.

Legacies
Key term: the Platt amendment (1901): US decided to grant Cuba formal independence, but with significant strings attached: Cuba could not become deeply indebted to any foreign power, it could not enter into any treaties that would impair its independence, it was required to sell or lease lands including Guantanamo Bay and the US retained the right to intervene in Cuba. anti-American feelings in Cuba. Foraker Act: 1900, established Puerto Rico as an unincorporated territory of the US. ruled by Congress and a governor appointed in Washington. In 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens. After hostilities had ended, the Philippines were run by a governor-general and supported by American troops and hen by a U.S. Trained Filipino constabulary. Only Filipinos from the upper classes were allowed to participate in the government. US strengthen its navy to defend overseas possession. New naval bases Pearl Harbor and Guantanamo Bay (Cuba). Huge expansion army in first decade of the twentieth century.

The New Century

US formal possessions: Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Samoa. Informal: US wielded significant economic power and political influence in much of Central and Latin America. US feared that the Europeans and Japanese would gain enough dominance in China to block American exports, particularly of textiles, and close the potentially huge Chinese market to American trade. September 1899: Open door Note. Hay (Secretary of State) sent this to each of the powers involved in China (not to China themselves). The note expressed a desire to encourage free trade and preserve Chinese territorial integrity, to keep ports open to ships of all nations, to establish nondiscriminatory railroad rates within its sphere of influence and to let the general Chinese tariff apply to all ports, with the tariffs to be collected by the Chinese. Chinese antiforeign group: the Boxers launched a rebellion against the imperialist presence in China. Imperial troops in China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. 1900: second Open door note. The Open Door Notes did not achieve very much for the US, beyond the symbolic assertion of its right to pursue trade opportunities in Asia. They did help President McKinley in reelection against Democrat William Jennings Bryan in 1900. Less than a year later, McKinley was killed by an assassin.

The Panama Canal

Key term: The Panama Canal: The most important foreign policy goal of Theodore Roosevelt was the construction of a canal through Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific. It would reduce shipping costs between the East and West Coasts It would reinvigorate north-south trade routes through the nation's interior It would shorten the transit time from the Atlantic to the Pacific navy. Also a symbol of America's new influence in world affairs. 1850: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: Had committed Britain and the US to joint construction and control of a canal. Hay had to negotiate with Brittain. 1901: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: giving the US the right to build a canal by itself, as long as British ships were charged the same tolls as American ships. The site of the canal: Nicaragua had long appeared to be the most promising location. Construction in

this place was easier than seemed likely in the Colombian province of Panama, where the French had failed in their effort to hack a canal through dense, disease ridden terrain in the 1870s and 1880s. But a new commission concluded that the Panamanian route was preferably, especially if the US could, at a reasonable price, buy the charter, some machinery and property from the French company. Congress authorized President Roosevelt to explore the Panama option, but to turn his attention to the Nicaraguan alternative if he could not quickly finalize an arrangement with Colombia in 1902. Colombia rejected, it was too favorable for US. Roosevelt (angry) and his administration lent support to a revolt organized by Philippe Bunau-Varilla, an engineer representing the French canal company. 1 november 1903: Bunau Varilla and Panamanian nationalists declared Panama to be an independent state. Bunau Varilla (who had never lived in Panama) appointed himself foreign minister and entered into negotiations with Hay. the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. Other Panamanians not happy, but accepted its terms. In US congressmen and newspapers attacked Roosevelt's dealings with Colombia. Problems: diseases, delay. John Stevens chief engineer. Two main concerns: minimizing the threat of disease so that manual workers and professionals would come to panama. Transportation of people, supplies, equipment and most important: dirt. Panama Railroad. Engineering plan: a canal with locks (sluizen). 1913: The Panama Canal was completed.

The Roosevelt Corollary

Venezuela's default on its debs to Great Britain and Germany. GB and GER set up a naval blockade of the Venezuelan coast. Roosevelt, fearing the blockade lead to war or seizure, pressured Britain and Germany to accept arbitration of their Venezuelan claims. agreed. Key term: Roosevelt Corollary: Monroe had warned European nations not to meddle in hemispheric affairs and to respect Latin American revolutions, as well as the independence of Latin American countries; Roosevelt, in contrast, was committing the US to intervention to suppress revolutions and guarantee a stability that the US alone would define. Revolts in Dominican Republic, leading to defaults on foreign loans. 1903, Roosevelt, in collaboration with Dominican president Carlos Morales, formulated a plan for the US to take charge of Dominican customs collections and to oversee the repayment of the island nation's foreign debts. The US remained in charge of Dominican finances until 1911. Roosevelt saw the world as divided between civilized and barbarian peoples, and he believed that it was the responsibility of civilized white nations like the US to train and uplift their less fortunate brethren (broeders). Roosevelt was staking out a new role for the US as the policeman of the Western Hemisphere. But he was trying to enhance American influence in Asia by acting as a mediator. 1904: tensions Russia and Japan erupted into war. Mid-1905, Roosevelt embraced Japan's suggestion that he mediate the conflict. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Anti-American anger among the Japanese, who blamed Roosevelt for robbing Japan of the fruits of military success.

Dollar Diplomacy and Wilsonian Idealism

Dollar Diplomacy: conduct of President Taft's (1909-1913) foreign policy. It is a double-edged phrase suggesting both that the government was doing the bidding of Wall Street and that the administration wisely preferred using dollars rather than bullets to exert influence abroad. Taft was cautious in using force, but he did use it. Tafts's successor, Woodrow Wilson, was a moralist in foreign affairs. He personally abhorred the imperialist exploitation of less developed nations, recognized that poverty and oppression bred

revolutions, and believed deeply in democracy. Wilson had a missionary vision: the role of the US was to assume leadership in world affairs, uplift other nations, discourage violent revolutions, and sponsor stable, gradual reform. He became one of the most interventionist presidents in American History (WWI, Russia, Latin America). The US also sent soldiers to take charge of Haiti in 1915, after seven changes of regime in four years. There was an American military occupation hat lasted until 1934. US also intervened in Nicaragua, Mexico (page 620/621).

A New Empire
For much of the nineteenth century, America's relationship to international affairs was far different: rich in resources, devoted primarily to agriculture, and geographically protected from external threats, the US played a small role in international politics and was little affected by events outside its borders. Read page 622! It's a clear conclusion! Chapter 22 :The progressive Era: 1900-1916 The first two decades of the twentieth century have long been referred to by historians as the Progressive Era. The period could as well be called the era of electricity or the era of the automobile. There was a shift in temper in American public life, a surge of interest in social and political reform, but equally dramatic were the spread of electricity and the beginning of the automobile. The men and women who wrestled with social, economic, and political issues were influenced by the problem-solving mentality of the scientists who had wrought technological progress. If knowledge and persistence could wipe out yellow fever and permit people to talk on the phone, then surely they could also alleviate poverty, reduce inequality etc.

A Growing Economy
1907-8 and 1913-14: two recessions. Growth was steadier than it had been in the nineteenth century. New industries (automobile and electrical machinery, joined during WWI by a booming shipbuilding industry) spurted forward. Farmers did well: incomes increased, thanks in part to a sustained rise in the prices of farm products rainfall above average and wheat prices were high technological improvements: tractor scientific gains advances in plant genetics crossbreeding Chemists helped to produce fertilizers

Science, Technology, and Industry (short version)

1895: X-rays, 1896: radioactivity, 1897: electron 1905: Einstein and his theory of special relativity. Such discoveries launched waves of scientific research in the US. Electricity was the hallmark technology of the era. By 1920, one-third of all homes were wired, almost all of which were in urban and suburban areas. Better light because of electricity. But also electricity in factories. Although some public utilities endured and some rate regulations were put in place, the electrical supply became dominated by private enterprises. One result was that electric power was used extensively for urban, commercial spectacles, such as advertising and store window displays, while most of rural America remained without electricity at all. The Automobile: The other hallmark technological system of the era revolved around the automobile. Henry Ford built his first automobile in 1896 and in 1903 founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford achieved his success by improving the techniques of mass production. By 1920, the major technological systems of the industrial era had entered the lives of almost all

urban Americans and many who lived on farms as well.

Progressive Reform
Politicians of both major parties called themselves reformers. At the heart of Key term Progressivism was the conviction that public authorities should help solve the problems of an industrial society. The desire for reform, however, did not yield a single Progressive movement or agenda. Some reformers focused on social issues, such as poverty, the assimilation of immigrants etc. Others were more interested in what might be called the political economy of the era: they attempted to check the power of large corporations, revamp the banking system, and provide compensation for workers injured on the job. Still others devoted their energy to political reform, striving to eliminate corruption. Reformers and natural environment. Nation reform campaigns sought to ban the sale of alcohol. Very diverse, but what in common: life was something to be shaped: American society could be improved through informed public policies. Urban reformers: improving the delivery of basic services, such as transportation, water, and electricity. Elevating the living conditions of the working class and the poor, many of whom were immigrants. Transforming municipal governance to political machines. All of these issues were publicized by a new breed of investigative journalists who came to be called muckrakers. (Lincoln Steffens) Lecture 1 Jane Addams was the founder of Chicago's Hull House in 1889. Addams and her colleagues spent decades building Hull House into a diverse community center where middle-class women developed a variety of services for working-class immigrant families. These included kindergartens, English lessons and instruction in domestic skills and disease prevention.

State Politics
The impulse to innovate spread quickly from the cities to state governments, in part because many key issues could be addressed only by state legislatures and governors. Robert La Follette, governor from 1901 to 1909 and one of the first politicians to label himself progressive. Responding to pressures from state reformers, popular election of senators was made mandatory by the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913. Social reforms on the agenda of Progressive state officials ranged from smallpox vaccinations, to improved hospitals etc. In addition, state governments became enmeshed in the drive to prohibit the sale of alcohol. It was pressed onto the political agenda by evangelical Protestants. Prohibition advocates maintained that drinking broke up families, lowered productivity, drove men and women into poorhouses and prisons etc. Support was among women's groups. The prohibitionist forces mustered enough strength to prohibit the sale of alcohol in 21 states, many in the south and the west between 1906 and 1917. 1919: Eighteenth Amendment: banned the manufacture, sale and transportation of intoxicating liquors everywhere in the nation Volstead Act. (TT!)

Class, Ethnicity, and Race

Underlying many of the issues that came to the fore during the Progressive Era was the harsh reality of class differences. Unions in America, succeeded in increasing wages and improving working conditions, but most employees were left out. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). 1912: Textile strikers in Lawrence.

Immigration Reconsidered
During the peak year of 1907 alone, more than 1.2 million immigrants arrived in the US. Most immigrants in this period (1900-1917) came from eastern and southern Europe and many viewed themselves as temporary migrants rather than permanent settlers. Goal: earn money an buy land in own country. Except for Jewish immigrants. ethnic neighborhoods. Americanize immigrants: teach them to speak English, to send their children to school and to have them adopt the mores of the host culture. OR: discourage or restrict immigration. Discrimination Italians and Jews. 1894: The Immigration Restriction League lobbied with Congress to make it more difficult for immigrants to be naturalized and easier for them to be deported. Jim Crow laws: segregation in public. The oppression of African Americans was reinforced by a legal system that tolerated lynching while excluding blacks from juries and imprisoning them for petty offenses.

Women and Reform (short)

More education for women. A handful broke into male professions. Women became more visible in public life, prominent as social reformers. S. Josephine Baker, Jane Addams, Margaret Sanger. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Heterodoxy: 1912, first feminist organization. NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association. nineteenth amendment: voting rights all sexes. 1918: president Wilson announced his support of the Nineteenth Amendment. Key term: Women's suffrage.

National Politics
1900: McKinley (R) Bryan (D) = President McKinley. McKinley assassinated vice president Theodore Roosevelt president. 1908: Taft President (R ) 1912: Wilson (D) Key Term Conservation: Theodore Roosevelt was repelled by the misuse of wilderness areas, particularly in the West. In 1902, despite opposition from within his own party, he fought hard for the Newlands Reclamation Act, which favored agricultural development while setting aside funds from the sale of public lands to promote irrigation and reclamation projects. Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. Reformers had repeatedly expressed concern about the purity of the nation's food supply and the misrepresentation of alleged medicines, but efforts at regulation had been thwarted by conservatives and industry lobbyists. By 1906 several European countries, citing safety concerns, were threatening to stop importing American food and agricultural products. Roosevelt then intervened by mobilizing public opinion to overwhelm the conservatives. A novel, The Jungle helped. It sparked muckraking magazine articles as well as a government investigation. Pure Food and Drug Act. Key Term New Freedom: Wilson's centerpiece of the campaign: it emphasized the desirability of preserving and restoring competition, by breaking up large businesses and preventing mergers. He claimed, like Roosevelt, that he did not oppose large corporations that had triumphed in fair economic competition; he criticized only those that had taken advantage of their size to stifle competition. Key Term Federal Reserve Act: Passed in December 1913. A compromise among competing business

interests, the act created a national banking system that blended limited regional autonomy with a network of centralized controls. The regional autonomy was designed to promote the availability of credit outside the Northeast, while the controls were meant to promote stability by preventing banks from engaging in risky practices. Key Term Clayton Act: 1914. specifying business activities that constituted illegal restraints on trade as well as penalties for violations of the law. The Clayton Act provided a legal guarantee of the right to form labor union. Key Term Adamson Act: 1916. Mandated an eight-hour workday on the railroads (and industry). Strongly supported by Wilson, who wanted to avoid a threatened national railroad strike. The achievements of the Progressive Era at the national level seem relatively slender when matched against the political rhetoric of the period. The most prominent issue, the problem of the trusts, had been addressed, but large corporations continued to dominate the economic landscape. READ Page 655! Conclusion of Progressive Era