INTRODUCTION

DESIGN MEASUREMENT THEORY

ANALYTIC & SEMI-ANALYTIC

NUMERICAL (Computational)

ECSE 543: Introduction

General numerical methods: Differentiation Integration Sparse matrix methods Finite Elements Finite Differences Etc Applied to: Circuit problems Electromagnetic problems Etc

ECSE 543: Introduction

Circuit Problems Find voltages, currents as functions of time

EM Problems Find electric field, magnetic field as functions of time and space

Electric machines High voltage systems Antennas and radar Microwave & optical components High-speed circuit problems!

ECSE 543: Introduction

Engineering Problem

0V

Air

104 V

Mathematical Formulation

2 = 0 in = 0 on S1

= 104 on S2

Algebraic Equations

A x=b

Numerical Solution

throughout air

Visualization & Post-processing

8 kV 2 kV 4 kV
ECSE 543: Introduction

6 kV
4

Engineering Problem

Mathematical Formulation

(The Art of Approximation) Define a suitable PHYSICAL MODEL Define a PROBLEM DOMAIN Select DEPENDENT VARIABLES Construct differential or integral EQUATIONS

ECSE 543: Introduction

Define a suitable PHYSICAL MODEL Physical laws (Maxwells equations): which terms can be neglected? (a) STATICS 0 t iD = E = 0 iB = 0 H = J (b) QUASI-STATIC D = 0 t
Dimensions << and good conductors

iD = E = B t iB = 0 H = J

ECSE 543: Introduction

(c) FULL MAXWELL

iD = E = B t iB = 0 H = J + D t

Constitutive relations (, , ) Can we ignore: Hysteresis? Loss? Non-linearity? Variation of properties with time or frequency? Boundary conditions Can we introduce a virtual boundary?
ECSE 543: Introduction 7

Define a PROBLEM DOMAIN, Can we make use of symmetry: translational? axisymmetric? Can we use a surface rather than a volume for a 3D problem? Should we ?

Select Dependent Variables e.g., solve for E directly? or potential ? or surface charges? The choices made will determine whether an INTEGRAL or a DIFFERENTIAL equation is to be solved.
ECSE 543: Introduction 8

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Obtain directly from Maxwells equations in differential form. e.g., electrostatics:
E = 0

E = i E =

iD = D =E

Hence: i = is the PDE to be solved, in this case.

ECSE 543: Introduction

INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 1. Obtain an all-one-material problem that is equivalent to the original over part or all of space. 2. Express the dependent variable(s) as integrals over the equivalent sources introduced in 1, plus any real sources. e.g., electrostatics:

r =

4o

of Surface

Conductors

r d r r

Note: this is only possible because the equivalent problem introduced in step 1 has only one material.
ECSE 543: Introduction 10

3. Substitute the expression(s) obtained in step 2 into an equation, e.g., a boundary condition:

= Vo on conductors;
E x n = 0 on perfect conductors.

or an interface condition:
Etang is continuous.

This will generate an integral equation which must be satisfied by the dependent variable(s).

ECSE 543: Introduction

11

MATHEMATICAL FORMULATIONS

INTEGRAL EQUATION
Electrostatics (planar microwave devices) Thin wire antennas (Thin wire EFIE) Scattering by smooth conductors (MFIE) Scattering by dielectric bodies (surface & volume methods) Skin effect in bus bars
ECSE 543: Introduction

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (& boundary conditions)

STEADY-STATE (Elliptic) TIME-VARYING Electrostatics Magnetics

PARABOLIC (Diffusion) Diffusion of magnetic field into a conductor

HYPERBOLIC (Wave) Scattering of electromagnetic waves in the time domain

12

Mathematical Formulation

Algebraic Equations

(i.e., DISCRETIZATION)
Infinitely many degrees of freedom (DOF) e.g.,

Finite number of DOF

(or unknown parameters)

2 = 0 in = Vo on

A x=b

L = f in

A x=b

ECSE 543: Introduction

13

Two steps:
1. REPRESENT the dependent variables by a finite number, N, of (real or complex) unknown parameters.

This usually involves the introduction of TRIAL FUNCTIONS:

(r )
DEPENDENT VARIABLE

i=1

xi i ( r )
N
TRIAL FUNCTION

UNKNOWN PARAMETER

The mathematical formulation may impose restrictions on the choice of trial functions, e.g., they may have to be continuous.

ECSE 543: Introduction

14

The trial functions together have to be able to represent the dependent variable over the whole of the domain . There are two basic approaches: a) Each trial function is non-zero over the whole of , e.g.,
y b

0 a x

i ( x, y ) = sin i x sin y a b

ECSE 543: Introduction

15

b) Each trial function is non-zero over part of e.g., triangular finite elements
y b

These are called SUB-DOMAIN trial functions. With them, one can analyze arbitrary shapes by first decomposing into simple shapes, like triangles. This is the approach taken by the finite element and boundary element methods.

ECSE 543: Introduction

16

2.

Find some way of approximating the original equation(s) by N equations in the N unknown parameters, which can be written in matrix form:

A x=b

For non-linear problems, this may also depend on x.

Nx1 column vector of unknown coefficients.

Represents whatever is driving the problem, e.g., boundary conditions, remote sources.

ECSE 543: Introduction

17

For trial-function methods, step 2 has two sub-steps:

2 (a). SUBSTITUTE the representation of the dependent variables,

(r )

i=1

xi i ( r )
N

into the original equation. This gives an equation in N unknowns, which must hold for all points r in the domain :

L ( i xi i ( r ) ) = f(r) r =1
N

ECSE 543: Introduction

18

2 (b). Find some way of REDUCING the requirement that the equation holds exactly at all points r to N independent conditions. The most general way of doing this is the PROJECTIVE METHOD:

<L ( i xi i ( r ) ) f, wj >= 0 for j = 1,,N =1

N

Where, w1,,wN are N independent weight functions. Another possibility is a variational approach, i.e., find the N unknowns x1,,xN that minimize a functional F.

ECSE 543: Introduction

19

Mathematical Formulation
L = f
(Operator equation)

Algebraic Equations

A x=b

No TRIAL FUNCTIONS e.g., Finite Differences

TRIAL FUNCTIONS

(r )

i=1

xi i ( r )
N

VARIATIONAL Find xi that makes F stationary. e.g., Finite Elements

PROJECTIVE
( = MOMENT METHOD =WEIGHTED RESIDUAL)

Find xi such that: <L f, wj >= 0

for j = 1,,N

e.g., Point-matching (Collocation), Galerkin, Spectral-domain Galerkin.

ECSE 543: Introduction 20

Algebraic Equations

Solution

DETERMINISTIC

A x=b

EIGENVALUE

A x = Bx

DIRECT e.g., LU factorization, Band methods, Frontal methods. e.g., Jacobi,

ITERATIVE

Gauss-Seidel, Successive over-relaxation, Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients.

ECSE 543: Introduction

21

SUMMARY Engineering Problem

0V Air 104 V

Mathematical Formulation

2 = 0 in = 0 on S1

= 104 on S2

Algebraic Equations

A x=b

Numerical Solution

throughout air

Visualization & Post-processing

8 kV 2 kV 4 kV
ECSE 543: Introduction

6 kV
22