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PERIODICITY OF ELEMENTS
4.1. INTRODUCTION
The classification of elements enabled the chemist to understand and interpret the properties of elements have so for been discovered and they have been classified in the form of periodic table.
4.3. AL-RAZI
Al-Razi was the scientist who divided the elements into metals and non-metals based upon the difference in their physical and chemical properties.
1. 35.5 + 126.9 = 81 2 2. 7 + 39 = 23 2
INTRODUCTION In 1864, an English scientist reported his law octaves. He arranged the element in increasing order of atomic masses. He found that: STATEMENT If the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, the properties are repeated after 8th element. NEWLANDS ARRANGEMENT OF ELEMENTS H Li Be B C N O F Cl Na K Mg Ca Al Cr Si Ti P Mn S Fe
ADVANTAGE OF LAW This law provided a basis for the classification of element. This law provided a wider scope to arrange all known element into tabular form. DEFECTS OF LAW He did not include noble gasses because they were not discovered then. This law was not valid on every octaves element.
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There is no deep relationship between the elements in this arrangement. Example. Ti does not resemble C and Si. Mn does not resemble O and S.
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MOSLEYS CONTRIBUTION INTRODUCTION IN 1913 Mosley, a British physicist introduces a fundamental number called atomic number and stated his law as. STATEMENT The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of their atomic number and the properties of elements depend upon their electronic configuration. The arrangements of elements in ascending order of their atomic number showed similar properties were repeated in a regular manner.
4.9. PERIODS
The horizontal rows in periodic table are called Periods. There are seven periods in a periodic table. Period 1 is the only period which does not start with alkali metals and period 7 is the only incomplete period. 1ST PERIOD (SHORTEST PERIOD) It contains two elements. The names of the elements are Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He). This period signifies the completion of K-shell or first orbit. 2ND PERIOD (FIRST SHORT PERIOD) It contains eight elements. It starts with Lithium (Li) and ends with Neon (Ne). This period signifies the filling up of L-shell. 3RD PERIOD (SECOND SHORT PERIOD) It also contains eight elements. It starts with Sodium (Na) and ends at Argon (Ar). This period signifies the filling up of M-shell. 4TH PERIOD (FIRST LONG PERIOD) It contains eighteen elements. It starts with Potassium (K) and ends at Krypton (Kr). This period signifies the filling of N-shell. 5TH PERIOD (SECOND LONG PERIOD) It contains eighteen elements. It starts with Rubidium (Rb) and ends at Xenon (Xe). This period signifies the filling of O-shell. 6TH PERIOD (LONGEST PERIOD)
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It contains thirty two elements. It starts with Cesium (Cs) and ends at Radon (Rn). Besides, fourteen elements called Lanthanides are placed at the bottom of the periodic table. This period signifies the filling of P-shell.
4.10. GROUPS
The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. Elements having same outer configuration show similar properties and are placed in one group. There are eight groups in the periodic table. Which are further divided into two sub-groups. Sub-Group A (Normal elements) Sub-Group B (Transition elements) GROUP IA (THE ALKALI METALS) Some properties of group I are as, This group contains Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr. They are monovalent. They have one electron in their outer most shell. These light metals are chemically reactive and electropositive. They form Ionic compounds. GROUP IIA (THE ALKALINE EATH METALS) Some characteristics of group II are as, This group contains Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra. They have one pair of electron in their outermost shell. They form ionic compounds. These are harder less volatile than alkali metals. Their oxides and hydroxides are basic and found as Silicates, hence are named alkaline earth metals. GROUP IIIA (THE BORON FAMILY) Some characteristics of Boron family is given below. It contains B, Al, Ga, In and Ti. Boron is metalloid. Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and thallium are metals. They have three electrons in there outermost shell. They form tendency to form covalent compound. Their valency is + 3. GROUP IVA (CARBON & SILICON FAMILY) Some properties of group IV are as under, It contains Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead. They have four electrons in valence shell. Carbon and Silicon are more electronegative and form covalent bond. Tin and Lead are metals and form ionic bond. They show the intermediate characteristics of metals and non-metals.
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GROUP VA (THE NITROGEN FAMILY) Some properties of group V elements are listed below. In this group Nitrogen and Phosphorus are non-metals. Arsenic and Antimony are metalloid and bismuth is weakly metallic. They have five electrons in their valence shell. The group displays a remarkable number of allotropes. Electronegativity decreases down the group. GROUP VIA (THE OXYGEN FAMILY) Some characteristics of group VI are given below, This group consists of O, S, Te, Se and polonium. All these have six electrons in their valence shell. Oxygen is gas while other elements are solids. All elements of this group show allotropy. Electronegativity values decreases down the group. GROUP VIIA (THE HALOGEN FAMILY) Some characteristics of halogen family are as, They are very active non-metals. They have seven electrons in their valence shell. They are highly electronegative elements. Fluorine is the most electronegative element. Fluorine and Chlorine are gasses, bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid. They exist as diatomic molecules. GROUP VIIIA (THE INERT OR NOBLE GASSES) OR (ZERO GROUP) The elements of group VIII are called Noble Gasses or (Inert Gasses) or (Zero Group) elements. Some characteristics of group O are as follows. They are mono atomic and low boiling gasses. Their outer most shell is completely filled by electrons. They are chemically un-reactive. All the noble gasses except radon are present in atmosphere. They are mostly obtained from air by liquefaction.
PROPERTIES
Some characteristics of transition elements are as, These elements have incomplete inner electron shell. They show variable valencies. They are all metals. They have ability to form complex ions by coordination. They have high melting point because of strong bonds between the atoms.
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Electron Affinity Ionization Energy TREND IN PERIOD E.N increases from left to right with a period due to increase in nuclear charge and decrease in size. Element B C N O F Electronegativity value (e.v) 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 2.5 TREND IN GROUP E.N values decrease from top to bottom in a group due to increase in atomic size. Element F Cl Br I Electronegativity value (e.v) 4.0 3.0 2.8 2.5
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UNIT Atomic radii are generally expressed in Angstrom unit, (Ao or A.U) 1Ao = 10x10-8cm. EXAMPLE The distance between C C in diamond is 1.54 A. hence the radius is 1.54/2=0.77A TREND IN PERIOD The atomic radii are decrease from left to right in a period periodic table and this is because of increase in nuclear charge Elements Na Mg Al P Cl Ar Atomic radius 1.57 1.36 1.25 1.10 0.99 0.91 TREND IN GROUP Atomic radius increase from top to bottom and this is because of increase in atomic size. Elements Li Na K Rb Cs Atomic radius 1.23 1.57 2.03 2.16 2.35
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