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Presented at Bioenergy2009 4th International Bioenergy Conference and Exibition on 31st August to 4th September 2009 Jyvskyl - Finland
ECN-L--09-117
September 2009
Presentation Outline
Why Butanol? ABE (acetone, butanol, ethanol) fermentation background and state of the art Developed conceptual process design Economic evaluation Environmental Impact assessment (LCA) Conclusions
8-9-2009
Properties LHV (MJth/kg) Solubility (ml/100 ml H2O) Vapor pressure (mmHg) Flash point (oC)
1-Butanol C4H9OH 33 9 5 37
Butanol can be shipped and distributed through existing pipelines and filling stations Butanol can be blended with diesel and with gasoline Butanol is a widely used solvent in industry
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Biofuels
1920
1950
2008
2015
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expensive DSP
Metabolic and Genetic engineering Broad substrate range agricultural and food industry residues Solvent tolerant strains Thermophilic strains Selective product formation
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Process technology Upstream: Pre-treatment and hydrolysis Fermentation configuration In Situ Product Removal ISPR DSP and process integration
Lignocellulosic feedstock
Input 1416 kton/year (d.m) Cost: 31/ton (d.m.) Mode of operation Continuous Gas stripping
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Product recovery
Product Removal (ISPR) required to optimize fermentation productivity
Technology Distillation Gas Stripping Solvent Extraction Pervaporation Adsorption Efficiency High Medium High High High
Gas recycle
Gas
Purge
Water ABE
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Water SIZE REDUCTION + Sulph. acid MILD ACID PRETREATMENT ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS + SOLIDS-LIQUID SEPARATION
Gas purge ABE FERMENTATION + IN SITU PRODUCT REMOVAL (ISPR) CH4 Water CO2 Butanol Acetone PRODUCT UPGRADING Ethanol
Lime
Enzymes
RESIDUES TREATMENT
Nutrients
Water, N
Anaerobic Digestion 2 Digestate Digestate CHP 1 HEAT & POWER GENERATION Combustion
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Kton/year 1416
Value MW 835* 196 61 1091 181 * 431 196 808 235 136
50 100 17
Process energy demand (steam and electricity) fully covered + large electricity export Room for improvement via heat integration Surplus heat could be used for sterilization or for cooling generation via Absorption Refrigeration Plant
Energy efficiency =
10 8-9-2009
Others Taxes 4% 8% Maintenance 13% Labour 2% Utilities 1% Capital charge 24% Straw 30% Raw materials Lime 0% Sulphuric acid 0% Nutrients 1% Water 1% Enzymes 16%
11
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Butanol
ratio in ABE mixture
Product
Capital
Capital cost cost
Raw materials
Electricity
PRODUCTS
*0.015 /MJth
LHV (MJth/kg) 31
13
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Inventory analysis
Interpretation
Impact assessment
Life Cycle Assessment framework, with different steps of LCA and their interactions according to ISO standards
The goals of the screening LCA are to assess the environmental impacts of ABE production from straw, in a cradle to gate analysis and to compare these impacts with those of ABE petrol-based production and with those of gasoline production.
Butanol
Water
Enzymes
Gas purge
Process emissions
Nutrients N, P
Air
Ashes
15
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Comparison ABE from wheat straw with gasoline and with petrochemical ABE
1,E-13
8,E-14
6,E-14
4,E-14
Process emissions
Wheat Straw
Normalization
2,E-14
0,E+00 Abiotic depletion Acidification Eutrophication Global w arming (GWP100) Ozone layer depletion (ODP) Human toxicity Fresh w ater aquatic ecotox. Marine aquatic ecotoxicity Terrestrial ecotoxicity Photochemical oxidation
-2,E-14
Electricity output
-4,E-14
-6,E-14
Straw to ABE
Gasoline
Functional unit: 1 MJ
Increase of butanol ratio to A:E produced improves energy efficiency and economics Environmental performance: straw-ABE better than petrol-based ABE o Residues conversion into heat and electricity are a key parameter o Major environmental impacts: eutrophication o Recovery of nutrients and production of useful by-products would improve LCA OPTION: Retrofit existing ethanol plants for butanol production
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