DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG

GE1101-ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB

GE1101- ENGINEERING PRACTICE(ELECTRONICS)

SYLLABUS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Study of Electronic components and equipments Resistor, color coding measurement of AC signal parameter (peak-peak, rms period, frequency) using CR. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EOR and NOT. Generation of Clock Signal. Soldering practice Components Devices and Circuits Using general purpose PCB. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.

INDEX

PAGE Sl. NO. 1

EXPERIMENT SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING PRACTISE RESISTOR COLOUR CODING AND MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

NO 1

2 3

5 10

14

GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

19

EX.NO.1 AIM:

SOLDERING AND DESOLDERING PRACTICE

To practice soldering and de-soldering for the given electronic circuit by assembling and disassembling the resistor R1, R2 and capacitor C1 in the given printed circuit board.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sl. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

COMPONENTS PCB board Soldering iron Solder Flux Resistor Capacitor Nose piler

RANGE 35 w -

QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

THEORY: SOLDERING: Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel copper or brass. It is very commonly used to join wires in electrical work and mount electronic components on a circuit board. The joining material used in soldering is called as soldered or filler rod. An alloy of tin and lead is commonly used as solder. The flux is used to clean the surface of the plates/ wires to be soldered. DESOLDERING: This operation is frequently required during maintenance for replacing a component. It consists of removal of solder from a previously soldered joint. The following techniques are often used for this purpose. 1. Use of desoldering pump 2. Use of desoldering tip and dip extractor 3. Use of desoldering braid 4. Use of desoldering bulb.

PROCEDURE: SOLDERING: 1. Study the given circuit 2. Clean the given PCB board 3. Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also clean the resistor, capacitor which is to be soldered. 4. Heat the soldering iron and supply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to melt on it. 5. Bend the resistor (R1) leads to fit into the holes on the board. Insert the resistor (R1) leads to fit as per the circuit and bend the leads. 6. Apply the hot tip and hold the resistor until soldering. 7. Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the solder has cooled and set. 8. Trim the excess component lead with side cutter. 9. Repeat the above steps to fix other resistor R2 and capacitor C1. DESOLDERING: 1. Hold the resistor R1 to be unsoldered by a nose piler 2. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joint until the joint solder is melt 3. When the solder is melted, remove the resistor R1 with a tweezers and brush away molten solder 4. Repeat the above steps to remove resistor R2 and C1. 5. Clean the resistor and capacitor so that they can be used again. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

C1 R1 1k 1F R2 1k

FRONT SIDE OF THE BOARD:

C1 R1 1k 1F R2 1k

BACK SIDE OF THE BOARD:

C1 R1 1k 1F R2 1k

RESULT: Thus soldering and de-soldering practice is done. TYPICAL VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is soldering? Soldering is the process of joining thin metal plates or wires made of steel copper or brass. 2. What is flux? The flux is used to clean the surface of the plates or wires to be soldered. 3. Name some flux types.

1. Rosin based fluxes. 2. Water soluble fluxes. 3. Solvent removable synthetic fluxes. 4. Low solid fluxes.

4. What is desoldering? Desoldering is the process of replacing a component from a previously soldered joint. 5. Name some types of soldering irons. 1. Resistive soldering irons. 2. Soldering gun. 3. Temperature controlled soldering gun.

EX.NO:2 RESISTOR COLOUR CODINGANDMEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER AIM: To find the resistor colour coding and to measure the AC signal parameter. MATERIALS REQUIRED: 1. Resistor THEORY: Resistor colour coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistor. It is also used in capacitors and inductors. The advantage of colour coding is that essential information can be marked on small components of cylindrical shape without the need to read tiny printing. Resistor values are always coded in ohms (). 1. BAND A is the first significant digit of component value. 2. BAND B is the second significant digit. 3. BAND C is the decimal multiplier. 4. BAND D, if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent. (No colour means 20%) For example, a resistor with bands of yellow, violet, red and gold will have first digit 4(yellow), second digit 7 (violet) , followed by 2 (red) zeros; so the resistor value is 4,700. Gold signifies that the tolerance is 5% Actual resistor value = 4700 5% w Resistance Color Code Colour 1st. Ring 2nd. Ring 3rd. Ring 4th. Ring

None Silver Gold Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet

1st. 2nd. Value Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Multiplier 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

Tolerance +20% +10% +5% +1% +2% +0.5% +0.25% +0.1%

Gray White

8 9

8 9

100000000 1000000000

+0.05% -

RESISTOR COLOUR CODING:

MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER

AIM: To measure the AC signal parameter. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl.NO. APPARATUS 1. 2. 3. CRO AFO CONNECTING WIRES SPECIFICATION 20MHZ QUANTITY 1 1 As Required

THEORY: An oscilloscope (abbreviated sometimes as scope or O-scope) is a type of electronic test instrument that allows signal voltages to be viewed, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical(Y) axis) plotted as a function of time or of some other voltage (horizontal(x) axis). Although an oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat with either no change, or change slowly.

PROCEDURE: Connect the components as per the circuit diagram. Measure the peak to peak voltage and timeperiod Calculate the Vrms using the formula Vrms=Vm/2

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

XSC1
Ext T rig + _ A + _ + B _

XFG1

TABULATON:

Sl .NO.

Vm

Vrms

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT: Thus the resistor value was calculated and the AC signal parameter was measured. TYPICAL VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is the use of resistor colour coding? Resistor colour coding is used to indicate the values or ratings of resistor. 2. What are the types of resistors?

i. ii. iii. iv.

Carbon Composition Resistor Film or Cermet Resistor Wire-Wound Resistors. Semiconductor Resistors

3.Define resistor.
Resistors are the electronic components which "resist" the flow of current through an electrical circuit, or to act as voltage droppers or voltage dividers. 3. Name some characteristics of resistors. Temperature Coefficient, Voltage Coefficient, Noise, Frequency Response, Power as well as Temperature Rating, Physical Size and Reliability. 4. What is meant by tolerance in the resistor? Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a percentage. For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of 10% will have a value within 10% of 390, between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 + 39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390).

EX.NO.3 AIM:

STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF LOGIC GATES

To study and verify truth table of digital logic gates using the given ICs MATERIALS REQUIRED: 5V power supply IC 7432,IC 7408,IC 7400,IC7404,IC7402,IC7486 LED Bread board and wires

THEORY: An electronic gate is a circuit that can operate a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function. Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. In a gate circuit one or more input voltage is given but only one output voltage is obtained. Various types of gates available namely the AND,OR,EX-OR,NOT,NAND,NOR,EX-NOR.A table showing all input combinations and output possibility for a logic circuit is called a truth table. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram 2. Connect LED at the output pin. 3. Switch ON the power supply and apply binary inputs pin 14 and 7 4. Verify the output for various combinations of input and check the truth table for the given gate. 5. Repeat the procedure for other gates.

LOGIC DIAGRAM: AND GATE:

OR GATE:

NOT GATE:

NAND GATE:

NOR GATE:

EX-OR GATE:

EX-NOR GATE:

RESULT: The truth table of the given logic gates were studied and verified.

TYPICAL VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define logic gates. Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. The electronic gate is a circuit that is able to operate on a no. of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function.

2. Name the universal gates. NAND and NOR gate.

3. What is truth table? A truth table is a good way to show the function of a logic gate. It shows the output states for every possible combination of input states. The symbols 0 (false) and 1 (true) are usually used in truth tables.

4. Give some applications were logic gates is used. In mobiles, alarms, LEDs, PNP and NPN transistors, FM etc.

5. Give the general expression for AND, OR and NAND gate. ANDn(x1, x2,...,xn) = x1 * x2 * ... * xn ORn(x1, x2,...,xn) = x1 + x2 + ... + xn NANDk(x1, x2,...,xn) = NOT( ANDk(x1, x2,...,xn) )

EX.NO.4

MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR FOR HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

AIM: To measure the ripple factor for half wave and full wave rectifier COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Sl. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 COMPONENTS TRANSFORMER RESISTOR CAPACITOR DIODE CRO BREAD BOARD AND WIRES RANGE (9-0-9)V 470 470F IN4001 (0-20)MHZ QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 As Required

THEORY: HALFWAVE RECTIFIER: In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. FULLWAVE RECTIFIER: A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification.

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. Calculate the average DC value(vdc) using the relation v dc=vm/ Calculate vrms using the relation vrms=vm/2. Find the ripple factor from the formula =vrms/vdc

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

D2 50 V U1 470 R2 C1 470F

D1 50 V

TABULATION: SL.NO. Vm Vrms

MODEL GRAPH: INPUT SIGNAL:

FULLWAVE RECTIFIED OUTPUT:

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER

D1 U1 R1 1BH62 470 C1 470F

2
TABULATION: SL.NO. Vm Vrms

MODEL GRAPH:

INPUT SIGNAL:

HALFWAVE RECTIFIED OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus the ripple factor for the full wave rectifier was calculated. TYPICAL VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. Define Rectifier. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.

2. What is half wave rectifier? In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed While the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. 3. What is full wave rectifier? A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (Positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. 4. What are the types of rectifiers? 1. Half wave rectifier 2. Full wave rectifier 5. Name some applications of rectifiers. 1. Rectifiers are used in detection of amplitude modulated radio signals. 2. Rectifiers are also used to supply polarized voltage for welding. 3. The primary application of rectifiers is to derive DC power from an AC supply.

EX.NO.5 AIM:

GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

To generate the clock signal using the given circuit. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. COMPONENTS AFO CRO RESISTOR CAPACITOR BREAD BOARD CONNECTING WIRES RANGE 1.5K 0.1f QUANTITY 1 1 1 1 1 As Required

THEORY: In electronics and especially synchronous digital circuits , a clock signal is a signal used to coordinate the actions of two or more circuits. A clock signal oscillates between a high and a low state, normally with a 50% duty cycle, is usually in the form of square wave. Circuits using the clock signal for synchronization may become active at either the rising edge, falling edge or both the edges of the clock cycle. PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Connect the resistor to one end of the AFO and the other end to capacitor, which is connected in parallel to the CRO. 3. Finally the amplitude and time period for the output waveform is noted. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
C1 AFO 10nF R1 15k

CRO

TABULATION:

WAVE No. Of Div. in Y-axis Input signal

AMPLITUDE Volts/Div. Total Amplitude (Volts) No. Of Div. in X-axis

TIME PERIOD Time/ Div. Total Time period (msec)

Output signal

MODEL GRAPH: INPUT WAVEFORM:

OUTPUT WAVEFORM:

RESULT: Thus the clock signal was generated using the given circuit. TYPICAL VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What is mean by falling edge? The condition at which the logic 1 position will transfer to logic 0 condition. 2. What is mean by rising edge? The condition at which the logic 0 position will transfer to logic 1 condition. 3. What are types of wave generation? 1. Sine Wave 2. Square wave 3. Triangular wave. 4. Name some types of signal generators. 1. Function generators 2. Pitch generators and audio generator 3. Arbitrary waveform generators 5. What are the applications of CRO? 1. One of the most frequent uses of scopes is troubleshooting malfunctioning electronic equipment. 2. It is used to check newly designed circuitry 3. It is used for software engineers who must program electronics.

I will be grateful to the readers for pinpointing any errors in the manual and I would welcome constructive criticism and fruitful suggestions for the improvement of lab manual RP STUDENTS PORTAL