1. a".

am= an+m

])('lflnition. F'or all a E liP., a" is the nth power of the base a.

2. (an)m =

= _!_.

1f a .f 0, then o0 = 1 and a-n

a"

anm

= anbn
n
For a # 0, ~ = an-m
For b # 0, (1)a)n = Fa"

3. (ab)n

\Iii= a:.

Definition. For all a E Rand n E {2, 3, ... },

is the (principal) nth root of the base a

4.
5.

SPECIAL PRODUCTS
a(b+c)=ab+ac
a(b- c) = ab- be
(x + y)(x- y) = x 2 - y 2
(x + y) 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
Exercises.

(x- y) 2 = x 2 - 2xy + y 2
(x+a)(x+b) =x 2 +(a+b)x+ab
(ax+ b)(cx +d) = acx 2 +(ad+ bc)x + bd
2
3
(x+y) 3 =x 3 +3x 2 ,+3xy +y

.i.,.

"fxz.-u" H~o-

3CJ,

xr:5

14.
1.

~:

;0

15.

..,2..

16.

~0
~(71

a13

/17.

2. 8
a
5--3
3 . -5-5 ::: 1.5

18.

@)
~'24x_:t

4 8'634
xyz-;
2x 5 yz 2
5.

19 .
20.

~ ~-I

32 +9-1- gO - f I
?).
24 3-1
- ----:: -"f -

(a+b)- 1

-.,..!.
~ .h..:

:::

(2x y z)
3

9. (

:::

2a b- c- )
2
3a- 2 b- c3
3

2 3

(101 -n)"
(1000")n+l

13

[(2?n-I

..,

~\?:\"]

27.
28.

29.

--frb ~
J1IJu ~
~
l#tA(

:a

1<-

Z] b C

c1

b"

'Iff '32"x-z..:J~-z>)- 3 3 2 33x~ 12z 1

(lOOOOn +2)
1003 -n

1-,A

lohll

~
- \

<!

"Nil

to

J~'LtJn-i- t;-z~-

If

-;:~

lb

::\!i:iJ

3. 5+(x-3)-[x-(7+x)]-r:-ct'>(-xthlo\

::

36

~I

+ 3x- 4 + 5x
x+y-3z+4x+3y~\y'< HyiiJ

1. 2

2.

3h tht-K-Jn )lD

10

x-3 ys z-z]-: (,.-z,x-~~~.z-3,-z::: G

(2)2n+l x2 y z5

33.

Ill

\3__s___

5"

/32.

!5'

II. Perform the following operations.

30
31

26.

[\L
1i'

(2a b- c- )
lO. ( 3b2 -1)-2 :-;
a c
185. 203x-Iy2z4)-3
(
ll.
15 9 x- 3 y- 2 z 1
:z12

24.
25.

"' .

23.

'

~ -t

~t~

b
P;(ZJ:J

3x21y12 zl9
7. (-x-9y3z-3)(-9x4y6z6)
2(x3yz2)2

i1-

t0-.!-

+ b-l

-1

Shlf173

21.
22.

37.
/38.

i!:
~

39.
40.

i/41.

{4ffiJ

;',42.

~ 43.

4.
5.

/ 9.

4.

10.

5.

11.

6.

t lzx5

12.

I 13.

4x 21J(fix -

3xv + 711) c

Z<n v3.

7.

8.

(x- y) 3 = x 3 - 3x 2 y + :3xy 2 - y 3
2
3
(x + y)(x 2 - xy + y ) = x + ya
(x- y)(xz + xy + y2) = x3 - y3
(a + b) (x + y) = ax + ay + bx + by

Perform the following operations.

10.

1.

11.

12.
13.

2.
:t 3 ...

3.

14.
15.

16.

17.

5.

18.

6
.

19.

22. x2n

+ 2xnyn + y2n

23. 4x4m - 12x4my8m

6

---~7--

26. 64n6

+ 9y8m

16n3

17x 2 y 2

32. 8ab

33. r 9 + 3r 6

2
x+y

xy- 3x

'2

- +y-x
-x-y

-:----:-:-2-:----:-:-

(a+ b)(a- b)

xy 4 z- x 3 z 3

+ xyz 4 -

y 3 z3

11.

8 4

36rs t
30r4 s 9 t 5

12

3 . 27x~y 5
81x"y

x 2 y- xy
x 2y + xy
20x 2 (x 2

y2 )
2xy- 2x2
-

6. c2 - 3c-d - 4d2
3c 2 + 4cd + d2
4
2
a + 2a + 1
7.
2
a + 1

11.

16

(a+ 2)3
y3

2x

+ 7x-

15

x 2 + 3x- 10
u2

8w 2
5uw + 6w2

+ 2u.w -

u2 -

9x 2

3x
.
+ 2x + 4
c+4
-

. (a+ 2b)(a 2 + 4ab _ 5b2)

12
(a- b)(a 2 + 8ab + 15b2)
az- b2
13.-a3- b3

3) (

X
---2

X
y
x + y + x - y)

1.

2 - - - -2
X

:[34
3 - - + -2
x
x
w-2
w-2+-w+2
"
3w+ 12
UJ- - - ' - - UJ +2
3
1
- - +p-3. p+ q
2q
1+ p-q
p- 2q

...

2x

..!..

X --

+1
x3 - 1
2
__
2_ + ~) . x + x
2
.r + 1
X
x +X x

VII. Simplify the following.

x6 +y6
2

-2- + - - 9x - 4
3x + 2
c +3
+

18

+ xy 2 -

x- 3

17 . (-1X - 2

a 3 +8
X 3 -X 2 y

3
-

(2c+1)(8c-1)
(8c-1)(c-2)
(2c+l)(c-2)
2b- 1
2+b
5b
13
(2 + b)(1- 2b) + (2 + b)(l + 3b) + (1 -- 2b)(l + 3b)
14
X + Y
X + 6y
X + 2y
x 2 + 2xy- 15y 2 + x 2 - 4xy + 3y 2
.r 2 + 4xy - Gy 2
m + 2s
m + 2s
rn - 4s
15
' m 2 - 5ms + 6s 2 + m 2 - 3ms + 2s 2 m 2 - 4ms + 3s 2

10.

10 -2- . 4x - 9
2x 2

12a6
1 24a 4

-(a-- b)2

1
1
+---' x(x- 1)
x
x- 1
3
9
9 -2x---6- -x2- --9

IV. Reduce the following rational expressions to lowest terms.

2. -

x2

6.

34. ;c 4 yz - x 3 y 3

.:.:.+~-...::..

l6a b + 2a b2
3 4

1 _ y-t- 1

5. 1

+ 4y4

30. 36x 7 y 2 + 39.r 5 y6 - 12x3y 10

31. 18x 3 + 12x 2y + 2xy 2 - 3x 2

X+

be
ac
ab
2
3
1
4. - - y2
x2 +xy

+-2y
X

3.

+1

28. 16a + 40a 2 b + 25b 2 + 12a 2 + 15b- 18

29. 4x 4

27. 4x~ + 16xy + 16y 2 + 7x + 14y- 15

10y 4

m+t
3m+2t
. ::------:::6m +4t 5m+5t
3a 2 - 7ab . 3a + 2lb _,_ ac- 7bc
a 2b3 - 49b5 3a4 - 7a3b a3bc 2
x3 - 8
3x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x
7 -~---x2 - 6x + 8
x 2 - 8x + 16
3
2
2
[ y + 4y - 5y ..!.. y + y - 21 .
y - 1
2
y - 2y + 1 . y 4 + 8y J y 2 - 2y + 4

25. 3b2 + 2ab + 2ac + 3bc

12x 2 y 3

25z4

1
1. -

24. 64m + 16m + 1

8.

ac - be
5z 2
9xz 3

24m3 + 3
4m 3 + 4m 2 + m
m 3 --4m 2
7
7
m2 - 2m- 8
2m2 + 5m + 2
12m 2 - 6m + 3
VI. Perform the following operations and simpliry.

21. a 4 + 6a 2b4 + 25b8

5.

20.

4.

2cd + 6d

3a - 3b
c2 + 3cd
36x 3 y 2

X
(

x4

xy

y4

.
..,-

3)

3
(

x 2 + 2xy + y 2

12. ~. {15

2+-

4.

c
2

2-

10024.

13.

2+-c-4

x2

VIII. Perform the indicated operations and use the laws of ex. ponents to simplify the following.
b2/5 . bl/3

18.

4x2/3yz9/2

20.

+ nlf2)(ml/2 _ nl/2)
(ul/3 + (uv)I/6 + vJf3)(ulf6 _ vlfB)
1(2x3y3)
1
1 1 [
l
(xz1 +y2)(~)31 + 1 + (~) _l]
a (xa-

8.

(y< - x1. )(y<

2. J384x 3 y 6
3. ~

4.

V{/9a4b2

5.

+ijj]
J8

J8-v'6+v4-J2+1
J2

J6 + v'3- .;2)
(3- J2)(3 + ..;2) - (3- J2) 2

2- v'3
3- v2
x 2 -2x+l
22.
r;;
vx+l
21. ~

l)

y:;

+ x:rJ.)

IX. Perform the following operations. Simplify and rationalize the denominators of the final answers.
8
r-84

Vrn

19. v'3(/12-

6 . (ml/2

2v'5

+ b2

17. {136- ..;54+ y'96

r4/3sl/2r2)-Io
5. ( rs2/7t3/5

1.

r.::o;-;:?

va2

Vs

( 22/3xl/2Yl/6 z )6

7.

16. {1+3 {1 + JW

b2/15

24c-l/2d2/3
3. 18c-1/7 d-3/5

4.

14 . ..jx + 1
15.

1. al/3. ai/6
2.

W~

23. v'3- v'3

1

24.

W+ r-27

<12-~
25. ijg- W+ W

2v'I2
v'3- v5

26. J2 +

27. {19

2{/9
28.

6.

7.

2x 2 y

{112x 2 y 4

8. {/400. 324
9.
10.

11.

J6 . v'10 . Vl5
5\1'48
2v'3

v'2<12

v'6-J2

+ J6 + .j2

v'2 +

v'2