AENG 511 Airplane Design I

Activity No.1 Title: Design Concept

I.

Procedure in Design A. Steps in formulating the design concept: 1. Design an aircraft having the following data a. Powerplant- pistion engine b. Power Loading, 12 to 24 lbs/hp c. Gross Weight- up to 2,000 lb d. Seating capacity- maximum of 2 persons e. Landing gears- fixed 2. Organize the data into a design concept of at least three (3) paragraphs. From the data obtained, get the conceptual specifications most likely to be incorporated in the design. B. Steps in formulating the data: 1. Prepare an introduction on the first paragraph. Present the problems of the present conditions of the areas in which the design aircraft is to be utilized. 2. Present the data to be incorporated in the aircraft to be designed. This data will come from the analysis made. 3. Make a conclusion on the design. Write the benefits or advantages that would be expectedly derived from the conceived design.

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III.

Selecting types of aircraft A. Wing 1. Monoplane a. Full cantilever monoplane- the wing is unsupported externally b. Semi- cantilever monoplane- the wing is supported either by struts or by wires c. Low wing monoplane- the wing is placed at the bottom of the fuselage. d. Mid-wing monoplane- the wing is placed halfway between the top and bottom of the fuselage. e. High wing monoplane- the wing is at the top of the fuselage. 2. Biplane Varies in: a. Structures b. Materials c. Planform d. Stagger e. Angle of incidence f. Airfoil Sections g. Decalage h. Gap-chord ratios i. Distribution of wing areas, etc. B. Fuselage 1. Round 2. Oval 3. Square 4. Elliptical 5. Rectangular 6. Shallow or deep 7. Open cockpit or enclosed cabin, etc. C. Landing Gear 1. Conventional landing gear 2. Tricycle landing gear Payload and Crew A. Payload 1. Passenger 2. Mail 3. Baggage 4. Express 5. Guns 6. Ammunition 7. Bombs For military airplanes 8. Other military equipment

B. Crew 1. Pilot 2. Copilot 3. Mechanics 4. Navigators 5. Radio men 6. Stewards, etc.

Activity No.2 Title: Preliminary Specifications and Three Views I. Description Give a short description of each of the following: 1. Type 2. Wings 3. Fuselage 4. Tail unit 5. Powerplant 6. Accommodation 7. Avionics and Equipment Preliminary Specifications 1. Weights A. Gross weight (GW), mean take-off weight (MTOW), all-up weight (AUW) B. Useful load/payload a. Pilot b. Passenger c. Baggage d. Fuel e. Oil Total C. Empty Weight (EW) 2. Dimensions, External A. Wing span (b) B. Wing chord at root (cr) C. Wing chord at tip (ct) D. Wing aspect ratio (A) E. Wing taper ratio ( ) F. Length overall G. Height overall H. Tailplane span I. Wheel track J. Wheel base K. Propeller diameter (D) L. Propeller ground clearance M. Cabin Door a. Height b. Width

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3. Areas A. Wing, gross (S) B. Ailerons, total C. Flaps D. Vertical stabilizer E. Rudder F. Horizontal stabilizer G. Elevators, total 4. Loadings A. Wing Loading( ) B. Power Loading ( ) C. Span Loading ( ) 5. Engine Specifications A. Make/Type B. Rated maximum power (P) C. Rated maximum revolution of propeller (N) D. Fuel consumption (c) E. Number of cylinders (k) F. Engine dry weight 6. Performance A. Top speed (Vmax) B. Cruising speed (Vc) C. Stalling speed(Vs) D. Maximum rate of climb (R.C.) E. Service ceiling (Hs) F. Take-off distance, total G. Landing distance, total H. Range (R) I. Endurance (E) Formulas and Assumptions 1. Standard and Assumptions A. Weight of pilot/passenger(s): (Ref: FAR Part 23.25) 77.1 kg (170 lb) B. Weight of fuel (avgas): 2.7 kg/gal (6 lb/gal) C. Weight of oil 3.4 kg/gal (7.5 lb/gal) D. Weight of baggage allowed: 18.1 kg (40 lb)/pilot/ passenger

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E. Propeller ground clearance limit: Not less than 7- nose wheel type landing gear Not less than 9- tail wheel type landing gear F. Aspect ratio range From 6.01 to 7.5 (light to heavy) G. Wing Loading: a. Light aircraft (12 to 14 psf) b. Agricultural aircraft (15 to 18 psf) c. Military aircraft (20 to 25 psf) 2. Formulas A. B. = cr ( , applicable for straight tapered wings

C. Aileron area, gross: a. 0.09 S for passengers/cargo configured b. 0.07 S for trainer D. Aileron width: 0.25 c E. Aileron length: 0.35 (one side) F. Overall length: 0.695b- 0.75b G. Vertical tail area:

H. Horizontal tail area:

I. J.

Rudder area: 0.55 Vertical tail area Elevator Area, gross: 0.45 Horizontal tail area

K. WTO = MTOW= Where: WTO= take-off weight MTOW= maximum take-off weight WP= payload WENG= engine weight

a. 0.45- fixed gear, normal category b. 0.47-retractable gear, normal category c. O.50- utility category d. 0.55- aerobatic category

L. Where: WF = fuel load K= a) 0.31 if R is nautical miles b) 0.17 if R is in km R= Range ruc= undercarriage drag correcting factor a) 1.35- fixed gear, no streamlined wheel fairings b) 1.25- fixed gear, streamlined wheel fairings and struts c) 1.0- fully retractable landing gear

3. Engine Coding A. AE- aerobatic B. G-geared C. H- helicopter D. I- fuel injected E. S- Supercharged F. T- Turbocharged G. V- Vertical crankshaft/ mounted H. D- direct drive I. L- left-hand rotation J. O- opposed cylinders Ex.: Lycoming I O- 540-K1C model/service designation total piston displacement= 540 in3 opposed cylinders fuel-injected IV. Draw the three views of the airplane. Scale is 1:30