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Ckveman\p ]d- m- p- Xv b \

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[ Malayalam aebmfw ]

sk]vXw- 11 _
XmdmnbXv:

A_p lk amenv A AJvZ :

hnh\w:
]n. Fkv. A_vZpmk : Daawa books
P.B. No: 1981 Vyttila, Kochi Ph: 0091-484-2301275 Email: info@dawabooks.org

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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ZAvhm _pIvkv Am-mjv{S\ne- m-- n aebmf ]p c h c kvX- - ]pd- n-- p- bpw {]k- -mb I d I a hnhn[ `mjm- - ae- m-- n-ev sam {K- b f t gnamw \Sn {]kn- o- -n- p- bpw Am-m Ic I c jv{S kaq- - n\v ]cn- - --pt ae- m l Nbs S b f ]pkvX- - ap `mj- -n-ev ]cn`mj I If t s-pn ]pd- n-- p- bpw sNp- - n- mbn S d I X \ cq]o- r- -m- - mWv. A_p lk amenIv I Xa b X A AJvZdns GXm\pw teJ- - -psS ae \f bmf `mjm- -- n-- c- mw-]- - m- n- v c s Xn- W X. ]n. Fkv. A_vZp- m- -mWv ]cn-m- - .hne kd ` jI bncp- pI; \nt- - fpw hnai- fp-p i \ a m- pw. Ah- vsmw kzmK- w; Ah- mh b X b W tm \s t\sc \S- p- - v. {]mn- pI, X Am- p-h.... \o R-psS Ia- lt f kzoI-n- p- bpw kzK- n m\w \In c I A\p- ln- p- bpw sNt- -a.... (B-o) {K- I Wt a amt\-P
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Xmfp-I-fn
BapJw- {]NmcW bpw /5 : 1. "ke^n '-bm... /13 s 2. hlm- n- w...? /30 _k 3. ke^nbpw `oIchmZhpw /46 4. ke- n- bpw PnlmZpw /85 ^ 5. _n em-- pw ke- n- bpw /126 Z\ ^ 6. _n em-- pw, knZv JpXZ\ p_pw /152 7. _nemZs\pdn ]WvUnX {]kvXm- - - /201 h\I 8. Xmen- m\pw ke- n- bpw /208 _ ^ D]- w- mcw /227 k l A\p-_-w `c- m- n- m-n- -psS _mlp- yw /232 W [ I c If e XIv^o: ke^o \ne- mSv /240 ] ]Z- q- nI /277 kN
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sk]vw- 11 \ptijw Ckvemans\bpw apkv _ enwI-fbpw Xa- vI-n- p- m thn aoUnb s k c h \S- p ]cm- a- p \Sp- n Ckveman {I- h s bYm Nn{Xw hy-m- p- - n\pw sX a X n- mc- - \op- - n\pwthn A_p WI X lk amenIv A AJvZ t{ImUo- cn G I Xm\pw teJ- - -psS ae- mf`mjm--m- nXv. \f b ca W

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BapJw
{]NmcW bpw
\yqtbmnse thUv t{SUv skdns t\ scbpw, hmjnwKvS Un.knbnse s]KWn\p t\ scbpw Dmb `bm\Iamb B{IaWp ti jap BgvNIfnepw amkfnepw {]apJ ]{Xam [yafneqsSbpw amknIIfneqsSbpw, sSenhnj ]cn]mSnIfneqsSbpw \mw IXv \pW {]NcW fgnp hnv P\esf XfpsS Xmfns\mv Xpnp hrnsI B ]gb kq{Xw D]tbmKn p {]NmcW bpambncpp. CXn\p ]nn {] hn,DchmZnhpw hnhchpw sXmp Xom ]{X {]hItcmSv hlm_n F hmns tbm ke^n F hmnstbm \nN\w tNmZn m anhmdpw t]v icnbmbn ]dbm Ign nsv hcpw. Hcp ]t Ah Xs t\ct tImcnpSnpIbpw aphsc IpSnm \n_ nXcmpIbpw sNbvX ImfIqSw Xs Xncnv Xn IncnIbmbncnpw Ah sNpI. ASp Imev e\nse KmUnb ]{X n h HcpteJ\w Adntm AdnbmsXtbm,
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Ckvemans kwiphpw ]mh\hpamb Aym]\ fntep Ws - Yhm ke^nbnte A p Ws -oIc hmZntep Blzm\ ` ambn AhXcnnncnpp. AXn h hm C{]ImcamWv: ke^o hoWw `oIcscp kwibns Sphsc Hcpannpp: Hnnp _w:k]vXw_ ]Xns\mn s B{IaWn\p ]nn {]hn hnhn[ kwLS\Ifns `oIc{]hI Ckvemans ke^o aXauenIhmZs B tjnhcmsW dnbpp: Zn KmUnb, e: Hkma _n emZs {]h\ irwJesb pdnv At\zjnp DtZymK,Ign ]p amkambn bqtdmn Adnemb `oIchmZnI F mhcpw Xs Ckvemans\ pdnp Xo{h ke ^o hoWa\pkcnv PohnphcmsWv Ip ]nSnXmbn At\zjtWmtZymKcpambn ASpap hrfn \npw, KmUnb Zn\]{Xw \S nb hnebncpepIfn \npw hyamIpp. k]vXw_ ]Xns\mn\v hnam\w Xnsm p t]mb kwLns HcmfpsS etKPn \n
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pw F^v._n.sF DtZymK IsSp Hcp tc Jbpw ke^o kzm[o\ntemWv hnc Nqp Xv. ke^nI JpB\ns\ Acmn Xs kzoIcnpI am{Xa ]pcmX\amb ip C kvemantev Xncnpt]mIm {ianpIbpw sNp p. Chcn anhcpw ISp bmYmnI B sWnepw Chv _nemZs A\pbmbnI D sS `oIchmZnIfmb Hcp hn`mKhpw Dv. ke^n Isf ]nbp hnhc: ke^nI FXv apkvenwIfnse BZys aqp Xeapdbns ]q]nXmmcmbncpp. AhcpsS kz`mh ]TntXpw km[ysan A\pIcntXpamIpp. ke^nI anhmdpw aX{`mcpw, Ckveman s\ Ipdnv ISp bmYmnXnI Zi\ hp ]pephcpamWv. Nne hfsc `b`nbph cpw, Ejn Xpeyamb PohnXw \bnphcpw, cmjv {Sobn \nv AIp \nphcpamWv. ap NnecmIs PnlmZn\v Cdn ]pdshcpamWv. hnhImcnIfmb ke^nIfmIs, aX` cm b AcmPIhmZnIfpw, ssZh\nnXamb \nban
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\p thn a\pjy\nnXfmb \nbasfbpw, `cWIqSsfbpw A\pkcnmhcpamIpp. ke^nIfpw, _nemZs irwJebpw Xnep In kuZn Atd_yv hfscb[nIw A]am \w hcpnhbvpw.ImcWw kuZn Atd_y cmP hwiw ke^oNnmkcWn hfpXn\mbn tem IsamSpw h XpII sNehmnbnpv. Ckv emans ImemXoXamb ktiw temIw apgph Fnms\ t]cn kuZn Atd_y cmPmhv 1961 m]n aZo\ kIemimebmWv Cv ke^o Bibsf ]nbp ]T\nsbpw, A Xv hntZi cmPyfn FnpXntbpw tI{ _np. A JmbnZbpambn _aphscp kwi bnsSphsc ]npScm Atlmcm{Xw ]Wn sSp IpdXv H]Xp bptdm]y cmPyfn \np At\zjW DtZymKscnepw, Hmtcm Xo {hhmZnpw ke^o _w DmbXmbn Isn bnpv. Ign Unkw_ amkw apX ]ckv]c _ ap \mep kwLsfsbnepw XncndnbpI bpw Ahsb On{ZampIbpw sNbvXnpv.Ign
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amkw \yqtbmnepw hmjnwKvSWnepw \Snb A{Ian\v ]nn {]hn lmw_Kv kwL n\p ]pdtabmWnXv. CXn Pa\n, Cen, kvs]bn Fo e fnep aqp s]mXpkwL ke^o {]m \ {]NmcIcpw t]mcmfnIfpamb APocnb Xo{h hmZn kwLn DhcmWv. kXyn A JmbnZ Ahscbpw Iqn tNncpp Fv At\zjtWmtZymKtcmSv ASpap Hcphm hv Adnbnp. k]vXw_ ]Xns\mns B{IaWns \mbI\msWv IcpXsSp aplZv AbpsS etKPn \nv IsSp Hcp tcJbpw, AXnhn h ke^o ]mXbpambn _sXmWv Fv aX ImcyhnZKv[ IcpXpp. ap CkvemanI Xo{hhmZ hn`mKfn \n pw hyXykvXambn, {]kvXpX tcJbn B[p\nI cmjv{Sobw kw_n Hpw Xsbn. ]Icw \m ep t]Pv \ndsb JpB\n \np [mcmfw D cWnIfmWv DmbncpXv. Cu tcJbpw ]q ]nXmfpsSapkvenwIfp
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sS BZys aqp Xeapd(ke^o {]m\ Xopw A\pIcnm {ianp Xeapd)- z`mh k hntijsf Ipdnp [mcmfw ]cmai A SnbXmWv. DZmlcWambn hnam\w Xnsmp t]mIm \nbpcmbhtcmSv hkv{Xw [cntsX s\sbXns\pdnv ]dbpXv: \nfpsS Im en\pw hfsc apv \psS ]q ]nXmam Fs\bmtWm hkv{Xw [cnncpXv AXpt]mse Xs [cnpI... (1) FmWv. ke^o {]m\spdnv Ghpw Xpam b Adnhp GsXmcp hynbpw XnIpw Ipw ]qn CsXgpXnb ]{X{]hIs hnhcanmbva Iv Aw hnp t]mIpw. ]t teJ\nse Ir XyXbpw, kqvaXbpw {inptmgmWv, C{Xbpw hnhcanmbva D Bscnepw DmIptam F kwibn\p ]Icw, CXv shdpw AX As pw, adnv bmYmysf hfsmSnv Ckveman s ]cnipamb A[ym]\sfbpw \ntitf bpw Icnhmcntv Ahsbpdnv shdppw Ahn izmkhpw Dmm\p t_m[]qamb {iaam sWv t_m[yamhpI.
(1)

tPm lqdpw {_bm hnt- dpwKmUn- HIvtSm- 26,2001 shnbm-vN. b _ g

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C{Xbpw Ibvtdnb hnj^e Dmp Xo{hhmZn\pw, BibpsaXncn ke ^n {]m\w FSp \ne]mSnsb{Xbpw iam bn Bcpw Xs {]XnIcnnn. GXv cq]nep `oIchmZambmepw, (AXv {]h\nemIs, A sn BZinemIs) AXns\Xncmbn apdn bnp \IpXn ke^nI ap\ncbn Xs Dmbncpp Fv Bpw ImWm km[npw.C cnep Xnsb {]Xntcm[nm\mbn At\Iw ]pkvXI cNnsnpv. ke^o ]WvUnX [mcmfw aXhn[nI ]pdsSphnnpIbpw sNbv Xnpv. ]natemIw Dkma_n emZs t]cpt]m epw tIpXn\p ap]pXs emZs\bpw, Ckv emans\ Ipdnv Atln\p A_[mcWsb bpw Ipdnv ke^o ]WvUnXam apdnbnp \ Inbnpv. am[ya C{Xbpw Aambpw \ncp chmZ]cambpw hmI sImSppXv XnI pw ApXIcw Xs. Bscnepw ke^o Fv ap{ZIpsSpIbpw AtXkabw Abm ke^o BZins ASn m\ aqeyv FXncmbn {]hnpIbpw sNpp FXv Zlnm {]bmkap ImcyamWv. GsXnepw Hcp ]{X{]hI ^nU Im
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kvt{Smsb P\m[n]Xyns Bcm[I Fv A `nkwt_m[\ sNbvXm ]Snmd cmPyp Bcpw Bv Nncnpw. ImcWw AXv Fbpw sh hpw t]msebmWv.ke^nbpw `oIchmZhpw A Xp t]mse Fbpw shhpw t]msesbmWv. ]s ke^npw `oIchmZhpw F hnjbw ssIImcyw sNptm kmam\y_pn Ah Zqtc p hensdnbpp Fp thWw IcpXm. ASp A[ymbfn ke^nFXns bYm Aw, `oIchmZtmSpw, sIme]mXI hpw Iem]hpw ssI apXemn \SphtcmSpap ke^nbpsS ImgvNmSv FnhsbIpdnp Hcp ]T\amWv AhXcnnncnpXv.Cu ]T\w, C mcysfpdnv hmb\mc\v \ Adnhpmn cWtasbv Amlphnt\mSv {]mnpp. HmdnbenpI F ]XmItb- Imcy h n fsmSnv {]Ncnnv apkvenwIfm, Pnmkp fmb hensbmcp P\kbs Bibpg nemp ]Snmd ]{Xam[yafpsS ]qv ]pdpNmSnm\p NIv CsXmcp XpS amhpw Fv {]XonptXmsSmw, ktemI cn- mhpw, A[n]\pamb \mYs bYm aX X s Xncndnbm apgph P\pw Ignbpsa v Binpp.
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Hv
"ke^n'-sbm...
Dkma _n emZs\, Asn AJmbnZ sb t]-se AXpasn Xmen_ms\ t]mse Nn m {XoIcnsSp ke^n bYmn Fm Wv, AYhm BcmWv? (Ingpw, ]Snmdpw t]m se XnIpw cp {[phfnemWv ke^nbpw ta {]kvXmhn {]m\fpw FXmWv kXyw) k]vXw_ ]Xns\mns `bm\Ihpw hnthI iq \yhpamb B{IaWn\p tijw ]etmgpw am[y afn \nv A\hcXw tIp sImncnp k e^n Fm FmWv? Cu tNmZyn\v Dcw ]dbm ke^n F hmns Dhw apX AdntbXpv.CXv H cp CkvemanI ]ZamsWXn\pw Ad_nbn \np XmWv FXn\pw kwibw th. Ad_n `mj bn CXv ke^ F Ad_n {Inbm]Zn \n v hXmWv. CXn\w Ignpt]mbXv, acnp t]mbXv, Asn HcmfpsS ]nXmmcnepw, ]q nIcnepw Ignp t]mbXv FsmsbmWv. Ckv
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emanI kmtXnI ]Zmhenbn CXns Aw XncpZqX()s A\pNcmcpw (kzlm_v) AXn s\ XpSv h Xm_nDu (\_nbpsS A\pNc msc ]npSv hh) F Xeapdbpw Ahsc ]npSv h XeapdbpamWv (A\pNcmsc ]n pSp hhsc ]npS- v hh: AXv_mD Xm_n- u Fv Ad_n ]Zw) Cu aqp XeapdI C fpsS \v kmyw {]mamWnIamb Hcp \_n h N\amWv. Ghpw \a\pjy Fs XeapdbmIp p. ]ns Fs Xeapdsb ]nXpSv hhcpw Ahsc ]nXpSv hhcpw. AXpw Ignv hcp Hcp P\X BWbnv ]dbm BhiysSmsX Xs BWbnSphcmbncnpw (1) Jim\n, Xlvcodp aJme an iln-n c kmebn Cs\ FgpXnbncnpp: ke^pzm enlv Fp ]dbpXv hnm\n ASnbpd Hmw Xeapdbnse apkvenwIfmWv. Ahcmbncpp XncpZqXcp()sS \ntisf ]nXpSncph cpw Atlns ams (kpns\) Imp kqnhcpw. Amlp AhscbmWv \_n Xncpta
(1)

_pJm-n- n- \np (5/190) apkvenw (\- 2530) XnanZn (\- 2222) ZmhqZv (\cb 4657) A- mCu (7/1718) k

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\n()bpsS A\pNcmcpw Ahs aXns m ]\n\p thnbpw sXcsSpnpXv. ke ^v Fm \_n()bpsS A\pNcmcmbncph cpw, \sbmpw tNmv t]mIm Ipeo\cmb A Sp cp XeapdbpamsWXv hyamm {] ikvXcmb ]WvUnXcpsS hmpI \appcn mw. {]apJ lZokv ]WvUnX\mb _pJmcn At lns almb Azlolv (2) F {Kn ]dbpp: kplvcn (3) B\sbtmep arK fpsS Fns\n ]dp: AXpsImv Nov D mn D]tbmKnp ke^pIfmb ]WvUnX amsc Rm Inpv. Ah CXn bmsXmcp {] iv\hpw DXmbn Inn. kplvcn ChnsS ke ^pIfmb ]WvUnXm FXv sImv DtinXv {]hmNIs A\pNcmsc Xsbmbncpp. Imc Ww kplvcn Xm_nDIfn (kzlm_nIv ti jw h Xeapd) s] Bfmbncpp. {]ikvX CkvemanI]WvUnX\mbncp Hukm Cu ]dp: kpns (\_nNcybpsS) Im cyn a ImWnpI.Ah \nntbSv \n
(4)
(2) (3)

^X- p _mcn (1/342) vl apl- Zv C_v\p apkvenw C_v\p D_bvZp C_v A_vZn C_v\p inlm_v Akv-- p- cn k l (4) A_vZp-lvam C_v\p A_o Awdv A Hukm- u. d C

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pIbpw Ah ]dXv ]dbpIbpw Ah hnp \nXn \nv hnp\npIbpw ke^pzmenlo fpsS (`cmb apKmanI) ]mX ]nXpScpI bpw sNpI. ke^pzmenlo Fv ChnsS ] dXv {]hmNIs A\pNcmsc DtinmWv. FXv Hcp ]pXnb {]m\amWv Fpw, _n emZs\tmep BfpIsf hfn sbSpp Hcp AXnhnh kwLamWv AXv Fp sams ]dv A]hmZ IYIfpambn Npnncn bp B[p\nI am[ya NmcpsS hmZKXnI bmYmyhpambn F{X hnZqcmWv Fp t\m q. \nbambpw Cu {]m\w XncpZqXcpsS A \pNcmcmbncp ke^pIfpsS AtX ]mXbn NcnphcmsX amcpa. Fs Cu P\X F gp]n app hyXykvX hn`mKfmbn ]ncnbpsa pw, AXn \nv Hcp hn`mKw am{XamsX asm hcpw \cInembncnpw Fpw XncpZqX() ] dtm GXmWv B Hcp hn`mKw Fv tNmZn sXpw, Rm\pw Fs IqmfnIfpw GXv hn`mK- n- mtWm (B hn`m- w) Fv XncpZqX() ]d e K Xpw Cubhkcn kvacWobamWv. (5)
(5)

ke^n

A_qZmhqZv At- - ns kp\ (\- 4597) D-n- - v. Alv-Zv apkv\-n l c X a Z (4/102). ssiJv A_m\n "knkn- - p kvkzlo l'bn CXv kzlolmbn e {]Jym- n- n-p- v (\- 204) ]

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kzbw ke^n Fp hnfnpXv BcmsW pw As\ hnfnpXv FpsImmsWpw tNmZyapbcpw.Ckvemans ]cnip A[ym]\fn \nv AWphnS sXmsX \S ke^ns\ hf sc Bgn a\nemn ]nXpScpIbpw, \qX\m Nmc Ipnbn aXns ]hn{XX \jvS sSpphm A\phZnmXncnpIbpw sNp BfpIp hntijW ]ZamWv AXv. ke^n F hmv {]tbm- n- p- Xv Ckvemans BZy K s aqp Xeapdbnse BfpIfpambn XpeycmIm kzbw {ianpIbpw AhcpsS amw ]npScp Ibpw B amntev WnpIbpw sNp BfpImWv. ke^n F ]Zns Ahkm\s C F `mKw hXv Ankv_mlv Bb bbn \n mWv. (a) Acmn _sSpn ]dbp b BWv AXv. Hcp hynsb km[\stbm AXsn estbm _sSpn ]dbp b. DZmlcWambn ]mnm\n \npw hcp Bfns\ ]mnm\n Fpw _wKmfn \npw hcp Bfns\ _wKmfn Fpw ]dbpp. ke^p ambn XpeyXv {ianp BfmWv ke^n. alm
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\mb CkvemanI ]WvUnX\mbncp ssiJp C kvemw C_v\p ssXan() (acWw: 728 lnPvd) ]d bpp: ke^ns ams ]pIgvn ]dbpI tbm, AXpambn kacksSpItbm sNp B sXncmbn bmsXmcp hnai\hpw ]mSpX. {] XypX, Atlns ] \nv GIIWvTambn AXv kzoIcnpIbpw AwKoIcnpIbpw sNt Xv \namWv. ImcWw ke^ns amw k XyamsX asmpan. (6) Camw A Akv_lm\n() (acWw 535 lnPv d) ]dp: Alveppns eWw Ah ke^pzmenlosf ]nXpScpp FXpw,]pXp Xmbn aXn tNs Fmnt\bpw \ncmI cnpIbpw sNpp FXpamWv. (7) AwB\n (acWw 562 ln.) () "A C km_v' (3/273) F {Kn ]d- pp: Ae b ^o: Cu t]cv ke^ns\bpw Ahsc A\pIcnp Po hnpXp hgn Ahcpambn _aphscbpw Ip dnpXmWv.
(6) (7)

aPvaq- ^Xmh (4/149) D A lp ^o _bm- n al (1/364) \

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C_v\p AYo() (acWw 630 ln.) "A ep_m_v ^o XlvZo_p Ckm_v' (2/ 162) F IrXnbn apIfn ]dbs Aw B\nbpsS hm Iys Ipdnv Hcp kwLw B t]cn (ke^n Fv) Adnbsncpp Fv A`n{]mbsSpp. Atm ke^n F hmpw, B hmv D]tbm Knv hnfnsSp Hcp kaqlhpw DXmbn C amw Aw B\nbpsS Imepw AXn\p ap]pw Adnbsncpp FmWv kqNnnpXv. ssiJv kzmenlv ^ukmt\mSv tNmZnsSpI bpmbn: ke^n FXv ]mnInSbnep Hcp ]mn- mtWm? AXn-ev tNp ]d- pXv b t b Bt- ml-mb Imcy-mtWm?. ] a a AXn\tlw adp]Sn ]dp: ke^n F Xv klm- ns hn`mKamWv. Ah Alvepp b v h PamAv BWv. Ah Cv ]mnI Fv hnfnsSp hn`mKfns H. am{X hpa, Ah icnbmb kpnsbpw aXns bpw amnep PamAv XsbmWv. Ah Alvepp v h PamAv Xs. XncpZqX () ]dp: Fs Dn \nv Dt]np hcmepw FXnphcmepw D]{ZhnsSmh
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cmbn Hcp kwLw DmhmsX Ccnbn. Fnv Iqntp: ""Cu Dv Fgp]naqv InI fmbn ]ncnbpw. Ahbn Hsmgnv asmhcpw \c Inembncnpw FpI. Atm A\pbmbnI tNmZnp, XncpZqXtc, B Hcp hn`mKw BcmWv? Atlw adp]Sn ]dp, Rm\pw, Fs A\pbm bnIfpw GXp ]mXbnemtWm AXn Ncnph cmbncnpw Ah. Atm ke^n FXv ke ^ns ]mXbn Pohnp, XncpZqXcpw Atl ns A\pbmbnIfpw Ignncp t]mse Ign bp BfpIfmWv. AmsX ap kwLS\Isftbm ]mnIsftbm t]msebp Hcp ]mn A. AXv aplZv \_n()bpsS Imew apXep XncpZqXcp sS kZv]mX A\cmhImiw t]mse sImp\S p, Ctmgpw XpScp, {]hmNI ]d ka bw hscbpw C\nbpw XpScp BfpIfmWv. (8) Hcp apkvenan\v Rm ke^n BWv Fv ] dbm A\phmZan Fv ]dv Cu hntijW s Xndbp BfpIsf]n Camw aplZv \m kndpo A A_m\n (acWw 1420 ln.) ]dbp
(8)

A- vZo an\ _nZvA: F Imk-n \nv. luXm kZo-n \S- nb l d Hcp {]kw- w. (1416 lnPvd) K

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Xv t\mpI:Rm Bcm[\bnepw acymZIfnepw s]cpamnepw ke^pzmenlnfpsS hgn ]n XpScph\mWv Fv ]dbm ]mSn Fv ]dbp Xv t]msebmWv CXv. Cs\bp \ntj[w k e^pzmenlpI \nesIm bYmY Ckveman \nv hnp\n XsbmWv. Hcp apkvenan\pw ke^pzmenlpIfn-ev tNpsImv hnfn t sSpXn \nv hnp \nm A\phmZan. a sn \nv hnp\nmepw, Ahsc hnhcaph cmcpw ]m]nIsftm AhnizmknIsftm hnfnv IpsSppIbpan. C\n Hcm ke^n Fv hnfnsSm B{K lnpnsv IcpXpI. Abm atsXnepw aZv l_ns\ GsXnepw Xcn AXv GsXnepw X XzkwlnXtbm Aemc imkv{Xtam FpamIs ]npWbvpp Fpw IcpXpI.Abm kzbw H cp AivAcn Ftm, amXpcoZn Ftm AXpasn Alvep lZokv Ftm l\^o, ameno, im ^nCu, leo XpSn Alveppv h Pam Av F hmns ]cn[nbn hcp GsXn epw Hcp t]cn AdnbsSp Hcp hynbmsW v IcpXpI. GsXms aZvl_n Dsmepw-A Xv AivAcnbmbmepw, {]apJcmb \mev aZvl_v B
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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bmepw icn Ahsbmw Xs A_w ]nWbp Xn \npw kwcnXcmb hynIfm cq]sSp nbX. Nnetm kXyambXv Ftm AXv I snb ]WvUnXamcmbncnmw.Atm A_ w ]nWbpXn \nv kwcns Hcp kaq lstmsebmIpXn \nv Fn\v amdn\n Ww? ke^pzmenlv Fv Hcpanv hnfnbvs Sp kwLtmSv Iqdp HcmfmsWn kwib an: Atlw Iqdv {]Jym]nncnpXv A_ fn \np kwcns Hcp kaqlnt\mSm Wv. (9) A_vZp Akokv C_v\p A_vZpdlvam B ep kDuZv ]dp: Xobmbpw Rm Hcp ke ^nbmWv. Fs XXzkwlnX ke^n BWv. Rm AXns (ke^v) hn[n {]ImcamWv JpB\n sbpw \_nNcybpsSbpw ]mhneqsS Ncnbvp Xv. (10)
"ncw kanXn'bpsS hn[nbn (\ 13 61),

(1/165) Cs\ ImWmw. ke^n FXv ke^p ItfmSv Iqdp {]Jym]nemWv. ke^v BIs X fpsS \ XncpZqX\m kmysSps C
(9) (10)

A Akme amknI (9/87) 1965 se XomS\ ka- v ]d- --Xv A apk- ^v h- v^v t]:135 b bs l b

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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kvemans BZys aqp XeapdIfn s] \mb IcmWv. {]hm- - ]dp: Fs Xeapdbns NI BfpIfmWv Ghpw anIh. ]ns Ahp ]nmse hcp Xeapdbpw ]noSv Ahv ]nn hcp Xeapdbpw. ]ns Hcp Xeapd hcm\pv. AhcpsS {]Xn, kmyn\p ap]pw, Ahcp sS kmyw {]Xnbvp appambncnpw. (11) k e^no FXv ke^n FXns _lphN\w BIpp. AXv ke^v F hmnt\mSv _sp InSpXpamWv. ke^ns Aw t\ct X s hyamsnptm. Ah (ke^n) Jp B\pw kppw ]nXpSv PohnpIbpw, B ]mXbntev WnpIbpw sNpp. XZv^eam bn Alveppv h PamAn DsSp BfpI Xs. F hmns hymJym\w Fm Wv? ke^nI BcmWv?'' F tNmZyn\v Ah \Inb Dcn Cs\ ImWpp: ke^v F Xv Alveppn h PamAv, AXmbXv ap lZn()s IqsS Pohnncp A\pbmbnIfmWv. Ay\m hsc B ]mX ]nXpScp Bscbpw
(11)

ke^v

_pJmcn (5/90) apkvenw (2530) XnanZn (2222) A_q-m- qZv (4657) \ Z h kmCu (7/1718). Page 23

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

ke^n Fv hntijnnmhpXmWv. aplZv() t\mSv ^npmPnb (hnP- n In) Bcm b sWv tNmZnstm Atlw ]dXv Rm \pw Fs A\pbmbnIfpw Cv GXp amnem tWm B ]mX ]nXpScphcmWv Ah Fm Wv. (12) Camw aplZv C_v\p DssYao (acWw 1421 ln.) () {]kvXmhnpp. BcmWv Alvep AY? Ah BYm (DcWnI) ]n]ddph cmWv; Amlphns {Khpw, kppw kzlm _namcpsS hN\fpw ]nXpScphcmWv Ah. Cu hnhcWw ke^ns amn Ddp \n p ke^nIfm bmsXmcp hn`mKn\pw X s icnbmbn tbmPnpn... Cu hmpI h cpXv Atlns "AJoZp^do\n'bpsS hnhcWns Hmas tSnemWv. AXpt]mses, _lp-m\y Camw C_v\p a DssYao() idlp AJoZn hmknXn' (1/223)bn ]dbpp: Ahcn Hcp Iq Alvep pbn s]hcmWv ]t BcmWv B Hcp Iq
(12)

^Xvhm (\- : 6149) (2/164)

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? AXv AivAcnbmtWm, amXpcoZnItfm AtXm ke^nItfm? CXn Bcmbmepw BcmtWm kp pambn tbmPnp t]mIpXv AhcmWv Alvep p. BcmtWm AXns\ FXnpXv Ah A s\ A. \mw ]dbpp ke^v FXv Alvep p h PamAv BsWv Ahcm Bcp sS Imcy- nepw Cu hnti- Ww kXyamhpI- n. j b hmkvXhn Alveppv hPamAv F Xv {]hmNI\pw Atlns klm_pw A \phnncp ]mXbn ]nSnp \nphcm Wv. \oXn \Snemp Zn\w hscbpw B ]mXbn Xs ]nSnp \nph Xs Ah ke ^no Xs. Ama kzmenlv C_v\p ^ukm A ^u km ]dp: ""ke^pw AhcpsS ]mXbn XpScp hcpw Hcnepw ]p {]m\mcpw hgn]n cnp t]mbhcpambhcn \npw th Xncnp ImWnmXncpnn.ke^pIsf ]npScphsc'' AYhm ke^n ams ]np--p- - sc Ah Sc h Alvepp-h PamAv Fv hnfnpp. v Alveppv h PamAns\bpw ke^nI sf ]npScphscbpw FXnp- sc JWvUn h ptm, Ah A\phnp Imcy Xn
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Ipw CXp Xs. (13) Atlw Iqntp,Fs\bmWv ke^n s amw ]ngpt]mb ]p BZimcpsS amamhpI?! Fs\bmWv ke^ns ]pcmX\ am w ]phmZamIpI? Amlp Cdn {K sbpw kpns\bpw kXytbpw amK Z i\tfbpw ]nXpScph Fs\ \ho\mi bmcmIpw? (14) Atlw XpScpp: ""Cu Hcp hn`mKs, ke ^pIfpsS alPv (kcWn) ]npScp Hcp kwL ambn hntijnnp. Rm\pw Fs A\p- -- mcpw Nc Cv \ne-Im- p amnemWv.... t\cs H s cp ke^n PamAv Dmbncppshpw AXn\p XpSbmbn C\nbpw PamApI DmhpIbpw sNpsapw Atlw ]dp. \cI `ojWn \ne \np kwL Fpw Ahsc FXnm\m bpw DmIpw. (15) Cmcyw Camw A_m\n()(acWw1420 ln.) Rm Hcp ke^nbmWv' Fv t]cp Hcp Imk
(13) (14)

A _bm (t]Pv: 130) A _bm (t]Pv: 156). (15) A _bm (t]Pv: 133).

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n hfsc at\mlcambn ]dnpv. AXns {] k `mK Cs\bmWv: ssiJv A_m\n: \nfpsS aZvl_v GXmsWv tNmZnm \nfpsS adp]Sn F mbncnpw? tNmZyImhv : Hcp apkvenw Fv. A_m\n : AXpt]mctm. tNmZyImhv : Amlp \s apkvenwI Fv \maIcWw sNbvXncnpp. Fnbm A mlphn \np Cu kqw Dcnp. Ah (A- m- p) \nv apkvenwIsfv t]cv \In l bn-n- p- p.(A lv:78) c A_m\n : Ckvemw \m\mhn[ ap ] e kwL BhpXn\p ap]p- Imeambncp sn CXv Hcp aXnbmb Dc amIpambncpp. ]s Ctm \mw GXv aX hn`mKtmSv tNmZn mepw adp]Sn hyXykvX ambncnpIbn. jnCu, dm^oZo, JmcnPo, \psskco Aeho XpSn GXphn `mKtmSv tNmZnmepw Rm apkvenamWv F Hgp adp]SnbmWv e`npI.AXn\m Cu D cw Cs Imev aXnbmb adp]Sn Bbn.
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tNmZyImhv : As\sbn Rm ]d bpXv Rm Amlphns {Khpw kppw A\pkcnv Pohnp Hcp apkvenw BWv Fm Wv. A_m\n : Cu Dchpw aXn bmbn. tNmZyImhv : ImcWw? A_m\n : DZmlcWambn Rm Jp B\pw kppw A\pkcnv Pohnp Hcp apkv ena Fv ]dbp Bscnepw \mw Ctm ]d Iqcn Dtm? Bscnepw Rm Amlp hns {Khpw kppw A\pkcnv Pohnbvm dn Fv ]dbmdptm? ChnsS ssiJv, hfsc hni--m- n- s Za b ke^p- zm- n- pI a\- n- m- n- Xp t]mse Jp el e b B\pw kppw a\- n- mt- - ns {]m[m- ye X \ s- p-nv {]Xn- m-n- p... d ] Z tNmZyImhv : As\sbn Rm ke ^pzmenlpI {Kln- Xp t]mse Jp- \pw kp B pw a\- n- m- p Hcp apkvenamWv. ke A_m\n : Bscnepw XmfpsS aZvl _v GsXp tNmZnm Xm CXmbncnptam ] dbpI? tNmZyImhv : AsX.
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A_m\n : `mjbnse sNdnb sNdnb hmpIfmWv IrXyamb Aw DsmpXv FXn\m Rm Cu henb ssieo {]tbmK s ke^o Fv ]dbp Xns\Ipdnv XmfpsS hoWw FmWv? (16) AXn\m apkvenw Fp am{Xw kzbw t]cp hnfnbvpXn Aan.ImcWw,Ctm Fm hcpw AXp XsbmWv D]tbmKnpI. Camw A _m\n, alPnsbpw "AJoZ'bpsSbpw ASnm\ n kXyhpw hymPhpw Xn XncndnbpXn s {]m[m\yhpw Dundp.kXyamIs, hnhn [ t\XmfpsSbpw, amZinIfpsSbpw t_m[ n\pw Xmcyn\pa\pkcnv \bns hnhn [ aXkwLfpsS hnizmk{]amWfne, adnv ke^pzmenlpI-psS PohnX aqeyfnemWv Ip f SnsImpXv. ke^nbpambn _sSpI Fm Ckv emans bYmamb hgnbpambn, {]hmNIs N cybpambn, kzlm_namcpsSbpw BZys XeapdI fpsS PohnX NcyIfpambn _sSpI FXmWv Fv ]I shfnw t]mse hyamWv. CXv _n
(16)

enamZm AJvXp alPne^n F ssiJv keow A lnemen- psS b IrXn ImWp- . (t]Pv: 3638) I

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emZs\tmsebphv hfp hcm\pXIp `oIchmZns hnpIfndp aX{`mamcpsS ]pXnb kwLS\tbm kwLtam A.

cv
hlm-_n-kw...?
hlm_nkw Fmsev? BcmWv hlm _n? hopw ]dbs, ]Snmd am[yafpsS IYsa \bepImcn \nv tIp sImtbncnpXv ]Sn md \mSpItfmSp shdpv DcppIqSm Im cWampIbpw, BtKmf `oIchmZns An BfnScm ImcWamhp Ankv^penwK NnXdpIbpw sNp IqcmWv Ch FmWv. \ap v hlm_nkntepw AXn\v B t]cv hcm ImcWmc\mb almsbpw Ncn{Xntepw H p t\mmw. Atd_y D]Zzo]nse \PvZv F {]tZiv P\n ]WvUnX\pw, Ipeo\\pamb aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_pambmWv hlm_o F]Zn\p _w. Atlw ]WvUnXamcpsS Hcp IpSpw_
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n {]hmNIs lnPvdbvp tijw 1110 hjw IgnmWv ]ndXv ({In.h. 1703).Atlns ]n Xmhv Cu {]tZis Hcp ]WvUnX\mbncpp. Cu {]tZis CkvemanI tImSXnIfn \ymbm[n] \mbpw Atlw {]hnnpv. Atlns ]nXmal kpsseam Hcp henb ^nJvln ]Wv UnX\pw,aX]camb hn[nIp thn A`yn sSp Hcp hynbpambncpp. Atm ssi Jv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v Cs\bp ]WvUnXcpsS Npp]mSnemWv hfXv. ]p hbn\p ap]pXs Atlw JpB apgph \pw a\x ]mTamnbncpp. Atln\v Akm[mcW _pnIqXbpw Ahnizk\obamw hn[w thKXbp Hmin bpw Dmbncpp. Atlw leo aZvl_nep {Kfn Xs ]nXmhns Iogn Xs ]T\w \SpIbpw, ]noSv X^vkodnepw CkvemanI \o Xnimkv{Xnepw AhKmlw t\SpIbpw, XpSv ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p ssXan()(728 ln.)bp sSbpw injy\mb C_v\pJnw A Pukn () (751 ln.)bpsSbpw {Kfn Kl\amb K thjWw \SpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu cp ]WvUn XamcpsS {KfmWv ssiJv aplZv C_v\p
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A_vZp hlm_ns\ Imcyamb kzm[o\w sNep nbXpw AXphgn Ckvemans\ ASpdnbphm\pw a\n kXyaXns XXzkwlnX Bgn thtcmSphm\pw ImcWambXv. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns Imev CkvemanI cmjv{Sns nXn Fmbn cpp? C_v\p K\mw, C_v\p _niv XpSnb Ncn {XImcam ]dbpXv \PvZnse BfpI {]tXy Inpw, apkvenw temIw s]mXpshbpw, _nZv- - p- A I fnepw ISp innepw hym]rXcmbncpp Fm Wv. aXns bYm apJsasv Ahv A mXambncpp. AXpsImv \PvZnepw \PvZn\p ]pdpap, BfpI Amlphn\v ]pdta IpI sfbpw acsfbpw J_dpIsfbpw Bcm[nncp p. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns kaImeo\\mbncp Camw ium\n() (acWw 1250 ln.) \bvep Hu Xm (4/90) F {Kn ]dbpp: PmdfpsS \namWnepw Ahbv v tamSn IqpXnepw F{X BfpIfmWv B\w IsnbncpXv! Ckvemw hntcm[n XnI B Wv Ah. hnhcanm CqcpsS Cu hnizmkw, hn{Klmcm[I hn{Klfn hnizknpXn\v
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kaamWv. As\ Ah hn{Klsf hmsX hepXm nmWpIbpw D]{Zhsf AIn \nm\p Ignhv AhbvmWv Fpw, Ah sbsmv ]e B\pIqeyfpw t\Smsav hnizknpIbpw sN bvXp. AXpsImv Ah AhbvSpp t]mhpI bpw hnizmknI AhcpsS dn \npam{Xw A`ynp klmbm`y\ AnpIbpw sNbvXp. Ah hn{Klsf Bcm[nm\mbn bm {X sNbvXv AhtcmSv A`bw tXSn. Npcpn C kvemanI ImeLn\p ap]p Ad_nI sN bvXncp bmsXmpw Ah hnpIfn.Ahcpw AsXms Xs sNbvXpIqn. \mw Amlphn \np hv Ah\ntev Xs Xncnpt]mIpp. AXpsImv Cu shdps Xntbbpw Ahnizm kntXmb, shdpstSXmb {]hrnI tfmSv Bcpw Xs Amlphn\p thn FXnp Xpw Asn bYm aXns \ne\nn \p thn DWvTmIpecmIpXpw ImWpn. ]WvUnXmtcm, hnZymnItfm, t\Xmamtcm, `cW kmcYnItfm Bcpw Xs. am{Xhpa Cu ivaim\mcm[I, AhtcmSv {] Xn sNm ]dm {]Xn sNpXm
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bpw Amlphns \man Xs Iw ]dbp Xmbpw ]dbsSppv. ]noSv AhtcmSv \n cm[nImcnbmbn ImWphcpsS t]cnepw, \n fpsS cIs t]cnepw {]Xn sNpI F p ]dm Ah aSnp\npw. bmYmyw ]dbpIbpw sNpw. CXmWv ChcpsS inv. CXv AmlpshXv cpt]cn cmasXmWv F tm,aqpt]cn aqmatXmWv Ftm ]dbp hcpsS innt\mfpw AXncp ISp t]mbncn pp. tl ]WvUnXtc, apkv- - \mbItc! Ckveman e nw \v Ahnizmktmfpap]cn asmWv shdp sSpXmbnpXv? AmlphmsX assn epw aqn- sf Bcm[npXnt\mfpw D]{Zh I Icambn FmWv DXv? Cu tcmKnsb{X bpw KpcpXcamb Fv tcmK]oVbmWv apkvenwI v DmbnpXv? inv Dt]ntXv C man \namb Imcyasn asmWv C kveman Dt]ntXmbnpXv?
\n Pohnncnp BfpItfmSmWv hnfn

mhiysSpsXn \nv Dcw e`npw. ]s \n hnfnph Pohnncnphc tm. \n Hcp XosmcnbntemWv DuXpsX
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n AXv hfv Xoambn amdpw. ]s \n DuXpXv NmcntemWv (ium\nbpsS hm pI ChnsS Ah- m- n- p- p.). k \ \nyamb Cu Aip hrnbpsS ISp AImcn\nSbvmWv ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns Blzm\ns Xo{h{]Im iw XpfpIbdnbXv. Atlw inv F Cu Zp hrnsb XmsgmWp Bbv sXfnhmbnm Wnp sImv FXnpIbpw Amlphns GI Xzw DundbpIbpw sNbvXp:
IogvhWw Am- p- n\v am{Xw Bn-m lh s

v EPp-- kvI-mb \ne- n Ahs\ Bcm- n- p a\ c b [ hm- pw, \a- vmcw \ne\nphm- pw, kImv \ \ k \ Ip- m\pw AmsX Ah-cmSv I]n--n-n- . h t s AXs{X h{I- - n- m aXw. (kqdp _n Xb \5) Amlphns hmp- : \ns am{Xw R I Bcm- np- p. \ntmSv am{Xw R klm [ bw tXSpp. (kqd: ^mnl5) I l h \ X asmcp hN\w: ]n- Am- p- n- p- - mIp- p. AXn\m \n Am- p-hmsSmw Bsc lt
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bpw hnfnp {]mn- cpXv.(kqdp Pnv18) Xmsg ImWp ap hN- fpw: \


Am- p-hm-Smw thsd-bmcp ssZh- lt s s s

bpw hnfnp {]mn- m- - -pw,Amlp ]hn- am hc {Xn shn-p Pohs\ \ymb-mb Imc- - m- - m a W e sX l\n- p- -- m- - -pw, hy`n- -n- m- - -p-m- p If b hc Nc h c a I p Ah. B Imcy h- \pw sNp ]w h Ah ]m]- ew Is- pIXs sNpw (^p ^ Jm 68)
\n Am- psh Bcm- n- p- n. Ah- l [ h \

msX \nv Hcp ssZh- p-n. (AAvdm^v59) ha


Xo- m- pw, Hmtcm kap-m- - nepw \mw Zq b b Z b

Xs\ \ntbmKn- n-p- v. \n Amlpsh Bcm- n [ p- - pw, Zpaqn- sf shSn- p- bpw sNWw Ib I bI Fv (t_m- \w sNp- n\v thn). (\lv59) [ X
Pnp- -fbpw a\p- y-cbpw Fs Bcm- nIs js [

p- m thn- - msX Rm krjvSn- n-n- . (Zmcn h b bv56) Atlw Xs hmpIfpw XqenIbpw A\h cXw D]tbmKnv Fm {]hmNImcpw XncpZqXm
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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cpw \Snbncp Blzm\amb, Amlphns\ am {Xw Bcm[nm\p Blzm\ambn Atlmcm{Xw ]Wnsp. J_dpIsf Bcm[npXns\Xncmbnp {]hmNIs kpn\v Dt]mZv_eIambn {] hmNIs hmpI Hcp J_dnt\mSv {]mn cpXv. AXn\Spv shpw {]mncpXv (1) sX fnhmbn ImWnp sImv Atlw P\v ap dnbnp \Inbncnpp. am{Xhpa {]hmNI()s Hcp {]m\ X s Cs\bmbncpp. Amlpth, Fs J_dn Sw Bcm[nsSp Hcp eambn \o amcptX. {]hmNIcpsS J_-n-- {]m\m thZnIfm d S p P\sf Amlp i]ns. (2) {]hmNIs asmcp {]Jym]\w: Hcnepw H cp J_dn\p apIfn CcnbvpItbm AXnt\mSv {]m\ \SpItbm sNcpXv'' (3).A_plm Pv A AkZo ]dbpp: ""Aenp_v\p A_o Xzm
(1)

Xz- -m\n "apAvP-p I_o' (3/145/2) Camw A_m\n "XlvZodp mPnZv' _d a F {K- n {]mam- o- -n- n-p- v. W Ic (2) C_v\p Jpkbva At- - ns kzlolv (1/2/92). C_v\p ln_m (340341) l C_v\p A_o ibv_ A apk- ^v (4/140) Camw A _m\n XlvZo-pm- n d P Zn {]mam- o- -n- n-p- v. W Ic (3) apkvenw(3/62) A_q-m- qZv(1/71) A- mCu(1/124) XnanZn(2/154) Z h k

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en_v FtmSv ]dp, Amlphns XncpZqX ]dphn Imcyw Rm XmtfmSv ]dbs? Fm {]XnaIfpsSbpw apJw \innm\pw, Fm J_dnSfpw \ncm\pamWv AXv. (4) Xs {]t_m- \ns ASnm\w ssiJv [ aplZv Xs hnhcnnpv. Atlw ]dbpp: ""\psS aXamb, Ckvemans\ Ipdnv Amlp ]d bpp:
Ckvemw (ssZ- - n- p Bm- w) A h \ W

m- ns\ Bsc- nepw aX-mbn B{K- n- p- X a l ] w AXv Ah- n \nv Hcn- epw kzoI-n- --p\ c s S - - . ]c-em- - n Ah \jvS- m-n s]X t I c h \pam- n-npw. (Bep Cwdm 85) bc \mw P\sf Blzm\w sNpXv Amlp Xmsg sImSpncnp kqw hgn {]hmNIt\m Sv ]d, Bcm[nsSphm Amlp am{XamWv Al FXmsX asmpan.
Atlw Xs amXm- n- m- sf cmP- o-- n]X ] T

t Ib-n- n-p- n. Ah At- - ns apn bc l {]Wmaw sNp- - -m- n-mv hoWp. Atlw ] hc b s
(4)

apkvenw: (2243) \kmCu (2032, 2159)

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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dp: Fs ]nXm-h, apv Rm I kz]v\w t ]pe- m- n- v. Fs cn- mhv AsXmcp bmYm X WX X y-m- n- on-n- p- p. Fs Ah Pbn- n a X c e \nv ]pdp-sIm- p-h k`- nepw Fs bpw Fs ktlm--- -p-Sbpw CS- n ]nimNv Z c f s b Ipgw Cf- n- n-- n- p-ijw acp-q-n- n \nv A h X \ t ` ab h \n-f- m- -cbpw (Fs ASpt- v) sIm s hs p-h k`- nepw Ah F\nv D]- mcw I sNbvXn-n- p- p. Xo- mbpw Fs cn- mhv Xm c b X \p-- n- p Imcy kqva-mbn \nb- p t i a {n- - -{X. Xo- mbpw Ah Fmw Adn- p- h\s b b h \pw bpn-m\p-m- pp. (bqkp^v100) a a I
]n- Am- p- n- p- - m- p- p. AXn- m I l h \ X I \

\n Am- p-hm-Smw Bscbpw hnfnp lt s {]mn- -pXv Fpw. (Pnv18) c \mw P\sf XSbpXv Amlphn\p B cm[\bn ]pImsc tNp {]hWXbmWv. Amlp Xs ]dbpp.
ab-ns aI akolv Xs- mWv Am a b

lp Fv ]dh Xo- mbpw Ahn- zmkn- -m b i If bn-n- p- p. Fm akolv ]d- Xv, C{km- o c b k- n- -f, Fsbpw \n-p-Sbpw cn- m- mb X It fs X h
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Amlpsh \n Bcm[n- p- n. Am- pthmSv h l h- \pw ]p-Np- - w Xo- mbpw Am h t ] b lp Ahv kzw \njn- -m- p- - m- v.\cIw A a X W hs hmk- - -mbn-n- p- bpw sNpw. A{I-ne a c I aI v klm- n- -mbn Bcpw Xsbn FmWv. b If (A amCZ72) ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns almb Blzm\n\v hfscb[nIw ^efpw safpw Dmbnpv. ]s Ghpw {][m\am bnpXv CkvemanI hnizmk Imcy- -nse sXp f Xncpm\pw, inn \nv Ckvemantev \pg p Ibdnb Imcysf amm\pw, ]pXpXmbn Iqn tshsb shdpm\pw,ke^nbpsS kt iw hnhn[ {]tZifn Fnbvm\pw Ignp FpXmWv. Cu t{ijvT ]WvUnXs {ia^e ambn Ingns Ctbw apX ]Snmdns Atbw hsc CSbvp {]tZifn Hsm gnbmsX FpIbpw XeapdIfn \nv XeapdI fntev ]Iv ]Iv Cs Cu Znhkw h sc FpIbpw sNbvXnpv. t{ijvT\mb Camapw alm\mb A[ym]I\p amb aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v Ae^n sb A\p{Klnphm \mw AmlpthmSv {]mn
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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pp. Ctlns amw ke^nbpsS ]cnip amambncpp Fp \mw Ip. Atm h lm_n Fmbncpp? kXyn hlm_n F ]Zw Xs ssi Jns\ Xstbm, Atlns ]mX XpSv h hsctbm hntijnnm thn D]tbmKnp Xn\p km[qIcWan. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_v Zp hlm_v Hcp ]pXnb amntetm {]m \ntetm A BfpIsf WnXv. Atlw B hgntb app hh \Snb Blzm\w X s ]p\cpohnnpIbmbncpp. Atlw, A tln\p apv C_v\p Xoan()(728 ln.) Xoan pw apv AlvaZv C_v\p l() (241 ln.) C amw AlvaZn\pw apv Camw amenIv() (179 ln.) C amw amenn\pw apv Xm_nCu, Ahsmw ap v Amlphns XncpZqXcpsS A\p- -- mcmbncp Nc "ke^pkzmenlp"I Chscmw \Snb B lzm\ BhnpIbpw ]p\cpohnnp IbpamWv sNbvXXv. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns Imen\pw apmbncpp AtX ]mXbn Ncn C_v\p XoanbpsS Imew. Atm C_v\p Xoan sb hlm_n Fp hnfnbvmtam? C_v\p Xoan
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bpsS Imen\p tijw h, aplZv C_v\p A _vZp hlm_v ASaphsc Xnano Fp hnfnbvpXt AXnepw DNnXw? C_v\p Xnan Atlns apKm-n- mb kp^vbm C_v\p ab YucobpsS (a:167ln) AtX NcyIfmWv ]n XpS sXn Atlw Yucno F hn `mKn sSp BfmWv Fp ]dbm km[nptam? Ch cpsSsbms apKmanbmbncp kCuZv C_v\p ap kn_v (a:93ln.) F Xm_nCusbpdnv Fp ]dbpp? Atln\pw tijw hhscsbms knZo Fp hnfntXt? AtXm Atlw hlm_nbmtWm? hnnIfmb BfpIfpsS hmZK XnI hnNn{Xw Xs! Ah bYmn ke^nIfmWv. ke ^pambn kaoIcnpIbpw AhcpsS amn {]hnpIbpw Ahcntev WnpIbpw sN phcmWv Ah. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v ]dp: \mw Amlphns {Kn epw {]hmNI()s NcyIfnepw Ddp \np hcmWv. AXp t]mse Xs Cu Dnse ke^p kzmenlotfmSpw(`cmbncp ]qnI), \mev CamapamcpsS {]kvXmh\ItfmSpw... Atm ssi
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Jns kzw hmpIfn \np Xs \mw IXv Atlw JpBt\mSpw kpnt\mSpw, ke^p kzmenlnfpsS amtmSpw sFIyspsImv \nebpdnncnpIbmWv FmWv. t\ct ]d Xp t]mse lrZbnepw, Bmhnepw, hmn epw {]hrnbnepw CtX t]mse sImp \Sp hynsb hnfnp t]cmWv ke^n. ssiJv Pao ssk\p Atlns IrXn bmb ^npmPnb (t]Pv 7071)bn ]dbp p: XuloZns i{Xp hlm_n F hnfnt cv Amlphns GIXzn hnizknp Fm hcpsSbpw t]cn Nmpp. bYmn h lm_n F t]cv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm _v _sSpn ]dbpXmWv. Ah kXyn hnfntnbncpXv hlm_n F ]Icw ap lZo Fmbncpp.ImcWw Atlns bYm \maw AXmWtm. Amlp hlm_n F t]cv Ahlm_pambn (D]lmcw \Iph) F ]Zhpambn _sSpphm\mWv Dtinn ncnpXv. AXmIs Amlphns kqam b \mafn HpamWv. \psS Cu {]kvXmh\ HpIqSn hyam m t{ijvT ]WvUnX\mb aplnYv, \psS {]n
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bc\mb Kpcp apJv_n C_v\p lmZn A hmZn Cu()sb Dcnmw. CPm_pmCen At ltmSv tNmZnsSpIbpmbn: BcmWv hlm _n? bYmn Ah aXs amnadnv Hcp ]pXnb amhpambn Cdnncnnptm? Atlw ]dp: "hlm_nkw' F hmn s\ IpdnmsWn, AXv Ckvemans i{Xp H cp KqVmtemN\bpsS `mKambn Nmnbn t]cm Wv. aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns {]t_m[\w ipamb Ckvemantev D Wambncp p. Ckvemans i{Xp Cu hnip Ws Atbw shdpp. ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_v Zp hlm_pw Atlns injymcpw Am lphns {Khpw XncpZqXcpsS kppw \ninX ambn ]npScm Xocpam\np.... Av ]e Xcn D BfpIfpw Dmbncpp. sskZv C_v\p Jm_ns\ Bcm[nncphcpw, Cu\bpsS \man AdppIbpw AXn hnizknpIbpw sNphcpw Dmbncpp. ]p\mNmcfnepw Ahnizmkfnepw apgpInbhcpw AhnSbn Xs Dmbncpp. Amlphn\v kvXpXn. apl Zv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v CXns\ FXncnSm CdnncnpIbpw, Atln\v kDuZv IpSpw
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_ns klmbw e`npIbpw sNbvXp. Amlp hns amntev Wnp \mw hlm_n Fp hnfnbvsSpXns\ AwKoIcnpn; ImcWw \mw aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns\ ISv ]npScpn. \mw IpaSv ]nXpScpI bmsWn A_q_dn()s\tbm, Dadns\() tbm, Dkvams\()tbm, AXpasn Aen()sb tbm IpaSv ]npStcn- n-pp.'' (5) bc AXpsImv ke^n ]mXbn Ddp \np h hlm_n F Xoano, im^no, A Xpasn _Icno kXy- - X Adn- --pk bs S Xv a\p- ysc sIm- . adn- v, a\p- y Adn- --pj j bs S Xv kXy- - - -Im- m- v. hIcpw I]S ]Wv kX s W UnXcpamb Nne am[ya {]Xn\n[nIv Ckvemapw, ssiJv aplZv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_ns {ia hpw hyXykvX hgnIfnemWv Fv P\sf hniz knnm\mWv Xm]cyw.Fmepw Amlp Xs kzbw Cu aXs Xeapd XeapdIfmbn t{ijvT mcmb ]WvUnXcneqsS Imp kqnnpv. Xn cpZqX() ]dnptm: kXyn\p ta hn Pbw t\Snb Hcp hn`mKw Fs Dn Fm mepw CmXncnn Ay- m FpXv \
(5)

CPm- - p- m- n _ b

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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htcbpw. Bpw Ahsc D]{ZhIcambn Hpw Xs sNm\mhn. (6) Xobmbpw inpw Ip^vdpw kXyaXn tev Ibdnptm Amlp hopw bYm aXs ]p\cpohnnm Bscsbnepw \n tbmKnpp. Amlphns ZqXcpsS Xs hmp I: Xobmbpw Hmtcm \qmnsbpw BZy- n aXaqeysf ]p\cpohnnm Amlp Cu Dntev Bscsbnepw AbmXncnn . (7)

aqv
ke^nbpw `oIchmZhpw
ASpXmbn \apv A\mhrXamtXv ke^nsb BtKmf `oIchmZhpambn _s Spm\p am[yafpsS \nIrjvS ]XnbmWv.
(6)

apkvenw (3/1523) Al- Zv (5/278279) A_q-m- qZv (3/4) XnanZn (4/420) C_v\p Z h amP (1/45) (7) A_q-m- qZv (\- : 4288) A_m\n "A- o- n' kzlo- m-W v ]dnZ h ll l s pv (599)

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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kXyn `oIcXtbmSv ke^np at\m`m hw atsXmcp {]m\n\pw `oIcXtbmSpXn t\m ISpXmWv. \mw k]vXw_ ]Xns\mn kw`hnXp t]msebp ]m] ]nehpw, AXy w \nyhpamb {]hrnIsf kw_nv Ckvem anepw ke^nbnepap \psS kaImeo\ ]Wv UnXmcpsS \ne]mSpI FmsWp t\mm Dtinpp. ssiJv skbvZv A aZvJeo Atlns A Clm_v (`oIchmZw) F IrXnbn ]dbp p: hnam\ Xnsmp t]mIpXpw, `qanbn temSp hml\ (_kpIfpw XohnIfpw a pw) Xnsmp t]mIpXpw, t\Xmamsc h [npXpw, Khsav m]\sfbpw {]Xnjv Tm h\sfbpw Ah- psS ]hnb {XX \in- n- p Xn\p thn t_mw_np XIp- Xpw hrnsI, ZpjvSamb `oIcXbsn ]nssbmWv? KhsapIsfbpw `cWIqSsfbpw Cu Dnse `cWm[nImcnIsfbpw adnnSm thn Zpjn ]XnI BhnjvIcnpXpw cmjv{Ss kwcnp AhcpsS t]meokns\bpw t\Xm mscbpw sImpXpw asmWv? ChcnXv sNp Xv HcpXcw ]pXnb AcmPIXzneqsS, \ncmIcn
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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s `oIcXbneqsS BWv. AhcpsS lrZbn ]mp a\pjycn \npw PnpIfn \n pap sNIpmam CuIrXysf Ahv ktmjapfhmpXmnopp. As\ Ah ]m]]neamb Cu A]cm[ n\v (`oIchmZw F A]cm[n\v) hiwhZcm Ipp.ImcWw aXn bmsXmpw Ahsc XSbp Xmbn Ahv tXmptXbn. t\Xmam scpdnpw Ahv DWvT tXmpn, A sn AhcpsS {kjvSmhn\p apn e tXm pn. krjvSnItfmSv Zbbpw tXmpn. CXn s\ms ImcWw Ah, XfpsS Bmhns\ a \pjysbpw Pnnsbpw \nXm i{Xphmb ]nim Nn\v kzw CjvS{]Imcw A\pkcWtbmSpIqSn k anncnpp FXmWv. AhcpsS Cu hyhlm cw XnIpw Xnbpw AhcpsS {]hrn sImSpw ]m XIhpamIpp. kmK- n\v ]Icw ZpamKhpw ]m]-am- - - n\v ]Icw inbpw hmn- - -m- nt N\ bhc b cpp Ah. Amlphn Hmtcm IpIrXyn \pw inbpv.
A\p-bm- y-mb {]Xn- - -s{X AXv. (kqd: t Pa ^ ea

\_Av26)
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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\ns cn- mhv bmsXm-m-fmSpw A\oXn X c t

ImWn- p- bn. (kqdv IAv^v49) I hyhlmc esfbpw, kmnI m] \sfbpw ssItbw sNpXpw, A{Ianp Xpw, ]I shfnn kv tamjvSnpXpw aXhnizmkns Imcyn ]ca Zcn{Zcmbh tcm, ]ngpt]mbhtcm Bb BfpIfn \npam sX hcm Ip- -amb `oI-- h\amsX Ic c{](Criminal Terrorism) asmWv? Cs\ Ah X fpsS \oNamb B{Kl k^eamm thn Amlphns Bcm[IcpsS CSbn \miw hnXdp p. AXns Ana ^etam? Cu temIn A ]am\hpw acWm\c PohnXn thZ\mP\Iam b ISpinbpw. PnlmZv F t]cn B{IaWw \SpIbpw, `oXn ]cpIbpw, CkvemanI cmjv{Sn\p thn \ne sImphcmWv Fv AhImisSpIbpw sNp, Nne cmPyfn apfp s]mnb, kmbp [cmb Cu kwLfpsS sNbvXnIsfsmsbm Wv? Hcmsf sImpp, asmcmfpsS apX A\ymb ambn IhsSppp; kaqlsfbpw IpSpw_ sfbpw `oXnbpsS apap\bn \npp; hnam \mhftam Asn hnZymebtam t]mep
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m]\sf kvt^mS\ sImp NnnnXdn p Ifbpp. CXv Adpfhmp `oIcXbpw, sh dpstS A]cm[hpw Asn asmWv? Fnv Cu IphmfnI kzbw PamAv Fv hn fnbvpIbpw, ]WvUnXmcmbn NabpIbpw `cW ImfpsS csamgppXv km[qIcnm thn aXhn[nI ]pdsSphnpIbpw sNpp. `cWm[nImcnIfpsS Iphpw IpdhpIfpw {inm sX imcmbn CcnphcpsSbpw, kzw \mn `oIc {]h\w \Sm A\phZnmhcpsS bpw cw NnpXv \nba hnt[bampIbpw sN pp Ah. CubmfpI AhcpsS A[zm\w apgp h sNehmtXv hnm\w Bhiyaph v Fnphm thnbmWv.\nXyPohnXnepw Bcm[\bnepw asmnepw Ahv hnip Jp B amambn kzoIcnmhpXpw, {]mamWnI amb kpns\ PohnXns {]thi\s I hmShpw _lnKa\ IhmShpw BmhpXpamWv. Ah AhcpsS Bbp[ hoin P\sf `b sSpn HmSnpp. P\ns kpcnXXzn\v `ojWn Dbn Ahsc `bNInXcmn Ahcnte v i{XpXbpw Xnbpw Wnp hcppIbpw sN pp. CsXmw sNpXv CkvemanI `cW hyh bpsS t]cnemWv Fpw, CkvemanI cmjv{Sn
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s tISp t]mm\mWv Fpw AhImisSpI bpw sNpp. CXns\mw apv Ah sNtnbn cpXv JpBs\bpw kpns\bpw \nXyPohnX n sImphcnIbpw AXn\\pkcnv PohnXw {IasSppIbpamWv. Cs\ sNpXpaqew (`oIc {]h\w aqew) Ah bYm Ckveman s ktcv \innpIbpw hfsmSnpIbpw sNpXn\v ]pdta Xnbntep PmeIw Xpd nSpIbpw sNpp. Asn Ah Ingpw ] Snmdpap i{Xpv thn apJy IhmSw X s XpdnSpIbpw AXphgn \psS ]hn{Xamb a Xs {IqcXbpw, A\ym- hpw, `oIcXbpw sImv b ap{ZbSnm ImcWampIbpw sNpp. CXv ap kvenwIsf samn `oIcscpw, Xo{hhmZnI Fpw, Ahv a\pjymhImitfmSv bmsXm cp _lpam\hpanmhscpw ap{ZbSnpXn\v XpeyamWv. CXns\mw ImcWw, IrXyamb Ckvem anI Ncybn \nv, {]hmNImcpsSbpw XncpZqX mcpsSbpw ]mmhn \nv, Xnbntev amdn tmb AhcpsS ZAvh Xs. kwibteiat\y Rm ]dbpp, Cu Bfp I (Ahsc Amlp t\hgnems) P\sf kXyamn \nv hyXnNennp Ifbpp. A
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hcpsS \mSpIfnep \nmW {]h\p ]Icw \ioIcWw \SpIbpw, tISp t]mpXn \v ]Icw ]pgpppmpIbpw sNpp. Ah cpsS ]mnbpsS `mKambhscmgnsIbp Bcpw X s AhcpsS Xnbn \npw kpcnXc. F{X tbm kmam\y _pnbp ke^o ]WvUnXam Chsc \bpsS amntev WnpIbpw,A mlphns t]cn Ah sNbvXp Iqp XnI sfpdnv Ahv apdnbnv \IpIbpw sNbv Xnpv. Cu XnIfn sIme]mXIhpw, tamjW hpw Ihbpw, a\pjys ]hn{XX \innp Fm hn[ sNbvXnIfpw Dv AXv {InkvXym- n\I (1) tfm-mbm t]mepw... S kuZn Atd_ybnse t{ijvT\pw alm\pamb ap^vXn ssiJv C_v\p_mkv (1420 ln.) ]dp:G hpw Ipd kmam\y _pnbphv t]mepw Adn- m- p- - mWv, hnam\ dmnsmp t]m b h X IpXpw IpnIsf Xnsmp t]mIpXpw AXp t]msebp Imcyfpsamw Atbs \nIr jvSamb Ip IrXyfmWv Fv. AXns Zpjv^e hfsc hnimeamWv. Cu hI sNbvXnI sIm v \njvIfcmb kmam\y P\v DmIp
(1)

Clm_v (t]Pv: 1013)

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D]{Zhhpw sshjayhpw AXpt]mses. CXn ssbms samw ^ens hym]vXn Amlp hn\msX ampw Afm\mhn. AXpt]mses CXn \npw sXfnbp Hcp Imcyw Cu ]mXI Hcp cmPytmfpw asmcp cmPynt\m Asn Hcp kwLtm fpw asmcp kwLnt\m am{Xw _m[Ia F XmWv. CXv Gsdpsd temIs apgph\pw hebw sNpXmWv. Cu IpIrXyfpsS \jvS^esfpdnv bmsXmcp kwibhpw C. AXpsImp Xs `c WIqSfpw, DchmZnXzap ]WvUnXamcpw, av Ignhphcpsamw Xs Cu hnjbsf hf sc DXvIWvTtbmSpIqSn honpIbpw Cu Xn Ahkm\nnm Xsfsmv Ignbpw hn[w bXv\npIbpw sNtXv \namb I hyamWv.'' (2) ssiJv A_vZp Akokv C_v\p_mknt\mSv tNmZnsSpIbpmbn: ""PamAp PnlmZns\ Ipdnv FmWv aXhn[n? Ahcpambn klIcnp Xns\pdnv Fp]dbpp?Atlw {]XnhNn
(2)

Ibv^ \pBenPv hmJn- - Aeow (t]Pv: 108109) A\

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p: ""....Ahcpambn klIcnmt\m Ahsc A`n kwt_m[\ sNmt\m ]mSn. adnv Ahsc P\ fn \np apdnp amtXpw AhcpsS Xnsb pdnv P\v apdnbnp \tIXpamWv. ImcWw Ah apkvenwIv lm\n- cpw sNIpI ms ktlm--- -p-m- v. t{ijvT\mb Kpcphpw Z c f a W ]nXr- p- y- p-mb Ct- -mSv APocnb kw` Xe\a lt hsfpdnpw Zplv 26\v(1414 ln.) abn sIme]mXIfneqsSbpw t_mw_nneqsSbpw C kvemw m]nm\p Blzm\spdnpw tNm ZnpIbpmbn. kw`mjWn \nv ]ckyam s `mK Xmsg sImSppp: tNmZyw: APocnbbnse kmbp[cmb Ckv emanI PamBv ]dbpXv t]menkns\ sIme sNpXn\pw Bbp[w ssIbnten \S- p- Xn \pw Xm Ahsc ]npWbvpp FmWv. A hcpsS Cu sNbvXn- sf Ipdnv XmfpsS Xov F I mWv?km[y-mIpw hn[w sXfn- p- fpw hnh-n- pa hI c Xcn- . Amlp Xmv \ hcps. I Dcw: Amlphns \man. Amlphn \v kvXpXn. Amlphns A\p{Klhpw kam[m\ hpw XncpZqXv Dmhs. AhcpsS IpSpw_n epw kzlm_namcnepw AhcpsS amK-i\w kzoIZ
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cn asmhcpsS t]cnepw Amlphns A\p{K lw Dmhs. XpScs : Xobmbpw \mw Fm epap \psS ktlmZcmsc Rm\ptin pXv Amlphns amKntev Wnp hscbmWv \mw D]tZinpXv IrXyamb sXfn hpw IrXyamb Adnhpw Dmbncnm thnbm Wv. Ah P\sf D]tZintXv \mbn kw kmcnm\pw, \ acymZ Imm\pw \ {]t_m[\ pamWv.
bpn-o- -bm-p- q-n- pw, kZp- -Ziw aptJZ t S I S b ]t

\bpw \ns cn- m- ns am- n-ev \o X h t Wn- p-Im- p- . Ghpw \ coXnbn Ah-p-mbn s I ca kwhmZw \S- p- bpw sNp- . (\lv125) I I F Am- p- ns Blzm\ {]Imcw G lh hpw \ coXn- n- mWv kwhmZw \StXv. Am be lphns asmcp Blzm\w.
thZ- m-cmSv Ghpw \ coXn- n- - msX \n t b e

kwhmZw \S- -p- v Ah-n \nv A{Iaw c X c {]hn- - -cm-Sm-nsI. (AI_qv46) ht s g AXypX\pw,]cat{ijvT\pamb Amlp A hs amntev Wnm B m]npI bpw, hnthIns ]mX ImWnp sImSppIbpw
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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sNbvXp. Cu amsaXv Amlphntep WamWv. hnm\ntep WamWv. AXm Wv Amlp ]dp, Ahs {]hmNI ]d p Fnhsb ASnm\amnbp Ww. A mlp \tmSv \ coXnbn, acymZtbmsS A\pim k\w \Sm\pw, Ghpw \ coXn- n kwhmZw b \Sm\pw I]np.APocnbbn {]t_m[\ {] h\w \Sp Bscnepw s]meokns\ h[n q. Amlphns amn Bbp[taq Fv Rm Blzm\w sNbvXXmbn ]dbppsn A Xv sXmWv; bmYmya. asmcp `mjbn ]d m shdpw \pW XsbmWv. ZAvhv FXv \ s]cpamtmsS \St HmWv. Amlp ]dp, XncpZqX ]dp, Fv DWn, t{]m ml\neqsSbpw, apdnbnneqsSbpsams sNtXmWv AXv. Cu Xcnep {]t_m[\ amWv Amlphns {]hmNI\pw, Atlns A\pbmbnIfpw Ahv Hcp t\Xmhv DmIpXv hsc am apIdabn sNbvXp sImncnpXv. Ahcmcpw Xs J- vKns ]mXbnte U WnXv. Ah JpB\nse BbpI D]tbmKn pw, \ kwkmcneqsSbpw, lrZyamb s]cpam neqsSbpw, BfpIsf {]t_m[\w sNbvXp. Imc
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Ww, CXmbncpp. aphsc B ]mX ]nXpScm t{]cnnphm\pw kzbw ZrUoIcnphm\pap amw. sIme]mXIneqsStbm ]oV\neqsS tbm, bpneqsStbm, a\neqsStbm D Z Avhv XncpZqXcp()sS kpntem, Atln s kzlm_namcpsS amntem s]X. Fn pw, Amlp Atln\v aZo\bpsS A[nImcw \ IpIbpw, abn \nph AhnsS Xmakam pIbpw sNbvXtm Atlw aZo\bnse t\Xm hmbn Dbp. Amlp PnlmZv FXv I]np Ibpw, inm hn[nI {]Jym]npIbpw sNbvX tm Atlw _lpssZh hnizmknIv FXn cmbn PnlmZv \SpIbpmbn. Amlphns I ]\ h tijw inmhn[nI \Sn hcpp Ibpw sNbvXp. Amlphns amntev Wnph lrZyamb s]cpamtmsSbpw, JpB\ns B bpIfpw, \_nhN\fpw D]tbmKnpamWv {] t_m[\w \StXv. `cWm- nIm-nsb Cmcyw [ c \S- n hcp- p- Xp hsc D]-Z- n- p- bpw th t i I Ww. Imcy- \Snemt- - m `c- m- n- mcn b W [I Xs. `c- m- n- m-n-bmSv Ccw Imcy- DW [I ct bn- p- bpw, Cbn Imcy- \n_- -mWv, H I a gn- p- q-m ]m- - mWv Fn- s\ ]dp ]d IS X
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v cmPm- n- m--p Bfp- pw,AXm- Xv cmPm[ I ca I b ampw, dn- n- p- -nse {]kn- p-mpw If U a ]WvUn- - m-p-mbn kl- -Ww Dm- p- Xv hsc X c a Ic I DW-- - m- v. {]t_m[I `c- m- n- m-n- nt- X W W [I cI fpsS CS-]- Bh- y-mb Imcy- Ah-psS s S ia c {i- n sImp- -- w. AXv shdpw CS-]-- m b hcW s Se Imw, Pbn- mImw, Gp-p-- m- mw, AXp--n t\ e a e I as ct \nbn- n-p inm- n- n- -n-em- p-m- mw. h [ If s a I Ah A[n- m-n- sf \- n- q-Sbpw acym-- n- q-S I cI be s Zb e s bpw at\m- -amb `mj- - n- q-Sbpw \- n-ev lc W e s bt \bn- pI Xs thWw. CXn-\- p-nv AXyp- X s d \-b Amlp ]d- n-n- pp. m c
thZ- m-cmSv Ghpw \ coXn- n- - msX \n t b e

kwhmZw \S- -p- v Ah-n \nv A{Iaw c X c {]hn- - -cm-Sm-n-I. (AI- qv46) ht s g s _ Am- p- ns {Kw kzoI-n- - tcm Am lh c h htcm Bb-Bscnepw AXn{Iaw {]hnm Ah\v Alamb in \I `c- m- n- m-nW [I c bpsS IS-- m- v. {]t_m- I {]hIcpsS Imcyab W [ n- m- -, hnth- - pw, acymZbpw ImWn- pI F e Is Ih Xv Ah-psS ISa Xs- m- v. ImcWw-{]hm- c b W NI - ]-- - am\yX GsXm- n IpSn-Im- p() dp: s pthm AXns\ AXv Aew- r- am- p- p. GsXm IX
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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n \nv am\yX FSp- p-m-ntbm B Iw A a Xns\ hncq- -m- p- p. (3) ]a Z ah c a Atlw XpS-pp acym-sb \nb-- n-p-m c bn Bsc- nepw {]Jym- n- m Fm \-bbpw A ] s bm \nb-- n-p- -m- pp. (4) P\sf {]t_ma h c a [ \w sNp- bpw ap-n- nv \Ip- bpw sNtI db I Xv Bbpw lZo- p- fpw sImm- v. Bsc- nepw kI W Fs- nepw kt- ap- - n- m Abm-fmSv (am- y l b t \ am- n) Xnv ktlw \on- --b- - p-m- v. b f t X a W dnbm-n Dmb Xo{h- mZn B{I-- s Ip Z h aW dnv Atlw(C_v\p _mkv) ]dp: ""Am- p- n lh epw Ay-n- - nepw icn- mbpw hy-mbpw hnizZ \ b a kn- m Bp am{Xta C{X- [nIw D]- hhpw, b {Zhn\m- - pw, Zpjnpw Dm- n- n-p Cu Ip- -ih b Ic am- , Xnt- -n- , {]hrn sNm km[n- q. A b bd b mlphnepw Ahs ZqX- nepw hnizmkw Cm- , \ i{Xp- - pw, Xnbpw Zpjn- pw, Akq- bpw \nd- , Xb b ZpjvSm- m- p am{Xta CXp- ep IrXy t]m sNm km[y-m- q. \apv Am- p-hmSv kpca h lt n- - z- n\pw s]mdp- - n\pw thn {]mn XX e mw.''
(3) (4)

apkvenw (4698) A_q-m- qZv (219, 4174) Z h apkvenw (4694) A_q-m- qZv (4175) C_v\Z h pamP (3677)

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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Atlw hopw ]dp: ""Cu temInse Ghpw henb ]mX- - pw Ghpw hrnsI ZpjnIh p-mWv Cu {]hrn FXn kwi- -n- . Ca ba s\- p IrXy- -n Gs-p- - ,Ah sNbv b f S h Xp hn-p h ]m]- ns ^e-mbn XS- - n- n- a e e S sSm-\m, h[n- v--p- mt\m Xs Al-m- v. t b s Sh c W \mw Amlphnt\mSv Ah-p-S {]hrn \njv^cs e am- p- m\pw Ahsc _\- n- m- p- m\pw Ah h e h cpsSbpw Ah-c-msebp- -p-Sbpw {]hr- ns t hc s I fn \npw cn- m\pw Ah-psS KqV- - - n- sf c ] X I ]q-mbn XIp- m\pw {]mn- mw. Xo- m a h b bpw Ah (A- m- p) amlmy-p- - - pw, AXy l a h\ w {]uVn- p- - \pw, alm-- - vI- pw, Zbm- mbv b h a\k \ h ]p- - p-mIp- p. h\ a CXn\p ]pdta, {]apJ ]WvUn- - mb apl- Zv X\ C_v\p kmenlv A DssY-o(a-Ww 1421 ln.) dn a c bmfp kzmen- o F {Kns hnh-- - n l cW kpssl- ns lZokp- -n \np sa- _ If ]d- p Iqn ]d- p- - p- mbn: Am- p- n b b Ib lh f s Xncq-q- () ]dp: \n-psSsbms ap ZX ]v Pohn Hcp cmPmhv Dm- n-p- p. At- - n\v bc l Hcp a{- m-nbpw Dm- n-p- p. hb- m- -m A h Z bc bt \ bm cmPm- n-\mSv ]dp Rm CXm hb- - mht
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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bn-n- p- p. AXn- m Hcp BIp-nsb Fsc \ b Sp-v Ab- p- . Rm Ah\v B`n- mc I t I N ]Tn- nmw...XpS- nb lZo- v... Y Hcp hynv apkvenw- -psS s]mXp- - sb If \ Icp- n- m-W- n t]mepw A]- -- n-ev FSp Xb s IS t p- Sm A\p- m--n- .Cu ]d Ipn cmPmhn Nmh Za s\ sImm X\n-- s\ Ign- psav ImWn- ps b sIm-p- m Hcp Av Bh- m-n- n \ns-p- pI S \ gb S bpw kzw ac- - n\v AXv Imc- -m- p- bpw sN W Wa h I bvXp. ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\p ssXan (a:723ln) ]dp: Fn-p- mepw CXv Amlp- ns am c h n- p Hcp PnlmZv Bbn-pp. Hcp cmPys ap e c gp- - m- n- s bYm hnizm- n- -mn amm h\ b k If CXv Imc- -m- n. bYm- n Ah acn-- n Wa b s epw bmsXmpw Xs Ah\v \jvS--n-n- .ImcWw s Ftmgm- mepw Ah acn-- - m- -m. b t X W t Nne Bfp- Nne-m B- Xym]camb I t l ]eXpw sNp- p. DZm- -- -mbn Ah ico-- n l cW a c D{K- vt^m-\ tijnbp hkvXp- sIn-h k S v Ahn- zmknI-psS CS- n sNv kzbw kvt^m i f b S- - n\v Cc- m- p- p. CXv B- Xy Xsbm- v. \ b h l W
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Am- p- n-\mSv A`bw tXSp- . B- Xy sNp l ht I l h Bcm- mepw \nXy-mb \c- - s]Spb a I n Xm- v. W Xncp-q- () Hcp lZo- n {]kvXm- n- n-nZX k hc s b p- p: Ccp- p-Im- p Hcm- p[w sImv kz bw lXy \S- n- m Ahs ssIbn B Bbp b [w m- - mbn kzw hb-n-ev AXv XpSb nb t bmbn Ipn- n-- p- bpw sNp Ah \nXm b d I -mb \c- - n Ah Ign-bn hcpw. (5) \mw a I t t\ct ]d Bm- pXn sNp B kzbw l sImptXmsSmw asmcp ]m-f-bm, \qdm-f s t s tbm As- n Ccp- qdv Bfp- -ftbm sIme--p \ Is s S n- m- pw,Ckvem-n\v AXp-Imv Hcp KpWhpw e b e a s `n- vp- n Fp am{X-- , t\ct ]d Ipn b a bpsS IY- n \nv hyXy- vX-mbn P\- AXn b k a \nv AI- p- bpw sNpw.Hcp ]t i{Xp- ns\ eI h Cu {]hrn IqSp- Dd- n- p- np- - pw, IqSp X \ Ib X ]Ibpw i{Xp- bpw Ahs a\- n Dm- pX k Ibpw AXv apkvenw- -psS \mi- n\v tlXp- p- m If h m Ahs\ t{]cn- n- p- bpw sNpw. I

(5)

_- c-(5778);apkvenw (109). pJm-n-

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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^e- vXo- n PqX- m sNp ]Xnhv CXmk \ W-m. Hcp ^ekvXo\n kzbw kvt^mS\- n\v Cc t bmbn Btdm Gtgm Bfp- sf sImp- p. CXv apkv I enwItm, BcpsS CS- n- mWv kvt^mS\w \Snbe b- v Ahtm bmsXmcp sahpw Dm- pn- . X AXp-Imv \psS A`n- b- n Bl s {]m- Xym- --mbn t_mw_nv \S- p- - sXmb am ] ca h n Poh If- p- - m- v.B- - y- m- -, \ b Ib W lX b Is c- n-e- p {]th- - n\v Imc- -m- p- - pI t i\ Wa I X am- v. Amlp s]mdpp Xcs: Cu a\pjy HcnW epw "c- mn' (i- o-v) A. Hcp]t Hcm k lZ Cu amw sXc--pv sXmb hymJym\w aq s S ew, A\p- -- o- -mb am-mWv Fv Icp- n- nm hZ\ ba a Xb sW- n, Abm ]m]n \nv c-tmw s Fv \apv {]Xym- n- mw. ]s Abmv ci km- nXzw C. ImcWw Abm sXc--p- p s S Xv c- m- n- z- ns amw A. ]s Bsc k X nepw CPvXn- mZv \Sp- - pw, sXv ]p- bpw sN l Ib I bvXm Abm Hcp {]Xn- ew e`n- vp- - m- v.(C^ b X W PvXn- mZv sNm am{Xw tbmKyX Abmv Dsl n am{Xw). (6)
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(6)

cnbm-p- m- n- os hnh-Ww (1/165166) f el c

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

At- -mSv tNmZn- v- asm-p tNmZyw: lt b s c B- Xym]c-mb Pnlm-ns\ Ipdnv aX- n[n F l a Z h mWv? DZm- -- -mbn Hcp Imdn kvt^mSI hkv l cW a Xp- \ndv i{Xp- ns\ Xncn B-n- p- . A h S I tX kabw CXns ^e-mbn X\nv acWwkw`- n a h bvp-av Abmv Dd- mWv. s t{ijvT- mb ssiJv ]dp:""Xo- mbpw F \ b s A`n{]mb- n (B- - Xy sNbvX) Hcm-m- m l f b Wv Abm Icp- --pI. AXns ^e-mbn Abm Xs S a \c- - n inv hn[nsSpIbpw sNpw. I CXn\v B[n- m-n- X \Ip- - v, Xobmbpw kz I cI X s h[n- m Abm \c- - n inn- - I s SpI Xs sNpw.Ah \nXy-mbn AXnhknt a nhcnIbpw sNpw (7) F {]hm- I hN- -m- v. N \a W F- n-p- mepw Hcm A- pw, (A-nhn- m c \ d Xn- m) Xs {]hrn Am- p- n\v CjvS- \ lh s Sp-av Icp- p- - m-p-m-W- n Abm CPvXn s X b f a s lmZv sNbvX- m-W \ne- n Amlp Abm X s b v amp \I-. C-\bm-W- n- pw, Cs s s s e Imev Abmv Hgn- -n-hmpw Rm ImWp Ig s n- . ImcWw Cu Xc- n- p B- Xy ]cs e l
(7)

_pJmcn (5778); a- - nwpkve (109110)

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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\S- p- bpw P\- - AXn-\- p-nv Adn- p- bpw I s d bI sNp-m {]kvXpX hyn Cm-y-- p-nv t cs d Adn- p- h ]WvUn- - m-cmSv tNmZnv sXpw icnbpw X t th Xn-n-- n- n-pp FmWv Fs ]w. ct bc X Xa fh Ghpw IqSp- Ap- -p-- m- p kwKXn Amlp i-mbn \ntcm- n- n-p-]mepw Hcm kz a [ t bw h[n- vm apXncppsh- m- v. b X W \n \n-f- s sIme--p- p- bpw s s SI sN-p- v. Xo- mbpw Amlp \ntfmSv IcpcX b W bp- - - m- pp. (kqd: Ankm- v :29) h\ I A Ch-n ]epw Ah-psS i{Xp- n-\mSv {] c c ht Xn- mcw sNpI- - msX asmcp ey- pan- . GXp I b h am-- - w- n- m- pw, icntbm sXtm Fp t\m ahe _ e msX Ah-psS A-mb {]Xn- m-Zm- - n\v A c a I c l dpXn hcp- pI am{X-mWv Ah-psS eyw. Am a c lp- n-\mSv \mw Ahs aX- ns Im-y- -n Zo ht c f L-i\w \In Ah\v CjvS--p- Xv am{Xw Z s S sNm Ign- p- - -mn A\p- ln- m {]m h hc {K- np- p.Xo- mbpw Ah Fm Imcy- -nepw b f in- p- - - m- p- p.(8) b h\ I
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(8)

Ibv^ \pBenPv hmJnA\ Aeow (t]: 119)

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

ssiJnt\mSv tNmZn- --p: ""Ckvem-n B s a - - ysb Ipdnp Xov FmWv?'' lX l ssiJv {]Xn- Nn- Xv: ""B- Xy FXv, F h p-X-- mWv AXns Dt- y-a- n- pw, Hcp hy s b i s e n kzbw h[n- p- - m- v. CXv ldmw Xs- m- v. X W b W am{X- p- h ]m]- -n s]- p-m- v. Am- p ha f Xa W l hns s]mXp- mb {]kvXmh- - n CXp- qSn D h \b I s-pw. S
Bsc- nepw Hcp kXy- n- zm- nsb a\x- q hi k ]

w sIme--p- p- - w Ah- p {]Xn- ew \ s S ] ^ c- am- p- p. Ah- - n \nXy- m- n- m- n-n- pw. A I I \X h kb bc hs t\sc Amlp tIm]np- - pw, Ahs\ i]n Ib p- bpw sNbvXn-np- p. I\ inbmWv AhI c \p-hn Amlp Hcp- n-h- n-p- Xv(\nkmAv93) t s kp- ns ASn- m- - n t\mnbm \ {]hm- - () Cs\ ]d- - mbn B[n- m-nNI X I cI b am- n- s ImWp- m km[npw:Xo- mbpw H b h cm kzbw h[n- m \cI- n inn- --pI s S Xs sNpw. Ahn-S- s Fm- hpw hkn-s e t (9) Xmbpw hcpw.
(9)

_pJmcn (5778) apkvenw (109110)

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bYmn B- Xy sNp Hcm A l s\ sNp- Xv Ahs \ncm- m- aqe-m- v. i h a W Cu \ncmi Am- p- ns GsX- nepw Xocp-m- n lh a \ s t\cn-p ^ew aqe-mImw. As- n a\p- y a j s I- ns ^ehp-m- mw. Abmv Abmfp a I sS A\p-- - p-mbn s]mcp- --m km[nmsX `hh a s S hcp- p. bYm- n Abm Xobns Npp-]m s np NqSn \nv c--m A`yn- p s S hs\ t]mse- m- v.Ah \- -v kzbw IcpXn b W Xs bn-p- - n \nv almtam- - n-ev FSpp Nm X i t Sn- n-n- p- p. A]w IqSn a ImWn- n-p- psh bc c n Amlp Abmsf hnj-- - -n \nv IcIbaXIf p-m- n-pp. a bc \psS ssiJpw Kpcphp-mb apJv_n C_v a \p lmZn A hmZn- u- p-mbn sba ssSwkv F C ba ]{Xw Cu Imcysf Ipdnv A`napJw \S- pI bp- m- n. At- -mSv tNmZnp. ""ASp Ime b lt mbn Xm-psS {]m\w Ckvem-nI PnlmZpam f a bn _-p Hcp AXn - n- h {]m- -m-Wv a h \a s tIpptm? Xm-psS {]Xn- -Ww Fm f Ic Wv?'' At- - ns adp- Sn: Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Ahl ] cpsS tI{- -psS {]h- - n- Imcy- fn f \ s
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D-- m-n- z-p- v Xm ]d- Xp-t]m-e- p ch Z X a s b Nne kwL- pw Rpw s]mXp- mb Nne h ey- Ds- Xv t\cp- - R Fm Xs h cpw Am- p- ns\ tkhn- m B{K- n- p- - pw,C lh l Ib kvem-ns ktiw temIwapgp- Fn- vp- m a h b h {ian- p- bpw sNp- p.tUmIvS A_vZp Icow I A Cbm- nbvv e- n \npw Hcp t^m \ \ h- mbn Rm\-n- p. hnfn- -m ]d- Xv \n X d t fpsS cmPyv kA-m- n Nne hnh Ckvem-n Z b a I kwL- Dtm?' FmWv. AXn- -lw a \t dp- Sn ]d- Xv: ""Rv kA-m- n BsI- p] Z b b Xv hfsc kam- m- - --mbn Ckvem-nI XXz- [ \ ] ca a ]Tn- n- p Hcp ]WvUn- am{X-m- v. AhnsS `o X a W I-hm-n- tfm AXn- n- - - m-n- tfm C'' FmWv. c ZI h hI c I \mw `oI-- m-n- Fv hnfn- p- - -n \npw ch Z I hc hfsc AIsebmWv.lnwkbpw Akln- vWp- bpw j X Dt]- n- m- mbn P\- sf \mw Jp- - n-bpw \ B\ s kpn-bpw am- ntev Wn- p- - m- v. s Ib W R Xs Ckvem-n-I- c cmPy- -n t]mep at X f ap- , lnwkbpw `oI-- bpw ioe-m- nb Ckvem-n cX a a I {Kqp- sf \nn- m-p- v. ImcWw Ah-psS e I d c yw \nd-hm thn Ah km[m-W ]uc t c am-c- pw, \njvI-- -mb s]mXp- - - sfbpw `oXn s b fc P\ bn- m-vp- - pw,Ckvem-ns bYm Axke g Ib a
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bmb kam- m\w, kzc- Fn- - n \nv A [ t hb hsc hyXn- - n- n- pIbpw sNpp F- m- v.kp Ne X W n- v Ah-psS i{Xp- -fmSpw Ckvem-ns i I c t a {Xp- tfmSpw s]mcp- m A\p- m--p- v.ssk\n- X h Za I] --mbpw ap hn[- n- p A{I-- sImpw A ca e a hv `ojWn Dm- p-m am{Xw. t Fmepw \msam-- -, Ckvem-ns t] s s a cn `oI-- mZ-bpw AXp-]m- p ap- h ch s t e {]\- -fbpw FXnpIbpw,AXns\Xn-mbn ]SIqps c Ibpw sNp- - -m- v.\sbpw Jp- - n-\bpw ] hc W B\ s n Adnbmh Ak- y- pw, acym-- n- m- - p-mb Xh Zb X a Imcy- \s- p-nv ]dp ]c- p- - m- v... d Ib W kuZn Atd- y- nse Ctm-s ap^vn- m _b g b b Camw A_vZp Akokv BepssiJv `oI-- mch Z sIpdn- p A`n-p- - n Cs\ ]dp:hn a J am- Xn-m- p-]m- en- pw, kam- m\ {]nb \ s t I \ [ cmb bm{X- msc `b- n- m-vp- - n\pw Ckvem-n e g X a I \nb-- p-mtbm, Pnlm-p-mtbm _-ampw C ah a Za s . ImcWw CsXms sNp- - s]mXp- - - -p h P\ f sS Ah- m- - nepw s]mXpkpc- nepw ISpI i b I b-pI hgn Ckvem-nI \nbaw ewLn- p- - m- v. hn d a Ib W am- - Xn-m- p-]m- p- Xv apkvenw bm{Xm \ s t I -cbpw `b--p- p- p. CXv hne- --- m- v. C s s S s X W
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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s\ sNp- Xv \map-mbn kJy-p- m- nb Bfp a a I pw, kzX- Nn- - p Aap- venw- pw hn {- b k I iz- vX-mb BfpIpw D]- h-p- m- p- p. Cu k c {Z- a ImcW- sImp- s CXv hntcm- n- --- m X [ s X Wv. C-\- p Imcy- -n \npw hnv apkvenws b f I Db Xe- n-ev htc- - p- v. ImcWw C t X Xn\v Pnlm-p-mbn _-am- p-n- . Za s a k]vXw- ]Xn-\m- n-e B{I-- s- p_ s s aW dn- p Hcp{]kw- - n Atlw ]dp: ""Am K lphn- m- v k- vXp- n- pw.hnP- I-amb Ayw \ W k Xb b c \- n-hp- - m- v. {]hm- - -nepw XncpZq\d X W NI c X m-nepw t{ijvT-m- - v kam- m\w Dm- -. c c bh [ Is AhcpsS IpSpw- - pw A\p- -mpw kam_ Nc [m\w Dm- -. Is Ipdv Znh- - v apv Ata-n- sFIyk c \m-p- -n kw`- n- - ns\ kw_- npw, "icoS If h X A a t S n'\v (Ckvem-nI \nbakwlnX)AXn-\m-p k ao- - s kw_- npw, Ckvemw -Xw Ccw sN ]\ a bvXn- sf AwKo- -n- p- ptm FXns\p-np I Ic d samw [mcmfw tNmZy- fpw At\z- - - fpw \ap jW v e`n- p- p- v. AXp- m-Ww Am- p- ns k I c lh lmbw tXSn-mv \mw ]d- pp.Fm- cw A]q s b X - - n \npw ap- mb Amlp \apv Cu C Xb \
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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kvemw aXw F HuZmcyw sNmcnp Xp. AXn s\ ]qW-mb Hcp \nba kwln- bpam- n. ]hn{X a X hpw ]cn- p- - p-mb AXns\ Fm - m- pw Fm i h a I e tZipw, Fm kml N-y- -nepw,Fm hync f I pw hyn- fpsS {Kqp- pw D]- m- - Z-p I I I c {]-a Xm- n. AXv tam- n-epw, kXy- - - - n t kX b tepw, \oXn- n-e- pw,\- n-epw Wn- pbt bt tXmsSmw"inv' (_lp-sZ- m-m- \), Xn, A\os h c [ Xn, A{Iaw, h- Fnh \njvIm- \w sNp\ k Xn-e- p-mWv Wn- p- - v. t a X Cu aX- ns am- n-ev \s \bn- p t Ibpw AXns klm- n- fmnopIbpw sN bI bvXXv Am- p- ns HuZm-y-msX asm- p-- .A lh ca a mlp- ns ZqX-psS kp- ns\ ]nXp-v Po h c S hnp- h- mb Hcp apkven-ns\ kwkvI-n-Sp- p \ a cs Xv Am- p- ns \nbaw aqe-m- v.aX- ns Im lh a W cy- n t\cmbam- n- phcpw sscyap e hcpw Bb Bfp- Cu Pohn- - nepw C\n hcp I X Pohn- - nepw c- apkvenw- fm- n-n- pw. X s I bc Ata-n- sFIy\m-p- -n kw`- n- Xv A c S If h Xn-- - --mb HcpImcyw Xs- m- v.AXp`b ca b W aqew B bn-- Wmb Bfp- Cu `qan- n \npw t]m c I b bn. C-\- p sNbvXn- aXn A\p- Zn s b I h
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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m- - mWv. hnhn[ tImWp- -n \nv honm X If epw CXn aX- n bmsXmcp ASn- m\hpw Im Wm- - - . hX \n- -mbpw Amlp Fm NypXn- -n \n ba If pw ap- m- v. Ah I]n- Xp apgp- , \ymb\ W h hp-m- v. Cu \ymb- ns ASn- -- n- mWv BIma W db e i-q-n- \ne- np- - v. Cu \ymbn\p thn ` aI \ X bmWv ZqX- m Ab-Xpw, Ahv {K s Ah- -n- nXpw. Fm- n[ Ipd- p- -n \npw ap Xc h h If \mb Amlp ]d- p:
Xo- mbpw Amlp I]n- p- Xv \oXn b

]menphm\pw \ sNp- m\pw IpSpw- - - -p h __a - v (k- m- w) \Ip- m- p-mWv. Ah hne h l b h \a p- Xv \oN- r- n- n \npw ZpcmNm-- n \n h b c pw AXn- a- n \npam- v.\n Nnnp {K {I- W ln- p- m thn Ah \np D]-Ziw \ h t Ipp. (\lv90) b Ah hopw ]d- pp:Xo- mbpw \mw \ b psS ZqXmsc hy-mb ZrjvSm- fpw sImv a Ab- p- - p- m- n. P\- \oXn- qhw \ne-Im Ib b ] s phm thn Ah-cm-Smw \mw thZ- hpw t s {Ksk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Xpempw Cdn sImSp- p- bpw sNbvXp(lZoZv2 I 5). Amlp Xov Inv I]\ \In- n-n- p bc Xv Hcp Bm- n\v \n- - n-n- p `mcw asm h b c n\v hln- m km[y-- . \oXn- psS Imcy- n a b Amlp ]cn- q- pw,sXp- pfn \nv ap ] \ I \pw BIp- p.
]m]-mcw hln- p bmsXm-mfpw asm-m-p ` c c f

sS ]m]-mcw Gs-p- p- - n- . (^mXn18) ` S Ib kIe A]q- - -n \npw ap- mb A XIf \ mlp Ahs ta Xs- p AXn- \n b {Iatcm- n- p- - pw, Ahs Zmk- mpw AXv \ntcm [ Ib [n- - mbn {]Jym- n- p- bpw sNbvXp.lZoYv JpZvkn X ] I b- ]dp: Fs Zmk- m-c, Rm Fs ta n t enep AXn- a- hne- n- ncn- p- p.AXp-]m {I- b t se \nn-bn- p Nqj- hpw AXn- ahpw S e W {IRm hne- nbn-n- p- p. AXn\m ]c- v]cw Nq c k jWw sNm- n-n- p- n. Am- p- ns Zmk- m Xc h lh v CXv s]mXp- mb Imcy-m- v.Ahh a W apkvenw- -fm It Aapkvenw- tfm B- s,Hcmpw asm-m-fmSv A I I c t \oXn ImWn- p- m ]m-- X- .NqjWw sNphm h Sp- t\m AXn{Iaw {]hn- p- mt\m ]m-- . AXn\p h S n
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sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

ImcWw shdptm A\n- vStam atm BsW- n j t]mepw. ]cn- q- mb Amlp hopw ]d- pp: ] \ b \n Am- p- n- pl h thn \ne-Imp- - -pw, \oXnv kmyw hln s hc p- - -p-m- n-n- p- . Hcp P\- tbm-p Aajw hc a b c I X S \oXn ]men- m- n-n- m \nv t{]c- -m- -p- v. Xc Ia Ic X \n \oXn ]men- p- . AXmWv [- njvT-bmSv I \ t Ghpw ASp- Xv. (amCZ8) \nb-- ns ZrjvSn- n, shdppw A\n- vS a b j hpw Dm- m t]mepw A\o- nbpw NqjWhpw A b X \p- -- o- -- .t\ct \S Imcy- fpw \msamw hZ\ ba Adn-b- Xv \n- -m- v Fmhpw Fp- t a W t in- Xv cmjv{S- -m- -,kaq- - -m- s Asn f hs lf h apkvenw- tfm Aapkvenw- tfm Bh-, hfsc {]m I I s [m\y-a-nb Cu Imcy- Adn-b- Xv Xs- mWv. t d t b 1. Ata-n- - n kw`- n- Xpw AtX t]mse c b h bp ap Imcy-pwAXm- Xv \ymba- m Hcp f b Imcy- n\v hnam- - Xn-m- p- hp- bpw A \ s t]m- I Xnse Bfp- sf Pmay- -- p- m-mn hbvp- Xpw I Sh I c \njvI-- -mb At\Iw Bfp- sf sImp- Xpw kv fc I ]jvSamb A\o- nbpw AXn- a- pw, {Iqc- - p-- m X {I-h Xb a sX asmp-- . Ckvem-nI ico- - v CXv AwKoI a a A
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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kXy- n- zm- n- -f, h i k It

cn- p- n-v am{X-- , AXv i-mbn hne- p s a a I bpw AXns\ Ghpw henb ]m]-n Ds-p f S pIbpw sNbvXn-pv. 2. aX- ns hni-mw- - ]Tn- p apkven Z i apw Am- phns {Khpw Xncp-q- cpsS kp l ZX pw A\p- -nv Pohn- ph-pamb Bcpw Xs, kc c Ccw {]hr- n- -n-ev hgpXnhogm kzbw A If t \phZnpIq-m. As\ sNp ]w Am- phn S l s tIm]- n\v ]m{X-m- n- o-p- - m- v. AXns a b c X W A\- -- ew `qan- n D]- h- fpw A\- -p c^ b {Z- f am- n-n- pw. bc 3. apkvenw D- nse ]WvUn- amv Cu X hI-kw-- - -f- p-nv(`o- -m- a- - -f- p-n- v) `h s d Ic {I-Ws d hni-o- -n- \n- - hyamIp- p. Ccw Z Ic I Imcy- Amlp- ns \nb-ns Iogn km h a [p- -- - pw, Ckvemw aXw Hcn- epw Ccpw {] hs X hr- n- sf ]nm- p- n FXpw Ah hy-mI a t- - m- v. X W 4. apkvenw- sXn-mbn Btcm- - - D I c ]W bn- p- bpw,]cn- p- hpw ]cn- m- - - p-mb Cu a I i ] h\h a Xs `n- p- m acn- p- bpw Fp kz`mh I h n \nmtWm Cu aXw Hgn- m- np- v, AXpX h b X s AXn Btcm- n- p- bpw sNbvXp-Imv Ip ] I s
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fw Iem- pw, Ckvem-n-bpw apkvenw- -p-Sbpw \ as If t kt]-ns\ \in- n- m- pw, Bfp- -psS lrZ- c \ If b sf ]ckv]cw AI-m\pw,lrZbhnim- X Xosc Ipd e bvm\pw {ian- p am[y-- -fmSv ]d- m\p- Xv at b Cu hgn-]n- t]mn \nv hnp- np- bpw, g \ I kzt_m- hpw \oXn- p-p GsXmcp hynpw C [ ba kvemans hni-- n- -- Adn- m-a- pw,AXn- m Z h hc b s \ Xs Cu hnhc hv Ckvem-ns\ hnh-npa c I- pw,hni-o- -n- p- bpw sNcpXv Fp-m- v.apb Z Ic I a W - cpsS Ah- m- - sf am\n- p- - pw, a- cpw h I i Ib I A\ym- - mcpw NqjI-p-- m BfpIpw cm b c a jv{S- pw am{Xta Cu aXsbpw AXns A \p- m- n- -fbpw Adn- m\pw a\- n- m- m\pw km[n b b Is b e npq F- m- v CXns Ncn- ]--mb ImcWw. X W {X- ca apv ]dXn-Fs- nepw Nnm- p-w g Ds- n AXv amp- m am{X-m- n-p kXy- n h a b s Hcp hnh-Ww am{X-mWnXv. Am- p- n-\mSv Rm c a l ht {]mn- p- Xv Ah \ap- p- --mb amw aa Xs ]np--m \apv {]tNm-\w \I-. Ckv Sc Z s emanI ]mX- fn- qsS Ah \s \bn- p- - pw,A I e Ib hs aXs Ah in-- m- p- - pw, Ahs a Ib hN- - al- z-p- - m- p- bpw sNs.Xobm \ X a X I bpw Ah Ghpw Zbm- p- pw, alm-- - vI\pw B eh a\k Ip- p. \psS {]hmNI- mb apl- Zv()- psS ta \ b
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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epw, At- - ns IpSpw- - ns taepw A\p- ml _ b bn- -psS taenepw kam- m- hpw {]m- bpw D If [ \ \ mI-. s ke- n- ntev {]t_m- \w \S- p Cu ^ [ X c If t{ijvTcmb ]WvUn- - m-psS hmp- -n \nv \mw IXv ke- n- C-\- p {]h- ^I s b \ sf A]- - n- p- - cmsWpw Cu `oI-- m-n- e] h ch Z I ke- nn-e- p {]t_m- \ns Dt]mXv]^ t [ a Fpw, am-p-Stbm {]h- - - -mbn D ct \^ ea m- - mWv Fp-m- v. AXm-mWv Fv \mw DS bX a W c ]cn-im[n- p- - m- ncn- pw.{]tXy- -mbn \mw {int X b Ia t- Xv ChnsS D-n- - hmp- anXpw c s I AXm- Xv ssiJv C_v\p _mkv,ssiJv C_v\p D b ssYao, ssiJv A_vZp Akokv Bep ssiJv, ssiJv skbvZv A aZvJeo Fo ]WvUn- am-p X c sS hmp- kuZn Atd- y- psS Dn \np I _b Xs DXmWv F- m- v. Amlp B cmPys X W kwc- n- p- - pw,Ckvem-ns ip-mb A[ym- - Ib a a ]\ sf Impkqn- p- m- pw, AXns al- --m h \ ca b XXz- -fbpw BZi- sfbpw \Sn hcp- p s {Klw sNmcn- p-m-m- s. \mw CXp ]d ba d I hm\pw A\pbp- m\p Imc- w, Cu am[y-- KqVmtemh W a N \m]--mbn Nnm- p-- -p- mn h\- n- p ca ga be Ah-psS anSp- p sImv kuZn Atd- ysb `oIcc _
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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hmZ- p-mbn Iqn- n- - m {iannpv FXn- mha b W \ em- v. W kuZn Atd- y- nse Ckvem-nIImcy- a{n _b a ssiJv kzmenlv B- pss- v CubnsS Ad_v \yq e J \ s d kn h Hcp teJ- - n Cu Imcy-- p-nv {]Xn- -n- p- - p- mbn: ChnsS {][m\w Hcp a[ya Ic Ib kao- - -m- v. `mhnsb- -pXn Cu {]h- X bpn]\a W c W ]q-mbn aptmp-]m- m, ap - h- - - Ip a t b {]- WXI d- p- cp- - mWv. h- X
""Fmepw CXn\v A]w ka- -a-ppw. Im bs S

cWw P\- fpsS ZrV- n- zm- - nepd- bmsXm h i k pw H cm{Xn-Imv amnsbSpm\m- p- - n- ... D s h Ib -- m-nXzw Rm GsSp- mw. ]s AXn- p ch Z \ ]cnlmcw kam- m- - nte km[y-m- q.'' [ \ a I Atlw hopw {]kvXm- n- Xv kuZn Atd h _y hlm_nknt\m- Iqdp {]Jym- n- n-p- Xv, S ] {]XypX ""Ckvem-ns X\- mb ASn-h-p- -n-ev a X t c If t aS-- m- - y--p ke^o hnNmc[mc-bm-mWv. m \ hi s S t S
hlm- nkw Hcp aX- n- zm- tam Hcp ]pXnb _ hi k

Is- tem A. adnv Ckvem-ns bYm A a [ym- - - ]p\-p- -nm {ianp Hcp {]m]\ c c
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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\-m- v AXns\ hnfn-Xv ke^n Fp-m- v. a W t a W _ Atlw XpS-p- p: Fmepw Ah hlm- nkw c F hmv D]-bm- n- p- Xv Cu cmPyw H-- aX t K cp {`mp cmjv{S-m-Wv kan- m- m- v. ]Sn a s \ W md am[y-- ]dp ]dv-]n- n h a b p {]mn- p- - p-]mepw aX X t {`mns eW ambn ImWp- {Xhsc Fn- n-n- pp. c Ah sNp- Xv ISp hnizm- n- -pambpw k If `oIc- m-n- fp-mbpw Xpe\w sNbvXv \s-b- mh ZI a s h scbpw `oI-- m-n- -mbn Nn{Xo- -np- p. C-\ ch Z If Ic s bphmp- D]-bm- n- p- - ns kuIcyw C I t K X Xm- v. ke^o Nnm- -Wn Hcn- epw Hcp ISp W kc {]m- -- . Nne-m ISp ho- -p Nne \a t Wa AXns A\p- m- n- -mbn Dm- mw. Xo{h- mZw b b If I h F {]iv\w DS-eSppXv Nne A\p- m- n- -n s b b If Ah-psS kzw _pnbpw hnth- hpw D]-bm c I t Ks-p- m-X, hnIm-- n\v ASn---p-mgmWv. S s c as S t Inco-- - m- n- mb A_vZp C_v\p A_vZp ShI i b Akokv cmPys ]WvUn- - m-cmSv D Hcp AdnX t bn- n ]dp: Fs ktlmZ--c,\nsm cs adn- mw. \man-m hnja- --mb Zn\- -n- qsS I b t Ica f e S- p- bvsm- n-n- p- - m- v Fv.AXp-Imv t]m c Ib W s
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\n kuay-mbn hn- p- bpw Hmtcm hmpw c I kqnv D]-bm- n- p- bpw thWw. ImcWw \m t K I tam-cm-p- cpw Am- p- n-\mSpw Ckvem-nI cmjv t c l ht a {S-mSpw D-- m-nXzw ImWnthcmWv. \n t ch Z s- m- pw Rm hnPbw t\cp- p. Am h lp \nt- pw {]tNm-- w \Is. h Z\ \psS Ctm-s nXn- n-ijw Hcp {] g ht tXyI Ah- - n- mWv \s Fn- n-np- - v.\m b e c X tam-p-p- cpw hfsc _pn- q- pw, kpt_mcc ] h [ tm-p- Snbpw Nnn- p- bpw {]hn- p- bpw S IqI I thWw. ImcWw Ckvem-n Ghpw ]hn- ambn I a {Xcp- --p Cu cmPy- p \n-mWv temI-Xs S f s m-p-p apkvenw ktlm--- v amXr- - m-ISa Z c Ib t - v. BZy-mbn Rm A`yn- p- Xv Am- p X a l hns\ `b--m- m- v.\n-psS aX-bpw \nfp s S \ W f t sS amXr-m- y-bpw tkhn- p- - pw, Ckvem-ns\ c Ps Ib a tkhn- m bpn-o-bmSp IqSnb hmp- D Z t I ]-bm- n- pIbpw sNp- .hnImcw \nsf Iogvs t K I -p- p- m kzbw A\ph-n- m- n-n- p- . ImcWw Sh Z Xc I \n Hmtcm-p- cpw Am- p- nt\mSpw Ahs P c lh \XtbmSpw amXr-m- y-mSpw IpSpw_tmSpw Ip c Pt nI-fmSpw ktm- cn Bm-n-m- -mSpw Dc t ] ` a \t - m--- -m- v. h Zs hc W
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\psS hmbn \nv ]pd- p- -m t]mIp hc Hmtcm hmpw hfsc {im- qw ]cn-im- n ] t [ tijw am{Xw D-n-- Hcp ImeL-- n- mWv ct e \manv \n- -Im- Xv- \ntfmtcm-pcpw Cu es p- . c D-- m-nXzw Am- phns apnepw \n-psS ch Z l f P\XtbmSpw A[n- m-n- -fmSpw \nd-h-p-av Rm I c It t s {]Xo- np- p. AXn- m \mw Hcp aqe- vn-p \ b c --p- - n \nv Hgnhm- p-av {]Xo- n- mw. s S X Is am{X- p-- , aX- --mb Imcy- kam- m\nepw h a ] ca [ im- - nepw am{Xw hnNn\w sNt- - m- v. A Xb X W mlp Jp- - n ]d- Xv Adn- m--m.Rm \n B\ b at sf Hcp a[- kaqlam- n- n-n- pp. ya bc Ctm Fm- -p-Sbpw a\- n Dbv h hc s cm- p Hcp tNmZyw ""hlm- nkw Fsmv Cmh _ Xn-n- p- bpw ke- n FXv bYm Ckvem-nc I ^ a tev Wn- --p Hcp {]m\w BsW- p-ns S a cn-, Cu teJ- ns Imhpw Atlss \ ]npScp- - cpw Hcp henb Kq- --em- \m knm h Vm t N s S \ w krjvSn--p- Xv Fn- mWv?'' CXns Dcw ssiJv skbvZv A aZvJeo Fgp- nb A Clm_v (`o- -- m-w) F _rlX Ich Z mb ]pkvX- - n ImWmw. Atlw ]d- pp: I b
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`oI- Fp hnfn- sSp BfpI c-- pc

Xo{h- m-n- fpw a[ya- m-n- -mb ap NnecpamWv.H h ZI h Z If mas Xcw Xo{h- m-n- Ckvem-ns ISp h ZI a i{Xpfpw Ah-c-A- -m- n-]- - h-- tN s a b n]-p- cpw- m- v.Cq `oI-X F hmns\ hf- pX W c Xn -n- v, Bh- y- n\pw A\m- iy- n\pw hopw ho c i h pw D]-bm- n- v, Am- p- ns bYm am t K lh n-ev Wn- p- bpw Am- p- nepw Ay- m t I lh \ fnepw Ddv hniz- n- pIbpw \- n- - th- n-n k X I Xc - sI--p- p- bpw sNp ]WvUn- - m-c- pw,aX p mS I X s b - t_m- - - ns Imcy- n ]chnU- - - n {]- [\ v - n- V s amw Xnc--p ap- - -cbpw, Htcs S hs t]m se hnti- n- n- p- p. `oI-X F Cu hmns j c C-- n- p s]mXp D]-bm- - n\v hnth- - n c e t K I stbm {K- -p-Stbm bmsXmcp ASn- m- hpw f t \ cX t e C. `oI-- -bmSv bpw sNm' F t]cn- p Cu {]tbmKw Cu hmv D]tbm- n- p- - -n \n K hc p `oI-- - m-Wpw, AXv D]-bmKn- p- Xv cX b s t AXn- m- - sc `n- p- - n- m-Wpw bmsXmcp h X \ s kwi- hpw C. Ckvem-ns ktcv If- --p b a s S m\pw Ckvem-ns in tNmn- -- p- bpw a f b I Ckvem-n-\mSv A\oXn ImWn- p- m\pw Ckvem-nat h a tev Bfp- hcp- Xv XS- pI- p-mWv Cu I I b ba {]N-Ww hgn AhcpsS Dt- yw.ImcWw Ad_n- mc i b
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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bmepw A\-- n- m- mepw PqX- m- mepw {InkvXym d_ b b \ b \n- mbmepw at-Xmcp h-m- mepw, t\ct Cdb s a b nb B aX-f-bms Amlp dv sNpI s s bpw, Ckvemw kXy- ns aXam-Wv Ddn- p s I bpw sNp- bpw ]c--mb Hcp \ Pohn- ns I aa X amw Cu aX- ns XW- n am{Xta Dq Fv e Dd- n- p- bpw sNbvXnp- v. I
Xo- mbpw Am- p- n- aXw Fm b l h

C d Ckvemam- p- p.(kqd: Bep- w-m:19) I


Ckvemw (ssZ- - n- p BmWw) A h \

mXns\ Bsc- nepw aX-mbn B{K- np ] a l w AXv Ah\n \nv Hcn- epw kzoI-n- --p c s S - - . ]c-em- - n Ah \jvS- m-n s]- X t I c h \p-m- n-npw (Bep Cwdm85) a bc {]hmNI() ]dp: apl- -ns Bm Z hv BcpsS ssIbnemtWm (Ah XsbmsW kXyw- {InkvXym- n- fn \npw,PqXm-n \npw, !) \I c Fs- n tIp- bpw(Adn- p- - pw) Rm ]d I b Ib - pw, Rm Fn- mtWm Ab- -Xv AXv hn X \ s iz- n- msX acnp- bpw sNbvXm Ah \ck I I n \nXy- m- n- -mbn Xocp- - mWv. (10) h k If X
(10)

apkvenw (153)

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{]hmNI() hopw ]dp: Fs B mhv BcpsS ssIh- -mtWm Ah XsbmsW ia kXyw, aqkm()\_n Pohnn-n- p- m- n-p- p-h- n c bc s At- - n\v Fs A\p- mbn BImsX asm l b cp hgnbpw Dm- p-m- n-p- n Xs. (11) I a bc Ckvem-ns i{Xp- -psS KqVm-em- \ And a f t N hp- - n-- n Ctm henb cl- y-ampw h Sb ks A. Ah Fp-ImmWv `oI- Fhmn s c s\ hnth- - -n- msX D]-bmKnv aX- ns amN\ a t n k-n- p Hmtcm-p-cbpw,Ahs kz c c s `m- tam- {]h- - tfm t\mmsX ASv B h \ t- n- p- Xv FXv Duln- m- p- tX- p- q. C ] h b \n, As\ hnfn- m- p Imc- -p- m- p- - m \ Wa X I s, Ckvem-ns {]t_m- - -mWv Fv kzbw hn a [Ic tijn- n- v, AhcpsS ey- -n-e- m {]t_m- f s [ \- ns t]cn `oI-- m-- ns hgn- -n k ch Z If cn- p- S- p- - -m- v.Ah AhcpsS Bbp- - Xp- hc W [ FSpv i{Xp- -m-Wtm,\njvI-- -mtWm F f s fc hnth- - -n- msX sImp- - pw, `b--p- p- bpw N\ a Ib s SI sNp- p. Ch-n Iptd t]sc- nepw aXs a\ c n- mm- - -pw, aX {]t_m- - - ns bYme hc [\ amw Adn- n- mhcpw, AXp-Imp Xs `oIh s
(11)

Al- Zv (3/387)

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c- m-- ns hgn A-mbn ]np--p- - -p-m h Z a Sc hc a (12) Wv.''

\mev
ke-^n-bpw PnlmZpw
PnlmZv FXv Ckvem-ns Ghpw {][m\ a s Nnhpw B alm- - - ns irwKhpw B ] X Ip- p. aX- nse PnlmZns m\w Amlp ]d bpp: \n-fmSv bpw sNp- - -p-mbn Am- pt hc a l hns amn \nfpw bpw sNp- . (A I _Jd190) hopw, bpw sNm \nnXm \n I]\ \I--n-n- p- p. AXmIs \n s c v A\n- vS- --m- p- p. Fm HcpImcyw \n j Ica I shdp- p- bpw (bYmn) AXv \nv Kp I W- -am- n-n- p- bpw sNmw.\n-fmcp Imcyw C Ic b c I s jvS-Sp- bpw (b- m- n)AXv \nv tZm s I Y
(12)

A Clm_v (t]Pv: 119120)

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jI-am- n-n- p- bpw sNbvsX- p- -mw.Amlp A c bc I hc dn- p- p. \n Adn- p- n(kqd:A _Jd:216) b b hopw, \ymb-mb hnj--n- msX (bp- - n a aa \v t]mIm-X) Hgn- n-n- p hnizm- n- -pw, Xs c k If fpsS [\w sImpw tZlw sImpw Am- p- ns lh am- n kacw sNp- - cpw Xpeycm- pI- n- . h I b X-psS [\w-Impw tZlw-Impw kacw sN f s s p- hsc Hgn- ncn- p- - -c- m Amlp ]Z hs hn- n Dbn- n-n- p- p. Fm- pw Amlp b bc h \ {]Xn- ew hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-n- p- p. Fm ^ c ka-- n-es-p- - v Hgnn-n- p- - -c- m c t S h c hs fpw IqSp- - mbn Amlp al- mb {]Xn^ew \ Xe Ip- - mWv (kqd: Ankm- v95) X A XncpZq- () samgnp: Fs Bmhv B X cpsS ssIbnemtWm Ah Xs- msW kXyw,hn b izm- n- -n Poh- - m-- - n- phgn ImWn- pk If k cW \ sIm-p- m F\nv Ignnnmhcpw Fs S IqSmsX ChnsS \nm B{K- n- m- - cpw C l h m- n-p-- n Xobmbpw Rm Am- p- ns bc s lh am- n ]pd--p GsX- nepw ssk\y- n s S tNcmsX Ccnbvp-mbncp- n- . Fs Bmhv B a cpsS ssIbn- mtWm Ah Xs- msW kXyw! e b
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Rm Am- p- ns am- n bpw sNbvXp c lh - m- n- m- m- pw, hopw Pohn- m- pw, hopw k b h \ \ ckm- n- m- m- pw, hopw Pohn- m\pw hopw b h \ c- mn- m- m\pw hopw Pohn- m\pw hopw k b h c- m- n- m- m\pw B{K- n- p- p.'' (1) k b h l Cu kw`- - n \nv PnlmZv F- ns h X m\-- pdnv bmsXmcp kt- - papm- m s lh I CS- n- . Hcn- epw Pnlm-n\v AXn\v Aln- p b Z m\-- m Ipdv Ip- q-m.AXn- \-mb t IS {][m- a ap Imcy- -f- m {]m[m\yw AXn\v \Iphm s \pw ]mSn- . Ay- m hsc As- - s B- n \ \ b cn- p- bpw sNpw. PnlmZv FXv cp- -- n- p I X c e v. Hm--Xv {]bXv\- n-bpw Iog-- - n- at s S e s bpam- v. Cu Xcw Pnlm-n\v Xmsg ]d- p Ckvem W Z b anI \n_- - - Hp- - A\n- m-y-mWv: \I hc h ca 1. Hcp t\Xmhv, 2. cmjv{Sw, 3. sImSn- -bm-w. bS f cm--Xv kpc- sb Icp- n- p Pnlm-m- v.C at Xb Z W Xm- -, Hcp sshtZ- nI A{I-n- m ISp IbIs i ab d s-p cmPys Hmtcm ]uc-bpw \n- _m S t [y- bm- v. AXnn-p- p Bfp- v sNdp X W S I p \nm Ign- msX hcp-m AXv ap- b t h cpsSbpw IqSn IS-- m- p- p. ab I
(1)

_pJmcn(2797) apkvenw(34843486) \kmCu(3071,3072, 3101, 4943, 4944) C_v\pamP(2743)

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PnlmZv FXv aXn- mb apsm-p- fn- m b c sX XpS- H- . Hcp- - -m- s cp Xc-p t f I a p - m- pw. Hm--Xv hnZym-ym- - n-bpw hn X \ at ` k s izm- n-bpw Hcp- -m- v Cu Hcpw-aqew D k s a W - n\v AXyp- - - mb temI-- n- m- n-\m-p X\ c X h t S hnt[bXzw (D_qZn) Dd- n- m Ign- pw.Ah-psS b c Bmhp- Am- p- ns {K- n-bpw ]ca I lh s ]hn{X-mb kp- nsbpw ASn- m- - n a\ a \ \w sNp- bpw Am- p- ns aXn\pw Ahs I lh \nb-kw- n- bvpw hnt[- -mbn {]hn- pI a lX ba bpw thWw. Pnlm-n Nne ]pXnb Xo{h- mZ {]h- - - Z h WXI DSse-p- Xv \mw ImWp- p. Cu cmPy- ns am\S lm- n-bbpw i{Xp- -psS A[o- - z-bpw kw \s f iX s _- nv Amlp \Inb hmKvZ {]Im-w, ta c ]d BZi- n hniz- n- p- Bfp- apkv k I enw cmjv{Ss Hcp Pnlm-n-ev Xn- n-m Hcp Zt hS p- p.CXv A]- z-mb Hcp Xocp-m- -m- v. ImcWw Ia a \a W PnlmZn\v aptm-n- mbn th-Xmpw ChnsS X Sb s m-mbn-n FXp- -. \mw D- ns CS- n d Xs b inpw A- m- m-- fpw ImWpI- pw,]m]- A\ N c b [n- cn- - b- A\p- -- -n- mbva Zinp- bpw I pI- pwkcW a I Xn- {]Nmcw t\Sp- Xv A\p-- n- p- bpw sN I `h I pp. A-Xm-Sm- w-X--Cu Pnlm-n- bYm t s s , ZI
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Pnlm-n\v ASn- m- {]-m- -m-- {]hm- Z \ a Wa t N Iamw Dt]- n- - mbpw \mw ImWp- p. AXp-Im X s v Alvepp- - ns ]WvUnXm, C-\bp s Bfp- \S- p Pnlm-n-ev (CXv an- m I Zt h dpw knZv JpX- ns A[ym- - - -n \nv D-p p_ ]\f c ncnp- - n-p- - m- v.) Imcyamb Du \ h X W ImsX Cu Ak- pen- m- sb adn- -- m {ian X h IS p. ]Icw Ah Imcy-mb Du \InbXv-hna izm- - po- -- - n- pw,Xulo-n\pw B amK- n ki IcW \ Z eqsSb- C- v- m-n- - aq- - nsp- ke a I k- l apt-- n\p amWv.Cu cm-Xp ]dXcw Pnlm-n\v kXy- n a Z Amlp Xncp- - mbw e`y-m- p- bpw Xo- m kl a I b bpw AXv \S- n- m- p- bpw sNpw. e h I AtX kabw {]hm- - -psS am- n Ddp NI c \nm- h CXv Pnlm-ns\ Dt]- n- em-W Z s pw sNdp- m- n- m- - m-W- pw,`ocp- z-m-Wpw, X b We s Xa s i{Xp- p apn Xmgvp-Im-p- m-W- p-am s S e s s s Icp- p- p.CXv Ah-psS hnh--n- mbvabn \n X c ca v hcp- - m- v.Bcpw Pnlm-ns\ Ipdp ImWp- nX W Z . ]s AXn\p th A\p-]- y-mb Hcp {]m t a cw`w FXv (A- mlp \nt- n- n-n- p hn[- n ic ) Xulo-ns Imcy- nepw hnizmk]-amb D Z c n-ev ASn- p- q-nb Agp- p- -n \nv A t IS If Xns\ `n- mepw icn- mb Ihyfn- q-Sbpw b b es
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tamNnn- pIbpw As\ Amlp \nt- n- n-n ic p hn[- n Dns\ Hcp- p- - p-mWv.AXn Ib a \p tijw am{X-mWv `uXn- hpw ssk\n- - c- p-m a I I ]-h a b Xm-d-pp \S-- - v. ]t knZv JpXp- n s S t X _ s ]p hmZ- v ASn---- am- qw a s h ] bphm- sf ta ]d coXn- n ]cn-]mjn- np b t h ioen- np- - n- p- Icw Ah kaImenI kw` X \ ]I fpsS Adnhv Ahv ]Ip \Ip- bpw A hsc cmjv{So- - n CS-]-p- np- bpw Ahsc b s Sh I ]WvUn- am-mb Bfp- -n \nv hyXn- - nnv X c If Ne knZv JpXp_v, lk\- _, A_p AAvem p auZqZn Fo Bfp- -psS ]pXnb Is- - p- If e I sImv incp - n-- vp- - m- v. Ah A\n- mcy \ db Ib W h amb kwkvI-- - ntem B- p- o- -- - ntem cW i IcW {in- pn- AXm- Xv Hcp kmaq- n- -mb Xen b l Ia . Hcp]t Ah CXm- -X-m-tbm A s s s h-psS bXv\- ns XpS- -m- p- pAXns\ Fpc a I hn-nmepw icnPnlmsZtm,cmjv{Sobsatm, lm f In-n Ftm, at-X- nepw Imcy- -n- mSn Ftm a s ]c ] Fm- mepw Ch-psS IqsS C\nbpw t]-p- -p- v. b c c If ta sImSp- Xv Hcp DZm- -- -a \ne- n am l cW s b {X-m- v. Ccw hyXn- m- - sf Ipdnv Camw A a W b \ _m\n ]d- p: ""Cm- v Bhn`- n- --p- e h s S I bpw, ]e - m-y- -nepw Ckv- --nI amn\v F I c f em a
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Xn-mbn \ne-Im- p- bpw sNp kwL- sf hn c s I tijn- n- m- p- - p icn- mb ]Zambn F\n- p \ XI b tXm- p- Xv Cu bpK- nse Jhm-n- p- Fm cP I Wv.'' Pl Zb a b Hcp Xo{h- n- m-n- p-m- n {]apJ lZokv ]WvUnX- mb apl- Zv \mkndp-o A_m\n \S- nb H \ cp kw- m-- n PnlmZv FXns bYm-mb h Z a hymJym- -- p-nv ]d- p- - p- m- n. Pnlm-n: Cu \s d b Ib b Z \qm- n-ke- ns am- n-ev - n- - ^ t W p ]WvUn- -- {]apJ\m- v- F Imcy- n X c n W Xm Rv bmsXmcp kwi- hpw C.ke- ns ]m b ^ Xbpw, \S- -n- afpw ]np--p- - -psS CS- n ]S {ISc hc b PnlmZv F kwKXnsb kw_- nv A`n {]mb A ss\- y-p-- - nepw bmsXmcp kwi- hpw C.Pn I a s X b lmZv F kwK- n-b- p-nv ]d- p- - msW- n Xs d b Ib R P\- sf Pnlm-n- mbn Blzm\w sNp Z\ Xv cp D]m- n- -fm-S- m- v. CXn Hm--Xv [ It s b W at PnlmZv \Sp- Xv Am- p- n\p thn am{X-mWv lh a F kZp-- y-m-S- pw,cm--Xv AXv Ckv t it s b at em-ns sImSn- o-n- m- n-n- Ww FXp-m- v. R a ge bc -W a - X- scC- ph- lZokpI-- pw- n-nm- fnsemI- a p Nne D]m- n- -Xm Ah-cmSv ]d- n-p- [I t s mWv `-mb ]e apkvenw bphm- fpw ]d- pc b Xv. Ckvem-ns\ Ipdn- p ]mWvUn- yhpw,(A-n a X s
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hnZym-ymkhpw B- p- o- -- - pw) Jnem` i IcW h ^ pw-(C- vemanI `c- - q-- pw) BWh. R k WI Sh Cu lZo- ns\ Ipdnv tIn-p- ep-n- . ke^o ]m k t]m- a X ]nXp--p Hcp- mSv ktlm---n \nv R Sc ] Z cc CXv tIn-p- v. Amlp B{K- n- pp-h- n l s Cu alPns\ ]nXp- - vm Xm]-y--p- Wb cs S h- mWv Rm. Fs tNmZyw, Cu D]m- n- -f- p-n \ [ Is d v kp- n Fs- nepw ]cm-iaptm F a XmWv. AtXm, Ctm-s nXn- n-i- - n\p am g h t j {Xw _m[- -mb Hcp CPvX- mZv BtWm CXv F Ia nl m- v.AXn\p apv Hv tNmZn- -, Xm Cu D W s ]m- n- -n-ev Blzm\w \S- p- ptm ? [ If t Camw A_m\n: BZy-m- n, \mw kXn- Xv a b \n-psS Blzm- -- p-nv kwkm-n- m- mf \s d c \ W tm. PnlmZn: Rm AXn-\- p-nv ]d- p- -np. s d Ig Camw A_m\n: C\n, \n-psS Blzm\w f Hp hni-o- cn- q-\n-psS tNmZy- p adpZI . f ] Sn ]d- m ka- -m- n-n- . b ba b Pnlm-n: Fs Blzm\w hy-m- v. Rm Z a W ]d D- m[n- -nt- PnlmZv \S- p- m- mWv F ] -f I h \ s Xocp-m- w. Imc- w, \_n Xncpta\n() Acpfn a \ W lh s- vXn-p- -m: Am- p- ns hN\s al- b t
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cambn Iv bpw sNbvX- m Am- p- ns am b lh a - n- mWv bpw sNp- Xv Fv. Ckvem-ns sIm e ` Kb SnognemWv bpw sNp- - v.ImcWw hn-m- o- X X b- t]-n- HcpkwL- klm- n- v asm- n psS- c s b t\mSv t]mcmSn acn- m Ah Pm- n- n- m- c- -m l e a-Wa Wv- cn- - v-Fv Atlw ]d- n-ptm. h- X Camw A_m\n: icn, PnlmZv \S- m \ap v Hcp Aaodns\(t\- m- v) Bh- y-ptm? X h ia PnlmZn: C Camw A_m\n: Atm \mw PnlmZv \S t- Xv henb Hcp Akw- -n- cq]- nemtWm? LS X PnlmZn: A..... ]t Camw A_m\n: am{X- p- \n-psS Hmha f as D]m[n ip-mb Dtiyw BW-m. Cu hy a t h Xs Hmtcm Bcm- \m I- n- p-p- v. A [ e a Xn- \apv X-n- . cmas hyh,- Xv C a A kvem-ns sImSnogn thW-a- m- v.Hcp t\Xma s W hn- m Hcp PnlmZv Xmv kn- m- m- p \ h tam? Xmv Hcp Aao CmsX F-\- mWv s b Hcp Ckvem-nI sImSn- qd Dm- pI? a h Pn- mZn: Rv- s\ PnlmZv \S- ml A km- n- - Zm- -- - n- v- Hcp a- - nw-Ahn- zm [ pwD- lcW \ ,pkve i knbmb i{Xp-\- m- ns\ tXSntmbn hI- -ppwt X h hc .
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Camw A_m\n: \mw kwkm-n- p-Im- n-pc s c Xv kwL-mbn- S- - Pnlm-n-\- pdn- m- v.C a \-pZ s I- W kvem-ns sImSn- o-n hcp PnlmZv Fm A a g Xv Hcm-p-SXm-W-,-AX Hcp kwL- n-tX-? ft t m t m am{X- p-,h a Pnlm-n\p ]pd--p Hcp apkvenw kw Z s S L- n\v Hcp t\Xmhv tht ? Pnlm-nv: Xo- mbpw Pnlm-n\p ]pds-p Z b Z S Hcp apkvenw kwL- n\v Hcp t\Xmhv thWw.aq n IqSp- t]- {X-mX bm- t Pnlm-nt\m- s Z ]pdSptm Hcp t\Xmhv Bhiy-m- v. a W Camw A_m\n: A-\-b- n \n Fs s - sIm- vp AsXm-- [n- mbn ]d- n? cp]m- b PnlmZn: icn \ap- - ns\ aqm-s D]m- n X a [ bm- mw. Camw A_m\n: PnlmZv FXv Fm apkv enwIpw \n- -m- v Fm-W- n \apv a W s Hcp kwL- ns Bh- y-ptm? AtXm Hmtcm-p ia c pw kzw- - n- - n Xs sNm- p- - m \ eb h X tWm? PnlmZn: cm- mepw ]pw. b Camw A_m\n: CXv Hcp- ca- . PnlmZn: Fp-Imv? s
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Camw A_m\n: \mw ]dp, PnlmZv cp Xc-p-- v. Hv ^fv In^mb: AXm- Xv GsX- n as b epw Hcp sNdnb kwLn\v sNm km[n- p Xm- - v. Hcp sNdp- wLw sNbvXm Xs ap ap WX k kvenw- -fmSv AXn-\p-nv tNmZn- --p- - n- .C It s d s S I b -\- p PnlmZv hyn- v H- vsm-bvv s b I b sNm- p- - m- v. cm--Xv ^fv Abv BWv. h X W at Hcp {]tXyI ev Xma- n- p F- m-apkvenw k If- sNtXmWXv. C-\- p PnlmZv \S pws b m apkvenw- v Hcp t\Xm- ns Bh- y-nt? I h ia PnlmZn: AsX,-bpw sNp- p-- nepw C s s- nepw Cu kwL- n\v H-- Aao th- m- v. cp X W Camw A_m\n: \- v. \mw ]d- p- Xv Aao X b Fm apkvenw- -psS Hcp Jeo^bm-W- mWv. If s PnlmZn: A, Jeo- - - . ^ b Camw A_m\n: Fp-Imv? Jeo^ F s p ]d- p- - n h A]- -hpw Dtm? b X IS PnlmZn: Xo- mbpw.- Im-- w AXn- w b cW \ sNSn \p- nSnn- - Xn- v] p- \ apt Xs \apv hnfsh-p- - -a- - mWv. S W s X Camw A_m\n: CXpXs- mWv \n sN b p- Xpw. \n ]d- pXv b apkvenw- v PnlmZv I
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\S- m Hcp t\Xmhv thWw Fm- v. AtX ka W bw Xs Abm Jeo- - m- m\pw ]mSn- ! CXt ^b I \n Dt- n- p- Xv? i PnlmZn: AsX. AXp- -. Xs Camw A_m\n: A-\-b- n Fhn-S- m s s s b Wv Cu t\Xmhv? BcmWv Cu t\Xmhv? Hn Iq Sp- t\Xm- Dm- mtam? \mw t\cs tbm X I Pn- n-e- n- s b Imcy-mWv Hcp t\Xmhv thW-a- Xa s v. kw- -n- -Pn- m-n- v-Hcp Aao thW-a- v Xm LS X l Z \ s ]dbpp.AXv Jeo- - m- m\pw ]mSn- .BZyw GXm ^b I Wv thXv,PnlmtZm AtXm Jeo- tbm? CXv _m ^ n\p ap-tWm tij-mtWm \a- v-n-- Xv m a k ct Fv tNmZn- p- - n\v Xpy-mWv. X a (Ip-p t\cs hmZ- Xn- m-- n\p tijw) d {]- h Z PnlmZn: icn k- n- n-n- p- p.^-v Abv Xc f Bb PnlmZv XpS- p- - n\p ap- - s \apv H X p X cp Aao thWw. Camw A_m\n: hfsc \- v. Atm \mw X Hcp Aao-n\p thn- mtWm AtXm Pnlm-n\p th d b Z n- mtWm Blzm\w \S-- Xv? b t PnlmZn: Htc kabw cn\pw thn. Camw A_m\n: emlu- h- m-Jp- - -C e e m-_n- m- v. (A- m- - \- m-X-I-n- - i- l lphn- s g hpwn- p b
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an- - PnlmZv XpS- p- - n\p apv Aao-mWv th ) X d Xv FImcy- n Ctm \mw Xn GIm-n ` {]m - - n Fn- nt Dmbn-p- p- q. ASp tNm b b c Zyw Aao-n- p-th- n- mtWm Pnlm-n\p thn- m d\ b Z b tWm Blzm\w \S-- Xv Fm- v. Cu kwLt W n- pw, Fm Xcw kwL- pw Hmcp Aao th \ - p- v. Ccw Pnlm-ntev Blzm\w \S- m X Z \apv Hcp Aao thWw. Fnv B Aao ap Pm- n-o- sf Wn- p- bpw Iptd t]sc Ctm lZ I pw Iptd-]sc Atmpw Ab- p- bpw sNpw. t I PnlmZn: icn. Hcp kwLw apkvenw- PnlmI Zn-\- p-nv-JpB\n \nv Adn- p- bpw, Pnlm s d bI Zv \S- - -av Xocpam- n- p- bpw, Pn- m-n\p th Ws \ I l Z n kwL-n- p- bpw Ah-n \nv Hcmsf AaoS I c dmbn Xnc--p- p- bpw sNp- p. CXn-\- pdnv s SI s Fp ]d- pp? b Camw A_m\n: ktlm-cm Ctm \n Z ]d- p- Xv ^dfv In^mb Bb Pnlm-n-\- p-n- m b Zs d Wv. ^dfv In^mbbvv Hcp sNdnb kwLw kwLSnv PnlmZv \S- p- - n\v {]iv\-am- p-n- . ]s X s a ^dfv Abv Bb Pnlm-n\v apkvenw- samw Z I thWw.IrXy-mb t\Xr- z-n- msX F-\- mWv ap a Xa s b kvenw- samw kwL-n- pI? Pn- m-n- n-- pI S l Z \ d
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H-m-- - Xn- p-thn Blzm\w sNp- Xv Rm c fpw C \ In-n- .Fp-Im- mWv A-\sbmcp A-o- s s a dn\p thn \n Blzm\w \S- m- Xv? PnlmZn: icn,-A-\-b- n \apv A s s s\-bmcp t\Xmhn- mbn Blzm\w \Smw. s \ Camw A_m\n: A-\-b- n Hcp t\Xm s s hn\p th KpW- - - Fsm-- mWv? KW s b PnlmZn:(Ip-v KpW- hnh-n- pp). d c Camw: Cu KpW- -p GsX- nepw Aao-ns\ f d \n In-ptm? Pnlm-n: Dv. Iptd t]sc. Z Camw A_m\n: FhnsS? Pnlm-n: Fm- n-- pw. Z b S Camw A_m\n: \man-m ]d- Xv kwLt n-\mw IqSn,Fm apkvenw- pw IqSn Hcp A s I ao thW-a- m- v. Fm apkvenw- pw IqSn F s W I s\bmWv Hn IqSp- Aao-p-m Dm- p- . X da hI PnlmZn: (Cu hnj- - n Xnpp). b Camw A_m\n: lpssZ^m C_v\pbam- n \ bpsS lZo- n CXn-\- p-nv Fp- -- pp F k s d ] db v Xmv Adn- m-am? B lZo- v hnc Nqp b t k
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Xv apkvenw- v Pnlm-n- mbn Hcp Jeo^ th I Z\ W-a Imcy- n-e- t? AtXm Xncntm? (2) s t Pnlm-n: \psS Nbpw Cu lZo- p-m- p Z ka b _w FmWv? Camw A_m\n: lpssZ^ {]hm- - -\mSv \ NI t cI- - m-- n-ev - n- p- - Dm- p-m Ih S t W h It Fp-N- W-av tNmZn- n-nt? {]hm- - () a s s NI dp]Sn ]d- Xv Ah kwL- ns \mb- t\mSv I (Cam-n-\m-v) tNv \n- -a- m- v.t\Xmhmbn at S Ws W Bcpw Cs- n Fm kwL- -n \npw hnp f \npXmWv \- v. Cu hI D]m- n- Ctmgpw X [I {]kat? Ctmgpw \psS CSbn apkvenwI
(2)

lZokv ]d- p- p.""Bfp- {]hm- - -\mSv \sbpdnv tNmZn- p sImn-p- b I NIt c tm Rm tNmZn- n-p- Xv Xn-b- p-n- m- n-p- p.ImcWw Xn FXv F\n c s d bc v Fp-av Rm `b- p. AXp-Imv Rm tNmZnp. ""Am- p- ns {] s s lh hm- - -c,R Pmln- n- - n ({]- m- - \pap]v A- - psS Imew) B NIt e h NI Xb bn-pp. ]noSv Amlp \ sImpc hp. C\n CXn\p tijhpw Xn Dm Iptam?''Atlw ]d- p.""DmIpw'' AXn\p tijw \ Dm- ptam? ""Dm I Ipw.''- AXn\v Ipsd Aip- n- fpw DmIpw'' ""B Aip- n- Fm- n-npw?''"" I I bc Atlw ]dp: ""Fs am- ntian- msX \bn- p Bfp- . \nv \ I Ahsc Adnbmw. ]s Ah \ntj- npw''-""Cu \- p-ijw Xn Dm- n[ . t b cn- ptam?''-""Dm- pw. \c- - ns hmXn-ev Wn- p- - Dm- pw. I I t h I AhcpsS hnfnv Dcw \Ip- - \c- - n hogpw''h I .Atm Rm ]d p ""Am- p- ns ZqX-c, Ah-c- n hnh-n- p- mepw''-Atlw ]dp. lh t s c X . ""Ah \nfn \np- - cpw \psS `mj kwkm-n- p- - cpw Bbn-npw''h c h c Rm tNmZnp: ""Rm AXv ImWm CS- m Fp-N- Ww?''hs Atlw ] dp: ""apkv- - kwLnsbpw A- n-enwX s t\Xm- n-bpw IqsS Dd- p- np hs \ I.-Rm tNmZnp: Ahv t\Xmhv Cs- ntem? Atlw ]dp: As\ Hcp t\Xmthm Camtam Cs- n Fm kwL- -fbpw hnp- -- p- . acWw h s If b I sc \n\v Hcp ac- nt thcn ISnp XqtXmbn hmepw icn''. (_p Jmcn 3338)

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fmWv Fv Ah- m- --p- bpw \c- - n-ev I is S I I t Wn- p- bpw sNp- - -nt? Jnem- v ChnsS C I hc ^ m- m- p- nt? X I Pnlm-n: Rm ap hN- - -f- p-nv N Z \s d sNm CjvS--pp: Hcn- epw Fs k-- b s S apZmn kXy- n ta hnPbw t\Snb Hcp hn`mKw Dm- msXbn-n- p- - n- . Bcp- s FXnmepw h c Ib X Xn- -- mepw Ah D]- hn- --p- - n (3) C d {Z- s S Ib Xp- ep hN\- . t]m Camw A_m\n: CXn\p \psS Nbp-m a bp _w FmWv? Pnlm-n-ev Wn- pZt Xns\ Ipdn- \psS A`n {]mb hyXym- w.PnlmZv k Hcp \n- nX Imcy-mWv F- n \mw Xn a X p- n- tm. \mw Xn- p- Xv \apv BZy-mbn a H-- Jeo^ thWtam thtbm F- n- m- v.Xm cp Xe W D-n hN\w Xm-psS hmZ- n\v bmsXmcp Kp c f Whpw sNp- n- . PnlmZv ^d-mb Imcy-m-W f a s Imcy- n \mw cp-]cpw GIm-n- b- m-m- v. t ` {]m- c W Xmv a\- n- m- p- n-. \psS `nm-ne I t ` {]mbw Pn lmZv XpS- m Hcp Jeo^ thWtam F Im cy- n am{X-mWv. a
(3)

_p- mcn (J 7311); a- - nwpkve (3545)

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PnlmZn: icn. Camw A_m\n: {]hm- - lpssZ- -bmSp NI ^t ]d- Xv Cam-n-\mSpw {][m\ kwL-mSpw tN at t p \nm- mWv.-A- v {inp- . Xmv Cu \ X I lZo- n ]d- - Fm ]cn- - n- n- fpw Ctm k bs X X I gpw \ne- np- Xv Xs-b- Xv k- n-n \ s Xt hcpw. PnlmZn: kXyw Xs... A_m\n: Xncp-q- () ]d- Xv apkvenwI ZX v s]mXp- mbn Hcp Cam-am,kwLtam Cs- n h t Fm kwL- -n \npw hnp-\nm- m- v. Af \ W tm Xm Fp-Npws ? PnlmZn: R Hcpapkvenw kwL- n\p th nbpw AXn-\mcp Cam-n- p-h- nbpw At\zs a\ t j Ww \S- m {ian- p- w. A_m\n: CXmWv R Blzm\w sNp- v. PnlmZv ^d-mb Imcy-m- v.]t Ctm A X f a W Xn- p ka- -m- n-n- . \apv BZyw thXv Hcp \ ba b Cam-m- v. {]hm- - () \tmSv ]d- Xv At- a W NI l ns IqsS \nm\pw At- s A\p- -n l kc m- p-m- v. \a W PnlmZn: B- \n- m-y-m- A- h c a b Jeo- sb Inp^ Xv hsc \apv PnlmZv sNm- sv \-]napv
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Fs\bdnbmw? A_m\n: lZo- n ]d- Xv apkvenw- k I v s]mXp- mbn Hcp t\Xmhn-- n Fm kwL h s -n \npw hnp- nm\m- v. ^fv Abv B f \ W b PnlmZv \S-- Xv apgp- apkvenw- pam t h I bp Hcp t\Xm- n\v Iogn hcp Hcp kwLam h Wv. Fm kwL- -n \npw hnp \ntn h f cp-m Fs\ Hcp kwL- n\p am{X-mbn Pn t a lmZv \S- m ]pw??? t\cs k- n Imcys X XsbmWv Xm-n-m FXnp- - v. Ckvem-n ft X a I-mbn \ap-mw Htc-bmcp sImSn- -- m--mWv a s s bSb fa D- v. Hcp kwLhpw Hcp t\Xm- p-mWv.^fv Abv X ha Bb PnlmZv XpS- m Cu Hcp kwL-mWv \ap a v Bh- yw. i PnlmZn: au\w. A_m\n: Rm C\n Xmv sXfn- n- pb X-m t]mIp- Xv ^fv Abv Bb Pnlm-n\v th c Z Xv-sh-- H-- A-- am- a- ,-B-Aao Hcp J dpw- cp ao- {X- eo^ Bbn-- - -a- m- v. CXn\p sXfnhv lp c W s W ssZ- - psS B lZokv Xs. Xmv Adn- m- p^b b h - p-t]mse Nne-m sXfn- p- kX t hI phyhpw ap Nne-m Ahy- - p-mWv. Hc[ym- - Abmt h a ]I fpsS hnZymnsb Cu lZo- ns am-c- - - p k t Jb \
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k-nv D]-Z- n- p Hcp DZm- -Ww \apv t\m c t i lc mw.hnZymn Aym- - -\mSv tNmZn- p- p Xn ] It sb Hgn- m- m Fp-N- - -av.Aym- - ] h s Ws ]I dbp- Xv apkvenw- -psS Cam-ns IqsS \nm If a \mWv. hnZymn ]dbp- Xv apkvenw- v s]mXp I hmbn Hcp Jeo^ Cs- m- v. A-\-b- n F W s s m kwL- -n \npw hnp- n- sa- vf \ W Aym]I hopw ]d- pp.- nZymn Aym- - -\mSv b h ] It hfsc A\p- -W ImWn- p- - m- v. Aym- kc -\ W h ]I \m- s {]hm- - s D]-Ziw ]np--p- - p-m- v. h NI t Sc Ib a W Cu hnZymn FmWv sNpI? Ah H-- Xmgv cp hc- ntem atm t]mbn Am- p- ns\ Bcm- n- pb lh [ I bpw BSns\ tabvp- bpw As- n as-n I s epw am\y-mb sXmgn sNbvXv Pohn- p- bpw sN a I pw. CXn PnlmZv FhnsS? bpw sNtXvHcp apkven-ns IS-- fn s]- m-W- n Aym- a aI X s ]I Ah-\mSv bpw sNm ]dbp-m- n-p- p.Fm t a bc kwL- -n \npw hnp- np- m Bh- ys f \ h i Spam- n-p- n- . ChnsS H-- PnlmZv Dtm? Hcp C bc cp amw Cm---mfw Imew PnlmZp-n- . sXfnhv t St a hfsc hy- -m- v. PnlmZv Hcp Cam-nstbm Jeo a W a ^- p-Stbm tat\m- n- m- n-n- - w.Fn-p- m bs e b c W c epw ]e hnm\ hnZymn- sfbpw Ipg- p H I cp hkvXpX Rm ]d- -. Hcp ZiIw apv kndnbs b
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bn- p- m- n-- sce b cph- t]msetbm As- n A^vKm \nI-f t]msetbm-bpw sNp hnhn[ kw- s L f- -Ahv t]mcm-- -a- p-- n Hcp A pv. SWs s a- n-o- s t\Xr- zw- Ww.- Xn\v A^vKm- n- kndnd X th- C \I b- n hv t]mcm-- -atm Xncnv kndn- - m b SWs b A^vKm- n- m- n sNv bpw sN- -atm A \ \ Ws Aw.CXn- w t]mcmSp Cu cp kwL\ fpw Hcp t\Xm- ns AYhm Hcp Jeo- - psS h ^b ta t\m-- n Iogn- m- n-n- - -a- - m- v. s]m e b c W s X W Xphmbn Hcp Camtam Hcp kwLtam Cs- n Hm tcm kwLhpw Ah-psS kzw \nebvv bpw sN c p- - m- mWv hcn- . (c- v-s]mcpXp- -kw- - X b I L F- - n- - -a-n- v- tc- Xr- z- n- - o-nA- e. d H- t\- X Ig e- kw- w-F- -A- - n- m- v.-F- m-Bp- L e W kw- -m- -La Is bpwsNp- n- - n- w- L- H- e[ I kw- fmhmw.- tcm-- c- C- v- m-n- - I- n-Hm- cp-pw- ke a I tem- s Hm tcm- K- v- pw- - p.`m- b- sN- p-) Cu PnlmZv \S- m apkvenw- v \n I -mbpw thXv sFIyamWv; sFIyn\v s]mXpa hmb Hcp Jeo- sb Bhiy-mWv. CXn\p thn ^ a \mw XpSnsht- Xv hnZym-ym- hpw kzbw ip ` k o- -- - p-m- v.\apv t\cnv PnlmZv Ctmtg Xp IcW h a W S- m Bhn- . \n ]d- p- Xv Pnlm-n\p th b Z n ChnsS Hcp- mSv kwL- Ds- Xm- v. Cu ] W
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kwL- -fm-bpw Ass\- y- n- p-m- v. Am s s I e a W lp Jp- - n ]d- pp: B\ b


\n `nnp t]mI-p- v. Fn \nv cX

ss[cy- bw t\cn-p- bpw \n-psS hocyw (\- n SI f i p) t]mIp- bpw sNpw. (A^m46) I Cv \mw Gsd- psd Hgp- p \Zn t]msebm I - v. Ccw hyXn- - n hn`m- - v \nbakm[p W Ne K X \IpI F- mWv \nv sNm- p- - v. X \ X PnlmZn: icn. Atm hnZym-ym- hpw ipo` k I-- hpw Jnem- - n-ev \bn- p- -X- -\- m cW ^ t s s b Wv? Camw A_m\n: Ncn{Xw kzbw Bhn p- p.Hmtcm-p- cpw Ah- m- --p- Xv {]hm- c I is S NI c j\ W () Ah-psS amXrIm ]pcp- - msWm- v. \p sS {]hm- - At- - ns ZuXy- ns BZy- NI l ] IpXn Xulo-n-e- p W- n- p- th- n- mWv Zt \ b \o- n-sh- - v. Atlw XpS- n- Xv XuloZp sIm X b mbn-p- p, PnlmZvc sIm- . {]hm- - () At NI l- ns Iqm-n- -psS Ckvem-nI hnZym-ymk\ne f If a ` hm--mWv Dbn- - v. Atlw Ahsc kXyw ] ca bX dbm\pw AXp ]d- p- - n\v `b--m- ncn- m\pw ] b X s S X Tn- n- p.Ckvem-nI ]mT- Ahsc A`y- n- n- p. a k
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Xm-g- c- h- \--A- - -- -m-- Ckvema- s h-p- N w hXcn- t gp CpXv.Cv \mw \nv \n-psS aXw ]qn f

C bm- n- - ncn- p- p.(am- Z:3) ]e Imcy- fpw ]noSv Ckvem-n-ev Iqn at t--npv. Xm AXv k- n- p- nt? s X PnlmZn: icn. Rm Xo- mbpw k- n- pb X p. ]s PnlmZv \n- -mb Hcp Ihy-m a a Wv F- n\v JpB\n [mcmfw sXfn- pIfp- v. X h Camw A_m\n: Rm\Xv \ntj- n- p- n- . ] [ s Fs {]nb ktlm-cm Fs tNmZyw CXm- v Z W : \mw FhnsS XpSWw? Fs A`n{]mbw CXm Wv. Cu PnlmZv \S- m \apv Hcp Aao th Ww. Cu Aao-ns\ e`n- m \mw Xkv^n- - n- pw d b e (a- s I]-- - -n \npw ap-m- ) X_nX SXIf a b- nepw (a- enw- sf Ckvem-ns bYm-mb pkv I a a A[ym- - - -n t_m[- -n- ) {]hn- ]\f h c Ww. Xm kzw \nebvv CsXmv Btem- nv N t\mp- . lpssZ- bpsS lZokv {]Imcw \apv B I ^ Zyw thXv Pnlm-mtWm AtXm Aaotdm? Z PnlmZn: apIm- - fn- p- m- n-p Bscn e e b c epw Pnlm-n\p ap]v Xkv^n- pw X_n- pw Z b b
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Blzm\w sNbvXn-p- pthm? c Camw A_m\n: Amlp Xm-fmSv IcpW t ImWn- -. apkvenw- v s]mXp- mb Hcp Jeo s I h ^ Cm- n-p- Xv Ftm-m- v ]d- mtam? Xc g W b PnlmZn: Aen- bp-Sbpw apB- n- - bp-S () s h b() s bpw Imes Ipdnv Fp- -- p- p? ] db Camw A_m\n: Xm A-m- p- Xv a Aen() icn- mWv Fpw, apB- n- ()v sXp- b hb ] n-b- p-mtWm? s a PnlmZn: A.... ]s.... I Camw A_m\n: ]t- ]mSn- . F{X J eo- -m Ap- m- n-p- p? ^a bc (Ip-v Nbvv tijw) d PnlmZn: icn. icn. Hcm am{Xw. tIp {in- n-p Hcm ]d- pp: ssi- vc b J! kXyw ]dm Cu N Fhn-S- p-a- msX s bs t]mhp- - m- v.-Hcm Xs-Dt- yhpw a\pw ip Ib W i -mn hn-- n Abmv Hpw a\- n- m- na s ke b sp hcpw. Camw A_m\n: Xo- mbpw CsXmcp \ b D]-Ziw Xs. \mw Pohn- p- Xv Hmtcmcpcpw t
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Ah-psS am{Xw A`nc {]mbw CjvSsSpIsb amcI-cmKw _m[nn-n- p Hcp Ime- m- v. Cv A t c W ev]w JpB hmbn- p- tbm Ipdv Ckvem-nI \n I a b-fpw lZo- p- fpw ]Tn- p- tbm-sNp G a kI I sXmcm-- ]mWvUn- y- ns Imcy- n Rm\m fpwX scm-tbm BsWv kzbw Icp- p- p. Ahm s X sW- n sXp- q-msX lZokv hmbn- m t]mep IS a dn- - -a- n- . Fnv In\p ap]n ImWp F bWs m- ns\ Ipdnpw hmZnp XpS- p- bpw sNp- p. I PnlmZn: (C-bvv ]d- m {ian- p- p) S b Camw A_m\n: N- vp kabw Ign b n-n- p- p.Rm Cu ktlm--s D]tZiw kzo c Zc I-n- p- - m- v. Adn- p-t\m-m- mbn {ian- p hn c Ib W h S \ Zymn- -fm-p Fs D]tZiw P\- sf ISp It S sXn- m-Wbntev \bn- p bmsXmpw X c s \n {]kwKn- -pXv Fm- v. Hcp Imcy- n c W s ]cn- -m- vXn- n-ev FSp- p- m-p- - n\v apv ka ] b t N S X ]WvUn- - m-p-mbn IqSn- m-em- \ \S- - w. C X c a b t N W s apkvenw bphX- psS Hcp A]- Sw Ah C b I -\- p Imcy- -n ke- nstbm Je- n- s b f ^ ^s tbm A`n{]mbsf t\mmsX AXn-hKw A`n t {]mb cq]o- -Ww \S- p- p-h- - m- v. kwL-Ic s X W S\ sb kw_- n- , {]tXy- nv Pnlm-ns\ kw_- n I Z Imcy- sf Ipdn KthjWw \S- m Rm apkv
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enw- sf D]-Z- n- p- p. PnlmZv FXv kwi- -eI t i bt i-t\y, Ckvem-ns A`n-m- - pw, Ckvem-ns A a a a \h a Sn- m- hpw BWv. Am- p- ns \nb- m C \ lh Xp kw_- n kq- fpw \_n- - - - fpw Fm h N\ hpw ]cnNn- -m- v. ]t PnlmZn\v AXntXm Xa W b hyh- - fpw kmlN-y- fpw Dv. AXns H I c cp ASn- m\ XXzw Xs AXv \nln- p kw LS\ JpB\pw kppw A\p- m- np \n i k b-- fpw hyh- - fpw A\p- -n- p- - -m- n-n- a I kc hc b c W-a- - m- v. CXv \S- n- m- m bYm- n H s X W e cp- mSp Imew thWw; {]t_m- - -p-Sbpw ]WvUn- ] [Ic s X cp-Sbpw ]cn- a- - -mbn ipo- -- hpw \S- Ww. s {i-^ea IcW b s {]hm- - ()Xs A\p- mbn hrs ]Tn- n-NI Sp Xc- nemWv CXv sNt- - v. apPm- n-p- X lZ I apkvenw- sf bp- n tNcm Wn- p- Xv \mw I ImWp- p. As\ Ah bp- n- mbn t]mIp \ Sb f tm Ahn-- n Xs hnizmkImcy- -nepwCkvem-ns ASn- m\{]-m- - fn- - hy- y- v- a a W epw- X kX A`n- b- D- mbn ImWp- p. {]m- X A\n- m-y-mb hnizmk Imcy- Fv F h ca v a\- n- mp- - n\v app- s P\- F e X X s\- -Wv Pnlm-n\v ]pd--m Xm-mIpI- F bm Z s S d ??!! s tkmZcm,CXv \s Fn- p- Xv, PnlmZv N sN--S H Fpw AXns ]q kw s t
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K- nI-mWv N sN--S- Xv Fp-p XncnX f s t a dn- ntemWv. Hm-- mbn th Imcyw Am- p h aX l hns ap]n \mw kmy--p- p- - p-]m-e s S X t s Jeo- - m- v. ImcWw Cs Imev t\Xm^b W Ds- n Xs, Rm ]d- - -- nep Zr X c V _w (C- vem-ns\Ipdn- p A`nk a {]mbka- z\ bw)Ahn-- n Cs- n Ah XXn F Sb Xn-mbn Xocp- bpw ]c- v]cw t]mcv XpS- p- bpw c I k I sNp-w.Fm- cpw Htc I- - - n- pw,Htc [mcW h ] X b bpw D- -m- n-n- - w. AXp-Imv Rm Hmtcm h c b c W s apkven-n-\mSpw lpssZ^m C_v\p bam\ns l at Zokv {]Imcw {]hn- m- pw, Fm kwLfpam \ bp _w hnSm\pw H- vp Xs \ne-Im- m b s \pw D]-Z- n-. CXn- w GIm- X- n Pohnt i s \ b - -a- - .GsX- nepw Hcp ]w tNc-pXv Ft Ws c A-m- p- p- q.kzn\- k apkvenw- a I pwI pw \-sNm \n-psS Adn- p-Imv \n f hs v km[n- p- - m- v. CXv H-- t_m- - -m- v. DZv X W cpZv [\ a W t_m- \w kXy- n- zm- n- v KpW-m- - - p-mWv.[ hi kI Z bIh a A_m\n- psS hmp- C- n-S- km- n- pp. b I h s Ah- \ Pnlm-ns\ kw_- n Hcp sSe-^m `mjZ t W- n ssiJv A_vZp amenIv dwZm\n A P km- cn Cs\ ]dp: ""Am- p- ns am- nC lh
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ep Ww Xs- mWv Ghpw al- mb Pnlm b Zv. AmsX Nne tkmZ- Icp- p- Xv t]mse cw c X Nnepw A- a- pa- .CXp-Im- m- v-apkvenw- -fm {I-h s W It Sv i{XpX ImWn Hcp e-v Pnlm-n- mbn t Z\ Aen- \p A_o Xmen_v Hcp kwL- Abn_v s tm Atlw ]d- - v, \n-psS bm{X- fnX f I \n hfsc am- o- -m- p- .-ti- w-Ahsc Ckv i ec h I j em-n-ev Wn- p- .Fs Bmhv BcpsS ssI at I bn- mtWm Ah Xs- m-W, \n- -Im-- am e b t cW bn-Hcm-f- nepw Ckvem-n-ev \- n- --- Xm s at b s SpWvNph s]sm-- -- mI t \Xv. Am- p- ns ZqX-psS PnlmZv BWv Ghpw lh c al- -hpw ]cn- p- - p-mb Pnlm-v.{]hm- - () c i h a Z NI Hcp P\- -bmSv bpw sNp Ah- -- -n-em Xt kc f s s Ah- - m-c- pw, kv{XoI-fbpw Ipn- -f- pw, i s b s Is b Fn-\sd {]m\me-v t]mIp ]ptcmt t ln- am-cbpw h[n- -p-Xv \njvIjn- n-p- mX s c s bn-p- p. CXv Camw _pJm-n- psS kz- o- n X c cb ll s hn-pXmWv.Atlw kv{XoI-fbpw Ipn- s I sfbpw h[n- p- Xv \ntcm- n- p.CXm- s aX- ns [ I hn[n- n- - p-q- -mWv.ImcWw _e- o- -cbpw \njv h e a ea l \t I--cbpw A{I-n- m aXw A\p-Xn \Ip- n f t a a . C_v\pXoan ]d- p- Xv apkvenw- hfsc sN b I
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dnb in Bbn-ptm, Hcp Aap- ven-ns c c k a w, apkven-ns c--mse Xs sNmcn- ma s t b \- p- -n- --m- - m- n-pp. CXn\v cv sXfn- p\ h Z s S X b c h I-p- v. Hm--Xv kqdp- C- \np f at nkm- Cu Bbv BWv: (bp- - n- p- Im-X) \n \ t]m- s ssII ASn shp- - pw, {]m\ apd-]m Ib t se \n- n- p- - pw, kImv \IpIbpw sNp l Ib hn Fv \nt- n- --n-n Hcp Iqsc \o I i s c nt?. (kqdv AnkmAv77) cm-s sXfnhv {]hm- - - mb aqk (Ahn a NI \ izm- nbmb) Hcp DtZym- - Hcmsf A{I-n- k K a a s l tm, A{I-n- - BfpsS P\- At- tm Sv klm- --yn- p- - pw,Atlw A{I-nsb XSba` Ib a bm- mbn sNp- bpw sNbvXp. AXn- - - mb aqk \ I i \ A{Iansb ASn- -m Ah sIm--p. Cu kw t s `hw JpB\n Hcp- mSv hmIy- -n kqNn- n- n-p] f v. \apv a\n- m- m km[n- p- Xv sIm-e s Xv Hcp Ahn- zm- nbpw A{I-n- p-m- n-pnpw A i k ab a bc Xv Hcp]m]-mbn KWn- -p FmWv. JpB ] a s d- pp: Ahv Fs t]cn Hcp Ipw Btcm b ]n- m- p-p- v. AXn- m Ah Fs sImt- p \a \ sav Rm `bs-pp. (kqd:Ap-m- v 14).At S d A lw Cu Pohn- - nepw ASp Pohn- - nepw CXv X X
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Hcp ]m]-m- n- s Icp- n. Cu Pohn- - n Rm a b X X hnh-n t]mse Atlw ]dp: Atlw ]d c p:Fs cn- m-h, Xo- mbpw Rm Ftm X t b Sv Xs A\ymbw sNbvXncn- p- p. AXn- m \o \ F\nv s]mdpp Xtc- ta.Atm At- - n\v W l Ah s]mdppsImSp- p.Xobmbpw Ah G sd s]mdpp- - \pw Icp- m- n[n- pam- pp. (J h W \ b I kkv16) Atm Atlw AXv Hcp ]m]-mbn In-na m- n-p- psh- n Atlw am-]- n- p- - nm bc t Ib bn-p- p. Hcp apkven-n\v Ahn- zm- n- psS h[w A c a i kb \p- -- o- -- . Ahs Xs cw Nnm\pw Ah hZ\ ba \v A\p- m--n- . ImcWw, alm- mb {]hm- - () h Za \ NI apkvenw- hfsc Zp- -m- n-p Ime- -- n I ec b c L Ahn- zm- n- -fmSv bpw sNm A\p- -n- n-p i k It hZ c n- . CXv Pnlm-ns\ kw_- n Fm- -p--n-b Z hc ad t Hcp Imcy-m- v. \nWbhn[n Zn\- n, P\a W aqk \_n()bpsS ASpv ip]mi- mbn F p-m Atlw Fs Bmhv! Fs Bm t hv! Rm A\p- -n- --n-n- m Hcp Imcyw sNbv h Z s Xp. Rm Hcmsf sImp Fv ]d- p- - mbn _p b X Jm-n- psS kz- o- n Dv. cb ll
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Ahn- zm- n- -fmSv bpw sNp Imcy- n i k It Fs Xov CXmWv: Fm- p--nbmw \mw h ad apkvenw- Ctm (B- p[ in- n) ZpI b b e cm- v. am{X- \mw Ahn- zm- n- -psS CSbn X W a i k If s Pohn- pp Fp hcp-m Imcy- IqSp t X ko-m- p- p.Xmsg-m-p- n-n- p hN a I s S c \w Camw amenv AXn\v sXfn- mbn D-n- n-n- p- p. h cc
\nv Adnp IqSm kXy- nizm- n h k

I-mb Nne ]pcp- - m-cbpw kXy- nizm- n- n- -m f j s h k \ If b Nne kv{XoI-fbpw \n Nhn-n-- p- - pw, s t Ib Fnv (\n- ) Adn- msX Xs Ah \nanw b \nv ]m]w hp `hn- m CS- m- p- bpw sN b hI nm- n-psn (A- mlp \nsf Ccp- n-m- s bc h` K bpw bp- n \nv XS- p-m- n-p- n- ) Amlp b a bc Xs Imcp- y- n Xm Dt- n- p- - sc DsW i h Sp-- - n- m- n-m- pp AXv. Ah(a- - nse hn t X \ b I b izm- n- fpw kXy- n-j- n- -pw) thdn-m- n-p- p Xm kI \ t [ If bc a- n- n-p- -Xn Ah-nse kXy- n-j- n- v k c s c \t [I thZ- -b-nb in \mw \IpI Xs sNp-m \t d a bncpp. (^Xvlv25) Cu kq- n \apv ImWm km[n- p Xv apkvenwI Aapkvenw- -psS CS- n Xma- n If b k p- - m- n-p- p-hpw Aap- venw- -psS i{XpX D Ib b c s k If
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m- n-p-- n IqSn Amlp Ah-p-mbn bpw bc s ca sNp- Xv \ntcm- n- ncpp Fpw, apkvenw- v [ I FXn-n-m- p kwJym- ew Dm- n-p- p-h- n cS \ _ bc s A{I-n- tfmSv bpw sNm Amlp Ahsc A aI \p- -n- p-m- n-p-- p-m- v. CXmWv amen- ns hZ a b c s a W sXfn- v. h CsXm-- p- m- n-ps b b IqSn Cp Nne apkv enw- hnizm- n- -mb ap apkvenw- -psS Xs I k If If ta AXn- aw ImWn- p- bpw R apPm- n-p{II lZ I is S I IBsWv Ah- m- --p- bpw sNp Imcyw Nne Ad_v\mSp- -nse- nepw ]c- y-m- n-p- v. If k a b F\nv \n-psS {i- n s]Sp- m\p f b Imcyw sibvms ktlm--- m apkvenw- -psS Z c If hwi- m- - n- mbn Hcp--n-np- - m-W- pw,ka\ i \ s c Ib s b-m- p- - n\p apt bpw XpS- m Nnesc t{] a h X cn- n- p- - m-W- p-m- v. BZy- me apkvenw- -psS Ib s a W I If PohnXw ]cn-im- n- m \apnXv ImWm- p- - m t [ h X Wv. sibvm Fm- vtmgpw apkvenw- sf temIb I p\npw \njvImk\w sNm {ian- p-Im- n-n s c p- - m- v sXfnhv Xmsg sIm-p- pp: Ib W S apkvenw- Zp- -m- n-p Imev Hcp sN I ec b c dpkwLw ln- mbn t]mhp- - p- mbn.Ah A \ Ib
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hn- zm- n- -ns] Nne sImSnb i{Xp- lv i k If I- n\v hn-n- p- Xv Ip.Ah hfsc Ipd c v t] am{Xta Dm- n-p- pq; \ncmbp- -mbncp bc [c p- m- pw.Xncp-q- -psS A\p- m- n- tNmZnp: A X \ Z Xc b bI mlphns ZqX-c, Cp cm{Xn Xs \apv Ah t sc A{I-n- m \ap- - sc Iogvs-p- m km[n a h S pw.Xncp-q- () ]dp: Ah-cmSv bpw sNZX t cp- v. \n Ahv amp- Im\mWv InX \ s-n-n- p- Xv. As\ {]hmNI() Ah-cmSv c t im-m- m\pw kam- m\w ]pem\pw Bh- y- c h [ is -m sibvm adp- - v t]mbn Dds hnfn t hi p ]dp. aplZv \ntfmSv bpw sNm t]m Ip- p. \n Ah-\mSv bpw sNp- - mWv \ t X Xv Fv. apl- Zv \_n() Atm bpw sNm t]mbn-p-- n AXn- w apkvenw- `qan cs \ I bn \nv XpS- p- --pI FXp Xs- m- n-p am-s S b bc p. apkvenw- bp- n\v ]mI-m- n-n- m AhI a b - n sibvm Ahsc bp- n-e-- n b t s m s]Sp ]mSv t\mp- . I Am- p- ns ZqX Ahn- zm- n- -p-mbn ] lh i k If a p sImt- -bp- n \nv amdn-\nm v \mbn lpssZ- n- bn shv Hcp kn Dm- n_b b Xv \n-n- mw.Ahn- zm- n- -m hmsX D]db i k If {Zsk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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hn- --n-p Nne apkvenwI {]hm- - s IqsS s c NI aZo- - n-ev c--p- cm Xm-m- n.]t k \b t s hd b n - Imcw a- n \nv Bcp-Xs aZo- - n-e {]b w \b t v hmepw Ahsc Xncn- - -- - m- n-p- p. A b t X b c _qPZ FBfpw Abm-psS Ipsd Iqp- mcpw f I Cs\ Xncn- - - --- -n s]Spp.Atm A b s h c _q - Z Ahn- zm- n- -psS I- S kwL-p P i k If h f sS hgn apS- m- pw, Ah-psS hkvXp- ]nSn--p \ c s S m\pw XpS- n. Iptd- sIm--p- bpw sNbvXp. t s SI t Cmcyw {]hmN- () Adn- -m Atlw ] I h d- Xv IjvSw Xs! Ah\pw Ahs amXm- n \pw IjvSw! Fm- n-p- p. {]hm- - () A_qbc NI P Zens {]hr- n- n kp- vS- m- n-p- n F b j \ bc p kv]jvSw. ImcWw asm- p-,apkvenw- fpw A a I hn- zm- n- fpw Xn Hcp Icm-n-es ka- -mi kI dt ba Wtm AXv. Ctm sNbvX Imcyw C\nbpw Hcp bp- n\v Imc- -m- m AXv apkvenw- v H Wa b I pw KpW- --m- n Xs. Ica h Bsc- nepw Cs\ ]d- m Nne Ahn izm- n- apkvenw- -psS t\sc sImSnb AXnkI If {Iaw {]hn- n-p- -m.apkvenw- -fmSv i{Xp- bpw Im t It X Wn- n-p- v. ZAvhns ta Ah ImWn AXn {Iaw \mw a-bmsS klnv Ah sNp- sX t
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pw A\p- -n- - -a- mtWm? ZAvhns Bfp h Z W s Isf ]Icw sNp- - n \npw ]nn-n- v- -aX c b Ws mtWm Dt- n- pXv?... CXn\v Dcw J- B\n i pe- kp- n- pw Dv. apkvenwI Am- p- n-\mpwe l ht Sp Bcm- - - nepw {]t_m- - - nepw apgpIn Ign [\ b [\ bpI- m-W- n Amlp Ah-c i{Xp- -psS Xn b s s f bn \nv kwc- n- p- - m- v. At\Iw Bb X W pIfn CXv hn-p-- nepw Xmsg sImSp- n-ns c p H Bbp Xs CXn\v aXn- mb sXfn- mb h Wv. tl; dkq-e! \ns cnXm- n- \nv \n\ t h v Ah- -n- n- --Xv \o(P- - v) Fn- pX c s \ sImSp- p- . As\ sNm- - w \o Ahs I ] ZuXyw \nd-h-n- n-n- .P\- -n \nv Amlp \n t b f s cnp- - m- v.. (amCZ67). X W Cu Bb- ns Aw, \n Am- p- n lh s ktiw P\- v Fn- p- bpw Ahs I am- n-ev Wn- p- - pw sNbvXm Am- pt Ib l hns kwc- Ww Ftmgpw \nv Iqmbn D m- n-npw FmWv. AXp-Imv Cu Bbv bc s shfns--m Xncp-q- () ]pd-v hv A t ZX t tl- ns kpc- - vmbn Imh \nn-p- b c h sc hnfnv ]dp:s]mbvtm-q. Amlp Ahs f kwc- Ww F\nv Xn-pv. AXp-Imv i{Xp s
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-psS D]f {Zhw Fp- -bm- mepw Amlp X Xs b s am- n-ev Wn- p- - sc sNp- - sc t h h kwc- np sImn-n- pw F- mWv kXyw. c X Xncp-q- ()bpsS Imev kw`- n asmcp ZX h IY C-\- mWv: apkvenw- -fm-p i{XpX AXn s b It S s ]mc-y- n \ne- n- n-p Hchk-- n {] a \c c hm- I() bmkn-ns IpSpw_n- -p- q - qSn N d \S I A- d s b s b A_q- m-n-bpw `mcy kpa- - p-S- pw ASppIqSnt]mIm-p- m- n-p- p. i{Xp- Ahsc ]oV d bc \n\n-- mn h[n- n-p- m- n-p- p.AhnsS sNp cb bc tm {]hm- - () ]dbpw Am-ns IpSpw- NI d _ m-c, a ssIsm- p- n; \np {]Xnt h a W NI i k If ^ew kz-m- v.{]hm- - () Ahn- zm- n- -pam bn Hcp bp- n- n-- p- - m- n-p-- n AXp X \ d Ib b c s sbm- n-pp i{Xp- - - n\v th- pw.{]hm- bc ] X NI () Nne IcpXp- tbm Ip--p- p- tbm sNbv I s SI Xn-p t]mse `b--n-- m- n-pp. Am- v ap c s b c e kvenwI Zp- -m- n-p- - n- m Ahv Ahnec b c X \ izm- n- -p-mbn t]mcmw \S- m km[np-m- n k If a a b cp- n.AXp-Im- mWv kam- m- -mbn-nq Am s [ \a c _t f dns IpSpw- -a,\n-psS {]Xn^ew kzw Xs Fv Atlw ]d- Xv. CXp sNm am{Xta A
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v Ign- p-m- n-p- p- q. CXv Xs Am- v Pn b a bc e lm-mbn Icp- --n-p- p. Z Xs c AXp-Im- v Rm Fs ktlm--sc D]-Zs Zc t in- p- - v Ckvem-nI {]t_m- - - ns hgn- n X a [\ b \mbn {]b- v\n- m- mWv. am{X- p-, cw Nn X \ ha epw sImebpw Hgn- mn ]Icw Amlp- ns am h h - n {]t_m- \w \Sm\mWv. Amlp ]dbp [ p: bpn-o- -bm-p- q-n- pw, kZq- -Ziw aptJZ t S I S b ]t \bpw \ns cn- m- ns am- n-ev \o X h t Wn- p-sIm- p- .Ghpw \ coXn- n Ah-p-mbn I b ca kwhmZw \S- p- bpw sNp- .(\lv125). Ah I I W Xh a s v ISp ]co- - - fpw Zpcn- - p-mWv AXp-Im v Dm- p- sX- nepw Ah a ssIsIm- h t - m- v.\n an- pIbpw kqvaX ]menpX W Ibpw sNp- - w Ah-psS IpX{w \n ] c smcp D]- hhpw hcp- p- - n- .(Bep- w-m {Z Ib C d 120). temI\m- - mb Am- phn- mWv k- vXp- n Y\ l \ k X bpw. (ssiJns {]kwKw ChnsS Ahkm\n- pp) ]Sn- m- am[y-- f- Ipcp-p-sN- vXn d a psS b I Pnlm-ns\ ]n ]e A_ [mc- - fpw Dm Z WI n- n-p- v. B- Xym t_mw_nn-\- p-nv C b l s d kvem-nI ]WvUn- - m-psS A`na X c {]mb- -pw, Xop f I-pw \mw Ip- -n- p. Am- phns Cu Bb f Ig l
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pw CXn\v Dt]m-v_e- -m- v.\n \nsfZ Ia W s sIme--p- p- bpw sN-p- v. Xo- mbpw A s SI cX b mlp \n-fmSv Icp- - p- - - m- pp (\nkmAv t Wb h\ I 29). {]apJ ]WvUn- \pw Jp- - -hymJym- m- pX B X h am- n-p C_v\p IYo Cu Bb- ns hnh-- bc cW n {]apJ kzlm- nbm- n-p A_q- p-- vd- p _ bc l db b sS hmp- D-n- pp: {]hm- - () ]d- p: I c NI Bsc- nepw Hcp Ccpp IjvWw sImv kzbw h [n- m AXv Ah \c- - n shv Fm- m I e hpw sNbvXp -Im-- n-n- pw. Bsc- nepw hnj-ps t bc a ]tbm- nv kzbw h[nm AtX hnjw sImv A K h Ahs\ nc-mbn sImm {ian- p-sIm-a t bn-n- pw.Bsc- nepw ]- - fn \nv NmSn B c X - Xy sNbvXm \c- - n Ah B {]hrn l I XpSv sImt- ncnpw. (4) b JpB ]WvUn- \pw hymJym- m- p-mbn-p X X ha c Camw A_vZp-lvam C_v\p \mk AAZo d pXvF Bbn (ln:1376) \n kzbw h[n- c- k s Aw ]d- n-n- p- X,-\n ]c- v]cw c v
(4)

X^vko C_v\pIYo(1/724); _pJmcn(5778); apkv- - (158); A_q-m- qZv (3374); enw Z h XnanZn (196667); \kmCu(1939); C_v\p amP (3451).

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h[n- p- -bm, kzbw h[n- p- -bm,kzbw D] It It {Zhw hcp- n- p bmsXmpw sNp- tbm AcpXv shI (5) Fm- v. W am{X- p-- , Ghpw henb sXn- m-- - -n h a cW If Hv, PnlmZv bp- n-\mSv _-n- m \njvIt a f -mb kv{XoI-fbpw Ipn- -fbpw h[n- m A\p c s Is hmZw \Ip- p-h- mWv. {]apJ CkvemanI ]Wv s Un- C_v\p lkw At- - ns A aplm X l F al- mb ]pkvX- - n ]d- p- Xv Ah-p I b c sS kv{XoI-f-bm,Ipn- -ftbm h[n- m A\p- ms t Is h Z-n, Ah \n-fmSv bpw sNp-a nXn- na t s b sem-nsI. Atlw C_v\p Da-ns hmp- Dg d I f h Sb cn- p- p. Nne bp- -n acn- n-- n kv {XoIsfbpw ImW--n-p- p.Am- p- ns ZqX kv s c lh {XoI-fbpw Ipn- -fbpw h[n- p- - n\v A\p- mZw s Is X h \In- n-p- n- . (6) bc bYm bpw \S- p ka- - -n t]m bf epw, ta ]d \ntcm- \w Dm- n-ps- n C [ bc cp- -nepw bp- mlw \S- m ka- - hi- f k b fn Fm- n-npw nXn? A]- S `oXn- nmsX bc I b
(5) (6)

Xb- o Ico-p-lvam (141) vk ad A-pl (7/214) _p- mcn (3014) apnw (32793280) A_q-m- qZv (2294) XnanZn a J Z h (1494) C_v\p amP (2831).

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\S- p km[m-W a\p- y-c- pw, bm{X- mscbpw c js b sIn-fn Xmaknphscbpw A- an- - XnS {I- ps-n- n-bm- - n- - C- n- - - -m- n-_Xs bn- pw.- jbIa b c s-v ssi- vJ apl- -vZ C_v- p kzm- n- v\ e l A- ssk Dao- sm-- tZ- w- Inbn-- - -- w- d\- cp]- i \- pv.- t l ]A p: \n- - n-- n- hn- - h-cbpw- Xm- - v-a Sb Po- p- s (A- bX ,- p kv- nw- - c- - - n--I-m-\- --- sc e I ),kw-W s c I s h - pw-- Xm- - v- A-- - nw- - B--n- m-Rmb (A- bX ,- apkve I ) Zc D- -Z- n- - p.- c- w- n- - hn- - \m-n]t i p- Im-W ,- Po- p- \ A- -- bnhcpam- \nv- -\-bm-- I-m-- .- A- s s cp c dpv A -\- - m- n-- psh- n,-A- -\n- -f-h- n- s b b cp- h s [ p I-bm- pd- m- - tbm- - bn-pp.- - psImt ]- pI- sN- pam- c AX - spX- Cu- m- - n- pI-A- n-\m Ic- \nkq- .- X t Sv hn- zm- - - - -Im- n- -- .-Im-- w-hn- zm- i kh\ W cpXv cW i k h- - F- Xv-I- -- n- zm- n- -- e- - -m- v.\ ]Sh i k IfpsS- Wa W hn- zm- n- -- am-- i k IfpsSa .{]- m- - - \n-\n- - kz- - m- n-h- -Hh NI() pw- lo- b l c- dn-m-n-C{]- m-w-]-- - v-\n- -A-n- p t I c dX d bp I-kw-- - - -m- I--- cm-f- sc- n- : cWIc \- s H- s B- epw h- n- m-A- -kz- - n-- -n--w-B- z-n- [ h K s ] c af k Z p I- n- b .hn- --Zm- n- -m- - B-- f- hm- - fnhct j If b fpI-psS- pI\n- - n- -m- -- .- h- d- - p: B- fp h- Xc IcpXv A- ]-bpBsk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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I-A-- - nw- fm- v,-A- n- m-Ah-- k- apkve I W X\ cpsS- v-\-- -A- - -- o- -m- v-(A- m- - v,-A- v-A- apv \hZ\ ba W X bX X ] l-n- v-Zp- n- n-bm- w-sN- \- sIm- -n- c h\t K phm- pwbS pwh- n- pw- h[ A- ssI- - m- m- - kzm- - ywe \p- X{- ) A- m- - sW-C- v- k- y-m- v-C- v lphm- ! X A- X a W .- X Aml- s-a- --I- pw-C- v- m-n- -k-q- -phnXs pdnk e a I a ls I- n- - I- w- d- - mWv.pd- pw- ]-be F--k-lm--- m-c- b- -f- a- - nw- s t Zc t ! phm- t ! pkve I tf-\n- -- {I- - n- b- -n- - hm-- - - ]m! fpsS- bh {I- f epw,- SIpw- n- - sIm-p- Xn- pw,-\n- -psS-C-- m-- fn \pwS p- e f S] SpIe- \n- -k- y- - - -]m- n- - F-- mpw- X kX e pI.- s k- y- - - - Xy- n- zm- n- -- kz-m- - nX kX k- h i k IfpsS- ` h s] -- m- v.- - y- - -]m- n- --J- B\n- q-S-A X W kX k X e m pes m- -\-- W- - p:k- y- n- zm- n- -f,lp s D- p- X h i k It \n Am- - kq- n- - b- k- y- m- m-- Iq lpsh- pI- pw,- X h cpsSd: _: - n- bn-n- - b- sNpI (kq--Xu- -119) B- c pI- pw{]hm- - () kXy- - X t{]mm- n- n- n NI k l cp- p. Atlw ]dp: kXy- - - - n ASn- p kX b b d- p-\np- .kXy- - X \- ntepw, \ kz I k b - n-epw \bn- p- p. Hcp hyn kXy- - \m t k - n-p- m, Ah kXyk- mbn XpS-m {ianbc \ c p- bpw Hcp kXy- - - mb hyn- mbn Amlp I k\ b
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Xs Ahs\ tcJ--p- p- bpw sNpw.' s SI Ak- y-- p-nv Atlw ]dp: ""AkXs d Xys kqn- p- . AkXyw ZpjvS- bn-epw Zp I X t jvSX \c- ntepw \bn- pp.Hcp hyn Ak I - y- m\mbn-p- m Ah \pW ]d- p -Im-Xh c s t bn-n- p- bpw Amlp Ahs\ Hcp henb \pWc I b \mbn tcJ--p- pXphsc \pW ]d- p- bpw sN s S bI (7) pw. Z c Fs apkvenw ktlm--- tf! bphm- tf! \n -psS ktlm--- -fm-pw, \n-psS IqsS hkn f Z c t S f p Aapkvenw- -fmSpw kXy- - -m- n-n- p- . It kc b c I A- -\-\n \n-psS I- sIm- - X s f p s Ckvem-n-ev - n- - h-m- n- o-- . ap at W p- c b cpIkvenw- -psS kz`m- hpw s]cp-m-- pw, kXy- - XIf h a h k bpw, hyhlmchpw Iv BIjn- -v Ckvemw s aXw kzoI-n F{X-b{X Bfp- -mWv B-y- mc s If ZI e (8) v- m- n-- Xv? D- b cp-

(7) (8)

_pJmcn (6134); XnanZn (1894); A_q-m- qZv (4337) Z h sSen- nv (28 Pqsse 2000, _anwKvlmw-bp.sI) e ,

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A-v_n em-Z-\pw ke-^n-bpw


am[y-- -p-mbn _--p- - pw, kzbw ]{Xaf a s S Ib {]- - Fp hnti- n- n- m [mjvSyw Im h I j p- bpw sNp BfpI a\- n- m-- Xv tIpI ke t tIhnI D-n- p- bpw Inwh-- nI {]N-n- n c I Z c p- bpw sNp- Xv bYm ]{X- h- v I {]I tN- F- mWv.Ah sNt- Xv hkvXp- X X XI At\z- nv Dd- n- p- bpw AXn\p tijw am{Xw j I P\n-- n {]N-n- n- p- bpw sNpI F Sb c I XmWv. k-- --ap ]d- s, Ahv CjvSw IY S Ics b sa\- p- - n- m- v. bmYmy- -n- - . AXp-Imv b X e W f e s Ah P\- sf Nnm- p-- - n- m- p- p, P\ g e sf kXy- n \npw AI-m thn kXyaX s Bt- n- p- bpw sNp- p. ] I Ckvem-n-\- p-nv A]-a- nepw Adn- p as d s h mbn-p-- n,As- n Dul-a- nepw Dm- ncs s b cp-- n Dkma _n emZs\ ke^o As- pw, s ke- n FXv At- - n \npw At- - n ^ l l s Blzm- - -n \npw AI-e- m-Wpw Im \f s b s Wmw.\apv Dkm-- psS hnth- -iq- y-mb hmNmab I \a tSm- - FSpv ke- n- - psS BZi- -p-m ] ^ b f a
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bn Xpe\w sNbvXvt\m- mw.AXn- p-ijw IqSp- \t X hy- p thn \mw Nne ke^o ]WvUn- - m X X Cbm-f- p-npw Abm-psS hfp Xncn {] s d f t_m[- -- p-npw \S- nb ]cmai- ]cn\s d tim- n- mw. [ _n emZ \nZm- Ckvem-pD a ambn \S- nb Hcp A`n-pJn ]dp: AtXkabw Nne t\ a Xm- am Xs Ahn- zm- - --mb Imcy- -n i k] ca f hym]r- -m- p- Xv \mw ImWpp. Cu ]- - sh Xc h I fn- - n, Fm- cpsSbpw apn shv Ckvem-n h a I hr- -n \nv Ah ]pd- m- p- Xpw \mw f I ImWpp. Ah-psS aX- w- -- - n \np Xo c k LS\b v \nv ImWm- p- - m- v C-- l--h X W cp dapIfpsScm- y- n- - aXkw- -- - psS [w cmPys P epLS\b Ghpw Aip` kqN- -mb [-mWv. Cu Aip-Ia a ` I--mb ]v Ah Icp- n- qntbm Am-Xtbm \ ca X s S- n- - mtWm Fv Adn- n-- n Xsbpw cm bX bs Py- ns Ghpw henb i{Xp- -psS ]n-\- m f t (1) HpwXs hyXym- -n. ka Dkm-- psS Cu {]kvXm- - - n, a- enw-`cab h\b pkv Wm- n- m-n- sf Ahn- zm- n- -fv ap{Z-Ipn aX[I cI i k Is
(1)

\nZm- Ckv- - amknI, HIvtSm- -- - w- 96 e- n {] kn--p- nD emw _ \h _ s S b- v. X

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ns hnizm- - e- - n \np Xs Atlw k h- b ]pd-p sImp- -- Xm- n-Im- - p. Cu {] t hcp- b WpkvXmh\- AXns [mc- bvpw ke^n- - n pwW b bmsXmcp A-n- m- - p-n- . am{X- Cu XIv- o-nS \h a a ^d t\mSv ke- n- i-mbn FXn-m- p- m- pw. ssi ^I a c WX \ Jp Ckvemw A_vZp Akokv C_v\p A_vZp C_v- - _mkv (a\p :1420 ln.)t\mSv tNmZn- -p: s Bcm- - m- - - -nse {]kwK ]oT-n \nv `c[\ eb f f Wm- n- m-n- sf hnain- p- Xv ke- n- -psS coXn[I cI ^ If bmtWm? `c- m- n- m-n- sf D]-Z- n- p- - n\v ] W [I cI t i X WvUn- - m kz- t- X oIcn- amw FmWv? CXn- -lw adp- -n- mbn ]dp: `cWm- n \t ]S b [ Im-n- sf Bcm- - m- - - -nse {]kwK]oT- -n cI [\ eb f f \nv hnain- p- Xv ke- ns coXn- - ImcWw ^ b AXv Iem- - n\-- n-{]tIm- - -pm- - m- - am ] mb ]\a e Ipw. {X- p- ]noSv \ Imcy- fpw Ah {in- ns ha pw A\pk-n- n-pw hcpw. CXnssbmw A cs na ^ew A\- v Imc- -m- p Imcy Wa h -n apgp- pI FXm- n-n- pw Hcn- epw sa-p- f I bc a Xm- n-n- p- - n- . ke^v Hcp `c- m- n- m-nsb D]b c Ib W [I c tZ- n- n-p amw At- - n-\-p- pI F- m- v. ic l s g X X W As- n asmcp amw `c- m- n- m-nsb D]tZ W [I c in- p ]WvUn- mv Fgp- pI F- m- v. Cu X X X W
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]WvUn- Atlw Xs \S- p- -n amw hcp X If p- Xp- -cAtlw \- n-ev hcp- - p- sc hs bt X h At- s D]-Z- n- p -Im- n-n- pw.AXp-Imv l t i s c s Xnsb FXnpI FXv Xn- psS Im- n b h s\ t\cnp Nqn- m- n- msX Xs km[n- W p XmWv. ]ckv{XoKa- w, el-n- p- -bmKw, ]eni F \ c b ]t n- bn BcmWv Gsn-n- p- Xv Fv hyh c am- msX Xs FXnm- p- m- v.Cs\bp h X W Hsc- np Ccw Imcyfp-mbn CS-]-p- B X a s S pw ap-n- n- mbn [mcmfw aXn. AXv `c- m- n- m db W [I cn- tfm Am- - tcm BI-. I h s Dkvam\n()s-Imev ^nXv\ (]-o- Ww, c tiw) Dmb-m Nne Bfp- Dkma C_v\p t I skbvZn-\mSv tNmZn- p: Xm Dkvam-\mSv Hv ] t t d- pI- nt? Atm Atlw ]dp: Rm ]db b bp- Xv Xm tIn-n FXpsImv am{Xw Rm At- tmSv kwkm-n- n-n Fv Xm- -hn l c Nmcnpptm? Xo- mbpw Rm\pw At- hpw b l am{Xw Ds Imcy- Rm kwkmcn- m-p- v. d BZy-mbn Fs hmbn \np Xs AXv tIna m Rm\n- vS--mdn. (2) As\ Ah (J- mj s S h cnPp- ) Amcyw shfn- - p -Im- p- - -m I s ht
(2)

Al- Zv (3/403) C_v\-A_o Bknw (2/521) p

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Dkvam()bpsS Imev Xn- pm- p- bpw Ah b hI Dkvams\ Xpd-- n- p- bpw AXp- gn ^nXv\ s X I h ]qam- p- bpw sNbvXp.tNcn- n-n- p t]mcpw, hI Xc Agn-- nbpw XpS- n- - vp- bpw sNbvXp. Cpw aX hb I s]mXp - - - o- n- s _m[nv Ah XpS-p- p.Aen P\ P h X c ()bpw apB- n- ()bpw Xn- p ^nXv\bvv Im hb e c- am- Xv CXp- -. Cm-- - sImpXsW b Xs cW bmWv Dkvam() sIm--Xpw... s IqSmsX kzlm- n-m-n s]- cpw Am _a c h h-p-mb Hcp- m-m-p- `c- m- n- m-n- -fm-p Xp ca ] S fI W [ I c It S d hn- -neqsSbpw `c- m- n- m-n- -psS Ip h f W [ I c If fpw Ipd- p- fpw Xpd- -np- - n- q-Sbpw sImhI S X e s s-n-p- v. A[n- m- ssIh- w-sh- vp- - I c i b h sXn-mbn P\ Xncn- p- bpw Ahsc hI- -p c bI hc p- bpw sNp- Xv hsc R Am- p- n-\mSv I l ht hnPbw tXSp- p.'' C_v\p _mkns hmp- A I (3) h- m- n- p- p. k \ A_q Pwdm Ap- bv- u_ C ]dp:hoSv Insb-n- p hnhcw Fs- -p-- n- -m Rm cb bS s bt abn-ev Xncnp.Fnv C_v\p Amkv Fs t Xncn- -n- p- bpw FtmSv kulrZw ImWn- pd b I I
(3)

A aAveqw an hmPn- n CemJ _bv\ lnw h alv qw (t]Pv: _ 2233)

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bpw sNp- Xv hsc Rm\-- s IqsSqsS k t l in- n-pp. ]ns Rm C_v\p Am- ns ap c k nshv A lm- ns\ A[n-- np kw P t ] kmcn- -m Atlw FtmSp ]dp ssim t s klmbn BI-pXv. (4) c A\kv C_v\p amenv() ]d- p: \- n() _ b- A- psS- \pNcm-psS CS- n \npw Ghpw {]m c b f b-- - m R-fmSv ]dbpam- ncp- p:\n-psS apb t b `c- m- n- m-n- sf A[nt]n- p- tbm Ah-cmSv W [I cI I t kXy- - -- msX s]cp-m-p- tbm sN-p- v. Ahsc ka a dI cX shdp- p- bpw sN-p- v.Am- p-hmSv XJvh DmI cX lt bn-n- pIbpw a ssIsIm- p- bpw sNp- n(5) c I h Camw __- mcn (a- ln- ]d- p: Hcp a l :329 ) \p- y `cWm[n- mcnsXn-mbn {]mn- p- Xv j I c \n Im Abm C- - sf-]n- - -- h- mI ]p- \ sW- v-a- - n- m- - . Hcp a\p- y `c- m- n- m-n \k e pIj W [I c p thn A-- - n--sXp- n-p- n-m-pm t l s Xc s S {]mn- p- Xv Im Abm A- m- - D- lp t in- m- kpns- fm-W- v- - \- n B- s \na- k
(4) (5)

Xmco- p I_o (8/104) Camw _p- mcn. J J C_v A_o Bkn-ns kp\ (2/488); A PmanAv enip- v-_n Cuam a A (13/186202) A ss_l- o, Aw- oZn-(21/287)-C_v\- A_v-n-_-vJ l p Z d ;A Ko_v hlo_v (3/68)- ^nfv- _- Jm- nwlmA- p- k A- kv- - m- n.A- _l \

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em- - . pI^pZbv- C_v\p CbmZv (a :187ln- ]dp:F ) \nv adp- Sn Inpw Fpdp H-- {]m\ D ] cp mbncpsn Rm AXv `cWm- n- m-np th [I c n- msX asm- n\pw-D]-bm- n- p-m- n-p- n- . b t K a bc Atm \msa- m- cpw Ahp- nbpw Ah-p h thc sS sXp- n-p- m thnbpw Am- p- n-\mSv tI Xc l ht Wt]- nW-av I]n- s-n-p- v. AtX- s ka bw Ah a- cpw A\ym- - {]hnp- - cp I bw h am-W- n t]mepw Ahs- n-mbn {]mn- m s Xc I]n- --n- . ImcWw Ah sNp A\yms bhpw a- hpw Ahv X-- m- v-FXn-mh- .\ s b W c pI]s sXp Xncp A- - - apkvenw- vh pwI (6) sam- - n- - K- ap- m- v. epw pW- X W Camw Au- m\n (a :1250 ln)-]d- p: Hcp t\Xm- n\v-GsX- nepw hn- - - n-sXv ]-n- - m h jb bX bnBsc- nepw Im AXv D]tZ- nv Xncp- p- i XmWv A`n- m-yw. aph-ImsI No ]d- p I a b Xv Hpw Bim- - -- . a-n- v-lZo- n ]d- s-hla d k b Xp-]m-e amc- ImWm- n-- p-shv D]-Z- n t s pw S t i pI- mWv th- v.... Am- p- ns kpms\ b X lh A]am- n- p- - - . "knb' (Po- - -n- ) F \ Ib hNc {X(6)

X_Jmp l\m_ne (2/36)

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]pkvX- - ns XpS- - n ]d- n-pv, `c- m I W [n- m-n- s- n-n hnhw \S- p- Xv A\p- -I cI Xc hZ \o- - Fv. Ah At- -s a- -m- n-pba b Ic b c m t]mepw \-- v- -- p- - -m-W- n,AYhm a k I c n- h c s Ahn- zm- - ns {]I--mb bmsXmpw Ah-n i k Sa c {]Xy- --pn-- n Ahs- - hnhw A s S s Xncn \p- -- o- -- . Amlphnt\mSv A\p- -W Imp hZ\ ba kc t\Xm- ns\ ]np--p- bpw Am- p- nt\mSv A\p- h Sc I lh k f h c- --mbn hcp Imcy- -n t\Xm- ns\ A\p Wt S kcn- mXn-n- p- bpw sNt- Xv Bh- y-m- v. Im c I ia W cWw {kjvSm- n-\mSv A\p- -- -Sv Imp Imcyht kcW t kc a t n krjvSnsb A\p- -nt Imcy-n- -m''. (7) ChnsS \mw ImWp- Xv Dkma_n emZs Xn-b-n- Xpw _o`- -mbX- b-A`n- bt- m t db a pam{]m- Sp ke^n- psS FXnmWv. AXpsImpXs b Atlns A`n{]mb ke^n- - p-S- - , a b t X dnv ]pXp- m- -mb Jhm-n- n-bpw XIv^od{]- \a cPs n s Bfp- -p-Sbpw A`n- b-mWv. If s {]m- a Jhm-nPv F-n- --p Cu aX- n-m- - n c d bs S h ` K s BZifpsS XpSw kzlm_namcpsS Imew apXpXmWv. Ahsc As\ (J- m-nPv: hn h c h- m-n- ) hnfn- m ImcWw hnizm- n- -psS t\ I cI k If
(7)

A- vep P-m b d

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Xm- m- n-p Aen- p_v\p A_o Xzmen- nt\mSpw h bc _ {]hm- - s kzlm- n-m-cmSpw CSp \npNI _a t I bpw bpn-e--pIbpw sNbvXp F- pa-- v. t s S X mW Ah-psS hnizm- - Imcw h- m- - -n GsX- n c k{]] ]f epw Hv sNbv- m- {`wiw h- - mbn- m- v. X aXh\ F- W GsX- nepw h- m- w- bv- - sIm- v-acn- p- - m ] ] sN- Xp Ib sW- n Ah \c- - n Xs Fm- hpw ]m I e pIbpw sNp- Xm- v. CXv {]mam- n- tc- - W W I JI vFXn-mWv. Camw _pJmcn (a- lnc :256 )bpw apkven apw Ah-psS kzlo- pI-n- A- q--v-]-- - m c l f _ Z d dX bn-D- -n- - Xncp-qX() ]dp Bsc- nepw c pp.- Z Am- p- msX Bcm- - - vl\nspw apllh [\ b Zv Am- p- ns dkq BsWpw kmyw hln lh m, Amlp Ah\v - cIw ldm-m- n- n-n- p- p. \ a bc A_qZdv tNmZnp: Ah tamjvSn- p- tbm hy`nI N cn- p- tbm sNbvXn-p-- ntem dkqte? Atlw I s ]dp Ah tamjvSn- p- tbm hy`n- -n- p- tbm I Nc I sNbvXn-p-- n t]mepw.CtX Imcyw Atlw c s p - hiyw IqSn tNmZn- p. aqmw- w {]hm- {]m h NI t _ Z d! () ]d- p: A- -bm-A- q--v- Xm tNmZnp- - v t]mse Ah tamjvSn- p- tbm hy`n- -nX I Nc pItbm As- n el-n- -mw D]-bm- n- p c ]Z t K
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Itbm sNbvXm t]mepw.- Ah-psS hnizm- - n (8) c k apkvenw `c- m- n- m-n- Ahn- zm- n- -m- v. W [I cI i k If W AXn- m Ah Am- p- ns `cWw \S- n- m- m\ lh e s\-t]-n-apkvenw `c- m- n- m-n- sf Xqs-nc W [I cI d bm {ian- p- p. Ch-psS Ncn{Xw ZpJp-shknd F C- -p c s hc sS ]nXm- ntev sN-- n- m km[n- pw. _p h s Jm-nbpw apkvenapw D- -nc c {]mam- n- -mb Hcp l W Ia Zo- n C- -\- ImWm km[n- pw{]hm- - k s NI () lpss\ bp- nse- bp-p- - p- hoXn a Xe I p-m ZpJp-shknd F B hp.Fnv t s ]d- p. apl- tZ \oXn-m- m- pI. Am- p- ns a \ h lh ZqX ]dp \n\v \m- w- Am- p- ns ZqX i ! lh b c a \ h \oXn-m- -- n ]ns- m-mWv \oXn-m- m- pI? A a \s Xn- p-tijw Am- p- ns ZqX ]dp:-Cu a \ lh \p- ys k- n- -n \n- - Hcp P\X-hcm- pv. j X If pw\ \n-psS {]m\ Ah-psS {]m- bpambn H f c \ p- n- m \n- f- Xvt\m- b ptS- hfsc tami-m-Wp a s tXmpw. Ah-psS t\mp-mbn Xnp t\mn- m c a b \n-n-em-p- s t\mv Xosc tami-m-Wv tXm fs c h a s pw. AhJpB HmXpw. ]s AXv AhcpsS
(8)

_pJmcn (5827); apkv- - (137138, 1654); XnanZn (2568). enw

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sXmpgnbn \npw XmtgmndpIbn. Hcv th arKn- qsS IS- p-]m- p- - nepw thK- n e t I X Ah aX- n \nv hn- I pt]m- pIbpw sNpw. A hs Cu km\- BWv Jhm-n- p- . Ah-p cP I c sS CuImcyw Xe-p-- fn \nv Xe-p-- -n-ev ] a dI a dIf t Iv \psS Cs Zn\w hscsb- n- n-n- p- p. bc Cu Xn-b-n- - pw, ZpjvSX \nd- - p-mb t d bX X a ss]XrIw Ah-psS BZys Ip- r- y- n \n c IX pXs XpS- p- p. Dkvam C_v\p A^v^ms () sIme- m- - h- XpSv Jeo- - mb Aen] XI pw,^b () s- nsc \S- nb hn- - pw. AXp Ignv lnPv-X hh d bpsS ap-m- Xmw hj- n Aen()bpsSs tk \,- apB- nb()bpsS tk\- p-mbn kndn- - psS h ba bb bpw Cdmn-bpw CS- n- p kzn^o F {] s be tZip shv Gpapn. A]w Ignv Iptdb[n Iw Bf]mbw Dm- - n\v tijw kndn- - m Ip bX b ap\bn JpBs Xm-fpI- Dbnm- n W p- bpw Am- p- ns {K-- p- -nv hn[n I lh a\ kc Ww Fv Bh- y--p- bpw sNbvXp. As\ kn is SI dn- - m Awdv C_v\- Bkn- s\bpw Aen() b p() aqk AivAcn()sbbpw X-psS \ymbm f A_q- n- cmbn Xnc--p- p- bpw Ah cp -]cpw [] s SI t
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tNs-p- p Xocp-m\w kzoI-n- m- p-- p- bpw S a c \ d I sNbvXp. t\c-asd sNnpw Ahv Hcp s]mXpt Xo-p-m- - n-e- m km[nn- .AXp-Imv Aen c a \ s s () Cdm- n-epw apB- nb() kndn- - n-epw t h bb t b bt cP t]mbn.Aen() Iq^- n Fn- -m Jhm-n- pI At- - n-\- n-n Aen Hcp Ahn- zm- n- ml s X c i kb sWpw Atlw Am- phns {Ka\pkcnv hn l [npnspw ]Icw a\pjysc hn- n- - m[I fmp- - msWpw hm-n- - As\ Jhm-n- p- Ib Z p. cP I "lpdphm' F ev Hcp-n- p- Sn. AhcpsS ^n a IqXv\bpsS Xo Pzennphm\pw Aen()sXncn Iem]n\mlzm\w \S- m- m- p-m- h kt-n \ Wa W f - v. A_vZp C_v\p Amkv() Ah-psS sXnX c m-W- Xom- mbn sNp. C_v\p Amkv c I \ () Ahn-S-b- n- -m Atlw ]d- Xv B s s bt cm- - - n CXnq-p- ipjvmn ImWn- p [\ b SX Bfp- sf Rm In-n Fm- v. Atlw I W f AhtcmSv tNmZn- p.\n-psS ]cmXn FmWv? A h ]d- p:aqv Imcy- -m- v. Hm-- v, Am- p f W aX l hns\ kw_- n Imcy- n Aen a\p- ysc hv j \ymb- n[n \S- n. Amlp ]d- p- p: hn[n- Xr h b I Xzw Am- p- n\v am{X-m- p- p.(bqkp^v67). cmlh a I
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a-Xv Atlw bpw sNbvXp. ]s Ahsc A t hnizm- n- sfv ap{Z- p- n- n- , Ah-psS apX- pI kI I b c e ]nSn--p- p-n- . Ah hnizm- n- -m-W- n s S a k If s Ah-cmSv bpw sNm A\p-Xn \I--m- t a s S XmWv Ah Ahn- zm- n- -m-W- m Fp-Im i k If s s mWv Ah-psS apX- p- ]nSn--pn? aqmc eI s S a- mbn Atlw kzbw A-o-p-a- -n\o (hn X ad pAva izm- n- -psS Xe- )-F m\w kzoI-nn- . k If h c A-\sb- n Atlw Ahn- zm- n- -psS Xe- s i k If h \m- -m. Atm C_v\p Amkv Ah-cmSv ]d Wt t p: \n- - n-- n- an- m- Sb X- Am- p- ns lh {K- n \npw {]hm- - kp- n \np-m NI a Wv \nv Rmhmbn- p- -p- -X- n- Xc s \n]iv- m- - nv- S- - Ah ]dp icn. A N ] a-ptam? t At tmAtlw- d- - \n ]d- -m]-p: lw Am- p- n- aXns-Im-y- n-Bfpl hs c I sfsmmWv \ymbw \S- p- -X- v. Am- p- n s lh s Xs hmp- \n In-n-. kXy hn I t izmkn- -f, \n Clvdm-n- m- n-ns th arK Is ae bc s sImcp- v. \n-n-em-m a\x- qw AXn X fs c ] s\ sImp ]w Ah sIm- n\v Xpy-av X s \n-n \np cv \oXn-mam Xop I f a n- p Imensb(A- hm Imen- -f) IAv_n Y Is
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Fn--c _en-r- -mbn \tI- - mWv(kqt t a Ka X d- Z- asmcp hmNIwAm- p- ns Xs.C :amC-:95) lh \n Ah (Z- n-m)Xn `nnv t]mIp-av \n Xa s `b--p ]w Ahs Bm-n \nv s S c Hcp a[y- -\bpw AhfpsS Bmcn \nv H s cp a[y- -\bpw \n \ntbm- n- pI (kqd: A s K n- m- vk A:35). Am- p- m-W,Rm \n-fmSv tIW-]nlh s t t p- p. Hcp Znl-ns Fn-emp `mK- ns hn a s e- e- n- m Hcp apben-tbm,Hcp a\p- y\t]m- pa s j pwAhs `mcybpw Xnep _- n-tbm As {XhneHcp a\pjys Nn--p c- n\pws S Ah s \jvS--p apX- n\pan-s S e t ?Fm AXv a\pjycm \y-b- n- nv hnt[- -m- n- q-S- ptm?A m h[ ba s b h ]dp, Xo- mbpw cn\pw kzn\pw \ymb- n[n sN--m IqSp- Al- - p- v.A h s S X Xb hs tm C_v\p Amkv() ]dp A- -c-Ahnizmkn- -mbIf ncpXn A- -- hkvXp- ]n-n-hcpsS Ss S- n F Btcm- - s-n Rm ]d- s.- n p]W b \ \nfpsS-D(B- n- b i)sb Hcp Ahn- zmkn i bm- p- bpw ap- cn \npwI h FSp- m A\p- h Z- o- -m- -Xms Ah-n \npw FSppIbpw \ ba bs c
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sNptam? \n Dv FmWv Dcw ]d- p- b sX- n \n Ahn- zm- n- -m- p-- AXv \n-p i k If h w. f sS DbFv \n ]d- mepw \n Ahn izm- n- -m- pw. ImcWw Amlp ]d- pp:At- k If h b l ns `mcy-m Ah-psS amXmfpamIpp. (A a c lvkm_v6) Cu cp A_- - m-- - -n GsXm- n-\m[ cW I f s -mtWm \n Fv \nv B- - b- n a i ps GsX- nepw Hv sXcs-p- pI. Rm ]d- m S b \p- Xv ]d- nt? Ah ]dp:A-X- hopw s . k If Atlw ]dp:hnizm- n- -psS t\Xmhv F ] Zhn Atlw hnp- -p F- mWv \n-psS ] If X f cmXnsbn lpssZ- nbm kn \n- -Hmp _ nt- {]hm- - () Jpssd- n- -p-mbn kn D ? NI i If a lh NI \ mp-m Am- p- ns {]hm- - - mb apl t hb l Zv Fv t]cp- - vm B{K- n- p. Atm Ah (Jp-sd- n- ) ]d- p.Xm Am- p- ns {] s iI lh hmN- \m- v Fv R hniz- n- n-ppsh- n I W kc R Xmfp-mbn bpw sNtn- am- n-pna hcp- b c .A_vZp- bpsS aI\mb apl- Zvv Fs-pXq. A g -\-Aen() Fgp- n- Xv ambvv A_vZp- - psS s Xb b aI- mb apl- Zvv Fs-pXm-{]hmN- () A \ g I
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en()tbmSv ]dp:Aen() ]dpRm Hcn Ib X epw AXv ambvp- - n- . Atm Fgp- nb ew I b F\nv ImWn- p- Fv {]hmN- () ]d- pI Xcq bpw Atlw Xs ssI sImv AXv ambvpI bpw sNbvXp.Am- p- msW,- o- mbpw {]hm- - lh X b NI \m- tm Aentb- mfpw alm. Rm ]d- Xv W Xr- - n- mtbm? Ah ]dp A-X- As\ \m ]vX b s . em- ncw Bfp- kXy- n-ev Xncn- p- - p. _m b I t h n-t] hnhw \S- p- bpw sNbvXp. Amlp- n I h s A\p- m--msS Ah-cmSv bpw sNp- bpw h Zt t I (9) Ah-psS ta hnPbw t\Sp- - p-p- m- n. c Ib a b hlv_v C_v\- ap\- - (a- ln.) ]dp: p nlv :110 Am- p- m-W,Jhm-n- pI Hcn- epw Hnp \n lh s cP p Hcp kwL-m- n-n- . Amlp Ahsc G a b hpw tami-mb \ne- n- m- n- o- - Ah-n- mcpw a b e p.ce Xs hmb Xpd- n-bn- , AYhm Xpd- m Xs t Amlp A- -- Igp- n\v-ASn-ImSp- . Jhm hcpsS- s pwcnPn \np H-mfpsS Iogne- Cu kapZmbw Hc pwcn- - - kwL-n- n-n- . epwS Amlp Jhm-n- n \np Bsnepw cP A[n- mcw \In- n-p- m- n-p-- n Cu temIw I b bc s
(9)

A- lm- v- t]- v-31-32 C- _ P:

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Xs Xo- mbpw \m- - n- - --- bn-- p.-h b i eIs Spam- cpgn- -fmw AS- v--p- bpw AXp- gn l- v-X Is b s SI h s \n- t]m- - m- n-p- p. A-\-b- n Ckv p Ip- b c a s s emw Xs Pmlnen Ime- -- n-e -]mse BhpL s t am- n-p- p. Bfp- Pmln- n Ime--mse bc I e s t Iq-mbn ]- -psS apI-n-ev t]mIp-- Ah a X f ft w. cn \nv ]tm Ccp- tXm Bfp- Xm\mWv `c ] I Wm[n- mcn Fv Ah- m- - mZw D- n- p- bpw Hm I I ih b I tcm-p- cpw ]Xn- m- ncw Bfp- fp Hmtcm ssk c \ b I \yw cq]o- -nv ASp- - m-n Ahn- zm- -m-cm- n Ic b f i ka t ] v ]c- v]cw t]mc-n- m XpS- p- bpw sNp--hn k S I w. izm- n- -mb a\p- y Xs aX-bpw Xs ck If j s sbpw IpSpw- -bpw [\sbpw Xs- s _s Xbpw Hmv `oXn- n- - --v,Xm GXp- wL- n b eIs k s]- - mWv Ftm Xm\n-m BcpsS IqsS- mWv h\ t b Ftm Adn- msX Ipg- p-m- n-pp. b a bc Camw C_v\p Dsska- A- - -)tbm o e ^ n( Sv `c- m- nIm-n- sf aX - i-m- ph-c- p-nv W [ cI {`w- c s - d tNmZn- --p. Atlw ]dp: ap- - sc XIv^o s h (Hcp apkven-ns\ Ahn- zm- n- m- na i k b b {]Jym]n) sN- ph-Aen- n_v- p A_o Xzmen- n-\mSv bp \ _t w sNm- n-n ]pd- Jhm-n- p- -psS ]mc\d s c P If cy- n s]- -m- v. Ahn- zmkn FXv Am- p hc W i l
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hpw Ahs ZqX\pw Ahn- zmkn Fv {]Jym- n- i ] h am{X-m- v. am{X- p- XIv^o sN- a W ha pXn\vA XntXm- b \n_- - - fpv. Hm-tXv Adnhpw,\I a cm--Xv D-- - pw.Cu `c- m- n- mcn Adn- pat t iyh W [I sIm- p - Xys \ntj- n- psh- pw, Icp- n- qn k [ X FXnp- m\pt- n- n-pp Fpw,At- - n\v C h ic l mcyn H-- - w-kw`- n- - - Fpw \mw A c_ h X dn- n-n- - w.DZm- -- -mbn Hcphyn _nw_n c W l cW a a s A- s apn {]W-n- p- Xv inm-W- v- dn- p sIm- v-A- v-sN- - p.-AXv H-- - w-kw-- n- Xm X pc_ `h sWv Icp- m- m- n- . X \ h Ghpw {][m- -m- Xv CXn-\ms \n_- \a b s \ I Ds- pw, Hcnepw XIv^odntev FSpp NmSm ]mSnspamWv. CXv A- - Z- o- -m- v, C\ph-\ ba W S ] Xv\njn- -mWv Fv I-p {]Jym- n- p- Xv A a \p- -- o- -- m- Xp t]mse-- mWv CXpw. hZ\ ba s b tNmZy- mhv: kam C_v\p ^lZvI A HuZmbpsSbpw k^ A lhm- n- psSbpw Imk eb p- Ah tIpp- tm? AXpI tI-p-X cs v Ah-cmSv ]d- tWm? t b ssiJv apl- Zv C_v\p kmenlv A Dssk ao:Amlp Xmsf A\p- ln- -. Ahc- I-{K- s psS- m k-n- - \- -Im-y- -a- ep- c ph-- Im- -n- - p cpsS- k epask- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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v.Ah-psS Imk-nem- sc I Ah-s- n-mbn Ipd Xc v Imcy- -p- v. AhcpsS Nne Imsk-n,f Fmnep-- . \n- v- na th- F\nv AXpw CXpw Xn hn-hNn- - a- - n- m- n- -- Ign- p- n- . t p \ e cm b tNmZy- mhv: AXm- Xv B Imk-p- tI I b I -p-XmtWm Xm D]-Z- n- p- Xv? cs t i Camw apl- Zv C_v\p kzmenlv A Dssk ao:]mSn (tI-p- v).c X Rm D]-Zin- p- Xv C t _v\p _mkns Imkp- fpw ssiJv A_m- n- p I \b sS Imk-p- fpw tIm- m- v. t\cmb kz`m- - I \ W hhpw Bh- pw D ]- am-psS Imk-pI tI h nX c pI.- hm- - -mb XXz- fpb- n- n-n- hn- Ia S p]WvUn- -ptSX- . Xc tNmZy- mhv: Hm- ssiJv- Cu H-- Imcy I ! cp n t]mepw Ah `c- - m- sf XIv^o WI sNp- bpw CXmWv PnlmZv Fp ]d- p- bpw sN I bI p- p APo-n- - nte- - t]mse.-AhnsS-A- c bb Xp h kam-bpw k^ A lhm- n- p-Sbpw Imk s eb s p- fm- v- IpXv- hyXymkw ^- - Xmb I Wt .Cu C(A \ ] ca w Xv ASn- m- - --- m cm-Xcw BtWm) bm tWm?! AtXm ASn- m\- --am?! ] ct Camw apl- Zv C_v kzmenlv A Dssk-o a adp- Sn ]dp: A! CXv hn- zm- - m-y- n] i kI c
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-b- hyXymk-m- v. Hcp ]m]w- c- -m- ns p a W Im-Wa b \mw Bscbpw XIv^o sNmdn. A- v- lv- - p X A- epn-- Sn- m- - - z-m- v.s A- \XX a W tNmZy- mhv: Hm-ssiJv- `c- m- n- m-n- I ! W [ I c If m- - Hcp h- m]w sNbvXm A- -XIv^o h ] h sNm-n- . Ah Cu Bb- p-mbnd a hcpw-B A : mlp Ah- -n- n- - \p- -nv hn[n- p- n- tbm A X c X kc h Xs- mWv AhnizmknI. (amCZ 44). Fn b v Ah XIv^o sNp- Xv `c- m- n- m-n- sf am W [I cI {Xam- v!!! W Camw apl- Zv C_v kmenlv A Dsskao adp- Sn ]dp: C_v\p Am- n \nv Cu ] k Bbv kw_- nv Hcp AY (D- -- n- Dv. C cW ) hnsS Dt- n- Xv-a- - n-\n- v-]- - hi X pd- pt]m- pIp^v A. Hcp apkven-ns\ No ]d- p- Xv ]m a b ]hpw Ah-\mSv bpw sNp- Xv Ip^vdpw (A- n t h h N\ X izmkw)BWvF-\_n- - - - n ]d- - v t]m se- p Ip^v-m- - - Nne JpB hymJymXm b d W X v. fpsS A`n{]mbn CXv bYm- n thZ- m cmb Bfp- v thn Cd- nb Bb- mWv. Cu I Bb- n- bYm ]- v- m- - w-AXn\v sXmp s i N e aps h-- - - - h- -n- - pv-Xo- m m N I n n- c p- h b bpw \mw Xs- mWv Xudmv Ah- -n- n- n-n- p b Xc c
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- v. AXn am-i- hpw {]Im- - p-p- v. (AX Z \ ih a m- p- n- v) Iogvs {]hm- - - m blq--- - n-e l h\ NI ZaX t v AXn- - p- -nv hn[n- ]n- p-t]m- p.]pWy- m \ \ kc I h mcpw aX- - vUn- - mcpw(A- Imcw Xs hn[n I ]W X {]]n- n-n- p- p.) Imc- w, Am- p- ns {K- n c W lh s kwcWw Ahv G]n- --n-n- p- p. s c Ah-- n\v kmn- -p-m- n-pp. AXn- m \n cX If a b c \ P\- sf t]Sn- msX Fs am{Xw `b--p- . F s SI s hN- - \n Xp-mb hnev hnpIfbm \ a - n-n- p- . Amlp Ah- -n- n- - - p- -nv B hn Xc I X c X \ kc [n- p- n- tbm Ah Xs- m- pp Ahn- zmkn b I i I . (amCZ44) cm-s Imcyw ]WvUn- - m-cm-p _n a X t S I emZs [nmcam- v. Atlw ]d- pp: {]tXy- n W b v Cu cmPys cp hnip ]n- -psS \S- n If pw-AXns hyh- bpw Ghpw tami-mb ssI a I-nem- v. CXv Icp- n- q-n- m-W- nepw As- n f W X b s epw,CXn \npfhm- p D]I {Zhw cmPy- ns I Sp i{Xp- -psS DZy--- m Hpw ]n- n- - . f as e Atlw CXp- qSn ]dp: Ign cp ZiI I fn `cWIqSw ({Kmvap^vXnbmb) C_v\p _mkn s I ta- - Je hfscb[nIw hn]pe--- . Im s SpncWw `cWIqSn\v Atlns Zu- y- e
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fpw,hg- - -pw,At- s Ffp- - n kzm[o- n f l \ s-p- m- p hgn- -p--n- mw. B`y- c Imcy-{mS h If ad b a ebw At- - n\v sXmb hnh-- \In kzm l c [o- n- p- bpw sNbv- - Ccp]Xv sImw sImv hy \ I Xp. -mbn ]Tn- p-\S- n- m- nb Hcp \bns `mKa e ambn am[y-- -n- qsS ]c- y--pn C_v\p _m af e ks S kv Ghpw `nbpw hnm- - p-p ]WvUn- - m \h a X\ WvFv Hcp Xe-p-- nse sNdp- - msc sam- n a db hniz- n- n- p. k Cu {]Jym- - - - p]pdsa kuZn Atd- y ]\ _ `c- m- nIm-n- aXW [ cI {`wiw h- -mWv F A hc t- - ns Xpd- -n {]Jym- \w Hcp \hJm-nPo l S ] c Nmbvhns sXfn- m- v. AXh W pt]mse-Jhm-nPn BZ c i-mSpw kpdq-n- -fmSpw XIv^o-- -fmSpapt d It c n- t I A- c- ]w ]nSn- epw hy-m- p- - m- n- vh psS a X W X . ssiJv AlvaZv A- ao Hcp kpdqdn FXv P FmWv Fpw Cu BZi- -p-mbn s]mcp- f a s-p- - BcmWv Fpw, hy-mb \n- \w S h a N \Ip- - p- m- n. At- - ns Ckvem-nI {] Ib b l a t_m[- s kw_- n tNmtZym- c ]pkvX- -m \ Ia b ^mh A Penm A\n a\m- n- n-- vhn l P A (t]Pv 53)bnemWv CXv D- v. Atlw ]d- p- p: X b kpdq FXv apl- Zv kpdq skbv\p B_n-o Z
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s Bfp- -fv kzbw Ah- m- --p Hcp IqcmIs I is S Wv.Ahv Aev]wkp- pw A]w- Zv- p _n-A apv. Ahs- n-mbn {][m\ambpw Nqn- m- n Xc W --p Btcm- - - Xmsg ]-- - h- m- vs S ]W dbp- b W : Ah `cWm[nImcnIsf A[nt]npI bpw Ahs- n-n kwkm-n- p- bpw sNp- p. Xc c I CXv Xnsb-hf- - p.-AXp-hgn D]- m- - pP ] pw, A]- -- pw hgn- - vp- p.Ah `c- mIS hb W [n- m-n- sf Ahn- zm- n- -mb-Nn- o- -n- p- p F I cI i k If n {X- c I mWv {]Xy- - n a\- n- m- p- v e I X .Ah A- n s\ ]d- p- n-- nepw Ah-psS {]hr- n- AXm b s c I Wv a\- n- m- n- -p- - v.ImcWw Ah sXc- e c X s -p- Xv Jhm-n- p- -psS ]mX- m- v.AXs- n A S c P If b W Xn-\m--p- - v. \mw a\- n- m-Xv Ckvemw I t SS X e t ]n- p- Xv `c- - m- -psS B {ihnm WI f \pw,Ahsc A\p- -n- m- p-mWv. \psS cmPy- m kc \ a - s `c- m- n- m-n- apkvenw- -p-m- v. Am- p I W [I cI If a W l hn\v kvXpXn. Ah Am- p- ns \nb-- Im--m lh a{]- ca Wv `c- hpw \nb-- m-vNbpw \S- p- - v.-Ah \ W ah g X S- n- mp- Xv Amlp \nt- n in- pw. AXpe i b sIm- p- s Ahsc Ahn- zm- n- Fp- n-n- p X i kI hf - pw,Ahs- n-n kwkm-nv AXp- gn Hcp hn X Xc c h - -p- m- p- - pw,Hcp henb Xnha X Xsbm- vW .Cu BZiw sImp-\-- p Bfp- hfsc {in S I
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t- n- n-n- p- p. s]mXp- - - Ah-p-mbn _ bc P\ ca --msX Ah-n \nv kzX{-m- - w.Ah s S c c IW \psS cmPys ]WvUn- - msc `n- p- - pw,A X Ib ]am\npIbpw aXImcyfn h\ Imppsh v IpsSppIbpw sNpp. Cmcyfn \n p Xs AhcpsS {]t_m[\nsbpw Wn sbpw Dtiyw ad \on ]pdp - cpp. h Ah Pnlm-n\v Wn- p- p.]s Ah D Z t- n- p- Xv Ahn- zm- n- -psS t\sc- p Pnlm-i i k If b Z , adnv cmjv{S- n\p t\sc- p FXnm- v. cm b W jv{S `cWw sXn \nv ]p-mbpw ap-am- pa s a- F- v-\ap- -nbmw. Ah sXp- -p- - n \n d ] X pwkwc- n- --- -msWv \mw Ah- m- --p s h c I is S n- . ]s \mw ]d- p- Xv Ah-cmSv A\p- -W b t kc Im \psS IS-- mWv; Ah-cmSv cl- yambn D ab t k ]-Z- n- - mWv \Xv. ImcWw Ah apkvenw- -m t i e If Wv. `c- - mhv Ckvemw hnp-]mbn Fv ]q WI t -mbn nco- -n- --m- - m-X, `cW- ma I c s e s I sXn-mbnc hnhw \-- Xv- hm- - ()S p- {]- NI hn e- nbn-p- v'' Atlw A aucn-p AZ- n- Z _ nem (t]: 204205) F ]pkvX- - n ]d- pp: Ah kp I b - ns ] nXsc Xn- -- p- - pw,Ahv A db Ib
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]-m- - --mb t]cp- \In hnfnp- bpw sNp a \ Ica I I p. Ah-n \nv Nnesc Khsav- Pc G- pamsc pw, ap- - sc I]-sc- pw hnfn- p- bpw sN- h S I pw.Nne-m Ah ]n- sc {K- ns G- m- t X X \pw]pd- -psS am{Xw ]n- -cpwf Xs Bh ]n s \ Xscpw, {]k- - ]nX-cpw B[p- nI tem hc I - aspdnv Adnhnmhscpsams hn {Ifnp hnfnv-Ah-psS t\Xm- Ah-psS lrZb c c fn \nd- -Xm- Xocp- Xv hsc Bt- n- p s w ] p.Ah bphm- sf ]n- -n \npw Xc AI-pI bpw ]n- -cbpw Ah-psS kZ- p- -fbpw sIm Xs c Is mn-v ]p-m-p- qSn hon- p- bpw sN d t SI I p- p. As\ hnZymn- -p-Sbpw ]n- -p-S If s Xc s bpw CS- n Hcp a--Dbp- -nIbpw sNpp.C b d hc Xns ]cn- nX ^ew hfsc ISp- Xpw Xn-b-nW t db Xp-mWv. ImcWw Cq- Ahsc Xn- -- p- bpw a db I Ahs- n-n hymPm-cm]- - D- n- pXc t W b I bpw sNbvXm Ah Imcysf Afp- Xv Ah cpsS C- IfpsS Afhp-Im- p sIm- -- v.Ah sX t e m W (10) n-ev hog- - p-m- v...'' t p- b a W I
(10)

A APv- - - p ap^oZ AAkvCe- n a\m- n- n PZoZ (t]Pv 140) hn_ lP F ]pkvX- - n ssiJv kmenlv A ^ukm-\mSv ]WvUnXm-psS I t c m\w Ipdp ImWp- - sc Ipdnv tNmZn- --p- - p- m- n. Atlw ]dh s S I b b bpp: ]WvUn- sc _lp-m- nt- Xv \n- -mb Imcyam- v. ImcWw X a \ a W Ah {]hm- - s A\- -m- - m- n- -m- v. Ahsc sImm- n- m- p- Xv NI c hI i If W W

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C{Xbpw Ah- -n- n- - n \nv Dkm-- n Xc X a_ emZ ke- n- mtWm F Imcy- n C\nbpw h ^b kwi- - p-p-m? ke^n Am Ftm H bh a t n-e- mWv Atlw Blzm\w sNp- Xv F t Imcy- n kwi- -a-- n- p-ptm? am{X- p- bs s e a ha Atlw At- - ns am- kzoI-n- p- Xv l c Jhm-n- p- -psSbpw B[p- nI Jhm-n- p- -mb kp c P If \ c P If dqdn- fp-Sbpw ssien- -n \npw {]hr- n- -n I s If If \np-m- v. Atlw Ccw am- -n-ev Wn a W f t - p- - n {]ap- - mb Hcm-psS kzm[o\he- - n X J\ f b s]n-p- v. am-p-- , knZv JpXp_v. c a

Ah-psS hnm- s sImm- - m- pw. Ahsc sNdp- m- n- m- n- p- - c \ e I X W h Ah-- m apkvenw- -n- p k-cbpw sNdpXm- p- - m- v. apkvenw- -pc If e t Ib W If sSbpw Ckvem-n-bpw hnm\w kwc- n--p- Xv D- nse ]WvUn- -nas s S Xc eqsSbmWv. Bfp- ]WvUn- sc hnizkn- p- n-- n ]ns Bsc- mWv I X s b hniz- n- pI? ]WvUn- sc Ahnizkn- m Ckvem-n- - --mb Xop- pw k X a I]ca I hn[n- pw, {]iv\- ]-n- mc- - pw thn Bsc- mWv kao- n- pI? I cl b ] As\ Hc- - cw hmDv \in- p- bpw BsI A\-m- n- o-phk I a b c Ibpw sNpw. Hcp ]WvUn- icn- mbn A`nX b {]mbw ]d- m At- - n\v l cp {]Xn- - hpw, sXmb A`n^e {]mbw ]d- m Hcp {]Xn- - - pw e`n- pw. ^eh A_- - n\v- amp \I--p- bpw sNpw. ]WvUn- sc A]-m- n- - cpw s SI X a \ h sImm- nb- cpw inv kzbw Xe-hp sImSp- p- - mWv sNp- - v. Ncn h s Ib X {X-mWv CXn\v Ghpw \ kmn Ign- -Ime Ncna {Xhpw, h-m- - me a \I Ncn- hpw.......'' {X-

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B-dv_n em-Z-\pw, knZv JpX-p_pw


Jhm-n- p- fpsS {]h\ ssienbpw BZ cP I i- fpw kzoI-nv `c- - m- sf aX- i-cv c WI {`w- s hn[- - bpw hnhw \S- m\pw apkvenw Kh n- pI sap- sf adn- n-m\pw Blzm\w \Ip- bpw sN I S I bvX Hcp CuPn- vjy Fgp- p- m-\pw hnh {]h ] I c - - p-m- n-pp knZv JpX- v. Ct- - ns I\ a b c p_ l {]t_m- \w \psS Ipsd- - nIw bphm- s-- pw, [ b[ fb hnh--n- m km-m- y- \sfbpw,hnhcapsv ca a \ Pkzbw AhImisSp ap ]escbpw _m[nnp v. Cu temIv H-- apkvenw cmjv{S-am apkvenw cp t kaq- -am Cspw, apkvenw- Pmln- n- - kvlt I e (Cem-n- v-a- p-A- m- - m- w) kaq- - n \n a \ p \I e ldWs a c s Blzmv ]nm-- -a- p-mbn-pp Atln-\-- apkvenw- kzbw kwL-- pI- - `c- m- n w. I S n bpw- W [ Im-n- - s- n-n bpw \bn- p- bpwAhsc adnc I Xc I n-p- bpw thWw.Atlw JpB\ns hymJym\SI amb ^o fn- m- n JpB F ]pkvX- n e e I b lh aa\ k ]d- pp:Xo- mbpw Am- p- ns \nb--- pb
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cnv `cn- p- bpw apkvenw- -psS C- v- m-n- -\n- -I If k e a I ba hy- - - \S- n- m- p- bpw sNp Hcp apkvenw h e I cmjv{Sw Cu `qap- v C(1). J h bX knZv JpXp_v X- Ahvem- n- - p l s n Xn Ckvem-nb (t]Pv:110) F- -{K- - - C a kvem-nI kaq- - sf XIv^o sNbv- - ns\ hyXna l XX N- n- I- n- mb CJvhm\p apkven-os t\Xme b a -n-em-m-m- bqkp- p Jd-mhn km[q- -n- pfs c f b ^ f Ic p. Atlw ]d- pp: Cu Ime- -- n- mWv c b L e kmn- mb knZv JpX- ns ]pkvX- - b p_ I {]Xy- -Xv. Ch- m- n-pp At- - ns Ahs b bc l km\ Nn- tcJ--p- nb ]pkvX- w.Cu NnI s S I I-mIs Nne kaq- - sf apgp- XIv^o sNbv f l h X- ns\ \ymbo- -n- p- p.... kaq- -mSp Fm X Ic lt sshIm-nI _- fpw inYneamn ap- - -p-mc hc a bp Fm sIp ]m-p- fpw s]mn- v, samw a\p SI jy-m- n-- n-m- n- s hn\m- - --mb Hcp Pn c is Xc b i Ica lm-n\v Blzm\w \In- Xv CXm- n-p- p. kuayZ b bc X bpw ZmnWyhpw Blzm\w sNp Fmh-c s bpw ]p-msS aam-cpw ]Sn- m- kw t s d kvI--n\p apnse ]cm- - - m-n- -fpw-hnfn mc Pb h Z I s
(1)

^o fn- m- n JpB (e e 4/2122)-

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p.CXv hfsc hyamb coXn- n^ofn- m- nb e e Jp B ew B F Jp- hymJym\nepw aB- n-^n- -oJv F ]pkvX- ns cmw ]Xn- nepw c I n- e e ]d- n-- . CXnse knwl`mKhpw A- m- n pv \npw A Ckvemw hapivJn- - n lZmd F eX ]pkvXI- n \npw ap- - - n \np FSp- hb Xm- v.... W AXp-]mse ^coZv A_vZp JmenJv (CJvhm t \p apkvenao- Hcp t\Xm- v) CXns\ XsA s h CJvhm\p apkven-q ^o aokm- n lJv (t]Pv: a \ 115) F {K- nepw km[q- -np- pv: XIv^o Ic dns XXz- mkv{Xw DS-e-p- Xv CJvhm\ns {]h i s S - -m- , A- p- -psS Ah- m- - nepw Adp- Ic b X If k \ ] Xp- fpsS XpS- - nepw XS- n- m- --, bphm- -n I h e s f \nmWvv. Ah-c- m- cpw c- m- n- mb kn s h k b Zv JpXp- ns BZihpw At- - ns Fgp- p_ l Ifpw hgn kzm[o- n- --n-p- p. kaqlw Pmln- n \ s c e - n s]p-]m- n-n- p- - m-W- v- h- Xn t b c Ib s A- C\n- - I-- n.pw s Amlp A- - -n- - phXc n- XX- q ne sS `cWw \S- m- - p-qew `c- m- n- m-n- A X a W [I cI m- p- ns lmIn-n- n(]--m- n- m-w)-\ Dt] lh a ca [ I c s n- Xmb- C- -w- c- - - X- - n--- ` - c `-Wn- r- vX s Sp- c pw] Wo- -c A-- w- ^o sNbvXXm- - Ah a\bs t l XIv bpw
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n- m- n. e knZv JpX- GI-Ziw HcpZi- tmfw X p_v t I S- n Ignbp- bpw Ah- m\w CuPn- v jy {]knh I k ] Um- n-p Pam A_vZp- m- n At- s bc k l 1966 h[n- p- bpw sNbvXp. H-- h[nI \ lrZ- -b fn el-- p-Sbpw hnh- n-bpw hnp- hn fb s s I X- - ns D-- mZnXzw At- - n\p Xs- mWv; X ch l b Cu hnp- hfmWv `oI-- - p-Sbpw sImeI cX b s ]m- - -p-Sbpw \mi- n-bpw ]c- -- X XI f s s cI s hfp ]- n- - v. knZv JpXp- ns\ kw_e X _ nv ]WvUn- ]d- Xv FmsWv ChnsS X \mw {]Xn]mZn- mw. At- - ns Bi- - D l b kma _n emZ-bpw At- - ns IqsS- p- - s l b h cp-Sbpw cq]o- -- - n \n- o--m- -]p- - n- ns IcW aa b hl p- v. ssiJv d_oD_v\p lmZo Fgp- nb A A X hmknw anm ^o IpXp_vknZv JpX- an\ J p_v hmknwF ]pkvX- -- p-nv aplnYpw Cam-pIs d a amb apl- Zv \mkn-p-o A_m- n \S- nb A d \ `n{]mb {]I-- - n C- Im-w-]dn-- : k S\ {]- c pv nZv JpX- ns\ Jp_ nm Xm Nqn- m- n W Fmw kXyh- icn- p-m- v.Ckvem-nI ]mcpw- b a W a cp cyw F ]pkvXI- n \npw-GsX- nepw H-sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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`m- w-hmbn Bpw XmfpsS Cu J\n K eq-S- knZv JpX- n\v Ckvem-ns ASnm\ s p_ a Imcy- -nt- m-A\p- Imcy- -ntem-bm-Xm-p f e , _ f s c hnhchp-n- m- n-ppsh- v hy- -m- - . ktlm--a bc a IpwZc \mb d_oAv, Atl- ns Ckvem-n \np a hyXn- - - hpw At- - ns hnhcan- m- vabpw ]p Ne \ l b d- p-sIm- p- -m\pw AXv hni-o- -n- p- m\pw D hc Z Ic h Ihyw k^- -m- n- - ns t]cn Am ea bX lp Ghpw \ {]Xn- ew \In Xmsf A\p^ {K ln- p-m-m- -. a d Is ssiJv C_v\p Dssk-o-\mSv tNmZn- - at s p]pht p.k- v-]n- -- Hcp bphm- n-\mSv knZv JpX- ns ]pkvX- {]tXy- nv JpBs p_ I I bSb f \ XW- n, hgn- -- m-- Fnh hmbn- m- m e h- y--p- - pw, Ah- n- p hyXn- - - -pdn i s S Ib be Ne \ s v ap-n- np \Im- n-n- p- bpw sNp Hcm db Xc I sfpdnv Xm-psS A`nf {]mbw FmWv?Atlw {]m- {]Xn- - np.Fs A`n- b- nXmsf Am hN \p{K- s lt lp A- - ln- --Bscnepw Am- p-hmSpw, Ahs ZqX-\m-pw, ap apkvenw ktlmZ-m-ct S c t m Spw Bm- - - h-m-W- n \psS ]qnXbp- c s I- m Fgp- nb JpB hymJym- hpw ap {K X \ fpw hmbnp- Xv t{]mmln- np sIm-. s
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Cu ]pkvX- - IqSp- A\p- lo- - pw, IqSpI X {K- Xh X sa--Xpw Cs ]pkvX- - -f- m F s It p-Impw \- p-m- v. knZv JpX- ns Jp s Xa W p_ B hymJym\- n henb A]- -- ]Xn- n-n IS bc ppv Amlp At- - n\v amp \I-. l s AXn- G-- - A]- -- --m- - v-"CkvXnhm' (A hpwIS Ica b X mlp Ahs {]uUnv tbmPn Xc- n knw lm- - - n-B-cm- - w-sN- v- - F- - v- C-\ k\ t lW b Xp X ) s p-npw XmsgsmSp Bb- ns\ Ipdnpad phymJym- -m- v ]dbpI; Imcyw Amlp GI- m- p \a W \ I d: k :1). ha _a c p (kq-- A-CJvem- v- am{X- p- \- n-m-n -H-m-f-kw_- n hnhcW- n A-- - n- vc s t l \ tbmPn- m- - e- cm-- - -- v. (2) Nn- ]- a ifp\psS ssiJv Bb apJv_n C_v\p lmZo A hmZnCu-bmSv knZv JpX- ns IrXn- - t p_ I hm- n- - Xn-\b p- s Ipdnv tNmZn- - - p- mbn: p- b I a- - nZymn- -m- - e- m-cm-v^o Xh If b Nn- XpSt Sfnem- n JpB F IrXn hmbnp- m\pw A e h Xv hon kqnm\pw ]d- p- ns\ Ipdnv Xmb X sfp ]d- pp? {K- - m-- lv-- - h- Zvb I c h- ZXp- pPq-({k(2)

ssi- v-C- v- - D-sk-o-X--lnJ _\p- s a s :24/4/1421-]-n-im- n- -X--A- v- m- ct [ s Jh ep - e-m- v- C- v- m- hm- -v- a- m- m- v- Zv- mD- a A ^o- _X J- CZ h- J e X A-\ Adq F- - k-n Im- \n- v.

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jv-m- n-- - kr- v-n- - b- A- vXn- zw-H- S h s bpw- j S bpsS- pw- k X pXs- m-W- -hn- zm- w- -hn- z- n- - h- m-W b s i k )i k p- \ s -Im-yw-Nq- n- m- n- m-^- v- - _m-nbn c W X lp- c i- pe a pw- b fpzm- l \ pwepw- l- apkv- n-ne- cn- m-- en- o- neA- - - -- pw_fpsAXn- m- n-v\ k- Z JpX- sp_n{K- - - {Xw- bn- m-X Ch-b- mw- bn- p am- hm- s s hm- -X- -\-b- v-A- -tNm-n- pw.- -m-kns s s h Z At Zv- J- p_v- hlv-- - hpPqZn- - hn- z- n- - XpXZXp i k p- p sIm- m-W- v-a-- Sn-]-- - as- -A- - -m- s dp]- dbpw.- v _ a W p -X- v- A- - ho- - tNm-n- - A- v- J- s h pwZ pw- X n m- {X-- en- - cp Im-y-- - - n-AXpam- w h- b H-- c a F- a- .sImv Xm-g-]-- - Im-y- -sNpXv-icns dbp- c bmtWm- (i)-hnZymn- -fmSv Cu ]pkvXIw hmbn ? It p_ i m- m- - y--p- - v- (ii) knZv JpX- ns\ hn- zm\ hi s S X ; k-Im-y- nep-At- - ns ]n-- - f- bc l ghpI-psS- pwA-n- n- d h ep- At- - ns ]Z- nb- b- A-n l h psS- pw- S m\- n A- ho (a-676ln- C_n\p lP(a: h : ) 852l- XpSnb Cam-p- -psS Iq- n s]Sp- pn) a If Xv. Atlw adp- Sn ]dp: knZv JpX- ns ] p_ ^ofn- m- n JpB F {Khpw av IrXne e I fpw Hpw Xs hmbn- m- n-npI F- mWv F Xc X s D]-Z- w. ImcWw PamAp XIv^odn- (]m t i
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]- Imc- -mbn apkvenw- v aX Wa I {`wiw kw` hn- - Fv hniz- n- p Bfp- )\np Nnepwk I bmfp- fpw-A- n- BZi- fI Xs psm- Nne pbphm- fpw knZv JpX- ns Ir- n- -- t\cn-p p_ X IfpsS ^e-m- n-p- p.knZv JpXp_v Adn- --Xv Hcp a bc bs Fgp- p- m- F \ne- mWv; JpB hymJym I c Xmhv F \ne- n- - . A-- - n-- ^v- o A b e t l s X- k t- -- X-- G-- ]-- - se- ]Xn-\mp lw s - p d Xpt]ms sImw A- nizmkn- m- n-Pohn Hcm-p-S-X- v- o h b b fs ^k dm- v.]n-sb- s\ AsXmcp X^vko BIpw? (3) W s ssiJv kzmenlv A ^ukmt\mSv tNmZn- Z sp Atlw (A-v\m Acq) ]dp: FpsIm- mWv \a- vImcw Dt]- n- p- - Ahn- zm k h i kn- mWv Fv Camw AlvaZv ]dnpw Atb l s iIm-n- p- tbm AXn sXp ImWp- tbm c I I sNm- Xv? AtX kabw knZv JpX- ns\ C p_ s\- p Nne A`n- b- (A- m- Xv apkvenw k b {]m- X b aq- - sf XIv^o sNp A`n- bw) ]d- - n l {]mX \v hfscb- nIw ]gn ]d- p- bpw sNp- p. AXp[ bI sImv \mw ]d- pp: Cbm (A- m- Xv knZv Jp b X b X- v) apkvenw kaq- s XIv^o sNbvXp,- ] p_ l
(3)

A- q-A- v-- d- v-m-apJv_n C_v\p lmZo A hmZnCub- "^ZmC-h_ _Zp-la psS\- m- '- :63-67)k C (t]-

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s Camw Al-Zv ap ]e-nepw (AXm- Xv `q-n-m va c b c` Kw-B-- f- \-- v- -n- m- - -m- v-F- - w) fpI-pw- akIc hc W Ip^vdv Btcm- n- npw At- s Ipw ]d- n-n ] l . CXn-\- n Xm- s Fp- -- pp? ] db a Ws I- AAtlw ]dp:{]-m- - -f- pdn- pw- Xn - - sXfn- p- thXn-n--p- p- Xn-b\n- pwhI cs S co- s I- - Adn- p- -Hcp ]WvUn- \m- v Camw Alv pdn- pwb X W aZv. knZv JpX- m- s Adn-hm- Wtbm- mp- I _ t [mcC- m-m- v- Atlw ]d- p Imcyv {]-m b f W. b a W-- ]n- - h- n- . AXp-Imp Xs C fpsS_e p- a s amw Alva-n-\bpw knZv JpX- n-\bpw Xpe\w Zs p- t _ sNpXp Xs A\ym- -m- v. (Im-Ww \-- v- m ba W c ak I cw-t_m[- qw Dt]n- p- - msf kw_- nv] b ]-- - n- v- p- - - \npw kp- n \npw dX \ J- B\n [mcmfw sXfn- p- D-n- p- m Camw AlvaZn\v hI c h km[n- pw. AtX- -bw kn-n- m- -, apkvenw ka Z \ Is I sf s]m- - bn-XIv^o sNbv- - n- v-Hscm sXfnXphmXX \ hp-n- . am- a- ,a {X- sXfnhv Atlw ]d- p Imcyb v FXn-m- v Xm- - .)c W \pw- ho- - At- -mSv tNmZn- p- - p- mbn: pwlt Ib AXp -]m-e- s Atlw (AZv\m Acq) ] t s dbpp: alPns Imcy- -fn knZv JpXs p_v ]d- -co- n- n-]d Bscbpw F\n- -n- n- . Xb d b
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Atlw Fgp- n- n-pXn- cn-m- - - icnbm- pXb `q- ` KhpwW lt t S) h Xm\pw. At- -mSv (Acqcn-\m-v- Cu {]kvXm- \-b- n tNmZn- -m Atlw ]d adp- Sn Cs t ] sImv Rm\-ma Xm- v-an- lmPv F hmpW: p- Xv \ho- -- {]- b- , sXc--p- p- , IcW {In- I s SI sIme- m- - - XpS- n- kwK- n- fmWv. At ] XI b XI v t i X l- ns Imev FX-sImv-Rm\p-- n- - v A]- p- -m- v. X If W Atm Ama kzmenlv C_v\p ^ukm a cq) dp- Sn ]dp:Atlw (A-- Imcy- sf Ipdnv ] t_m[- m- - . \s kw_nn--mfwAmlph \ St hn\p kvXpXn A-l- n- vt \ ap- knZv JpX- n pw p_ \v tij- pap ]WvUn- scmw-At- - FXn h X ls (4) n-ppsh- v- -n- mw. c \ap- d b am[y--w- p {]hn- p Nnep-t]m ac K epw Dkm-- n emZ knZv JpXp_nsb- A a_ pwtl- n- v- a- p- J- m-nPpI-- b- BZi \ ph c fpsS- pw nemWv {]hnpXv Fdnbmw. Xmsg sIm Sp- n-n- p `mKw ke^o {]kn- o- -W hn`mc Ic K nse ]- [n- - w- w-kam- -n--p knZv {Xm- ]k L lc s S
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JpX- ns knm- s Ipdnv ]mmXy ]{X-m p_ a \ [y-- -n h kqN- - F Hcp teJ- - n af \I \nv FSp- - m- v. X W
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v kam- m- hpw {]m- bpw Dm- -. XpS-s: [ \ \ hs c CXv knZv JpX- ns knm- - -fbpw Nne hy p_ s n- -psS ta At- - n- p kzm[o- sbpw If l \ \ ]n Nne Aapkvenw ]{X- h- am[y-fn {]I a hym]- -mbn sImSpImcy- -psS Hcp sImpkw Ia f {K- -m- v. CXn-\- p-nv Nqn- m- n- m- p h la W s d W \ fsc {]m[m- s-- c\ H-pImcyw F-- m-Xmsgsms Sp- n-n- p hkvXp- - CXv kw_am- n-\apc XI b p hn- m- - n-- m- anI- d- n-- -- -adn \ s {]-Y D-h Sf. v,-knZv JpX- ns \qX- - p--Xo{hhmZ ]-- p_ \h w chp am- -knm- - fn-e-A- - -- -f-I- npw,-cmjv b s ] ISs pd{S- sf An--m- p- n- - apkvenw kaq- ca X epwl sf HmsI {`jvSv I]n- p- n- - apkvenw `c X epw W-Iq-pw apkvenw- pw FXn-mbn Pnlm S I c Zv \S- p- n- - p- X epa- Cu knm- - f- ]- psS- ns\p-npw R hj- -mbn hni-o- -n- p-sImd f Z Ic ncn- pXn- s ZrVo- -Ww am{X-m- n- Ic a W X v.
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sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

]m-ew: hf-c- - nIw P\- Xnbpw {]Nm-hpw e`n s b[ {]oc {]mY-nI JpXp- nkw (Elementary Qutbism) a[ya JpXa _ \f pp_nkw (Inter-mediate Qutbism) Fo teJ- - -n JpX_ns XXz- m- v{X- ns sskm- n Im-n- i k S dsb- v {]- n- m-n- npv.- ico- v \n bpdnX] Z A a hmgvN ]q- -m- n- \S- m- m- - n- m knZv Wa b X \ JpX- Fm ka- m- o- p_v I e \ apkvenw kaq- - -fbpw ls aX- jvScmbn IW- m- nb Imcyhpw hfsc hni{` Z ambn R A- nX {]Xn- m-n- n-p- -m. At- ] Z t l ns ]p NnmK- n- n Dunb A_- - mXb [ cW aqew Ien-- ns Aw sXmbn a- - n a \ na b empIbpw A lmI- n (\n- a \nmWw \ Sm- p Am- p- ns Ah- m- w)bpsS Bi- \ lh I i b n am{Xw AXns\ hne- n-p- p- bpw sNbvXp. bc I Atlw Fn- hnNn{Xamb \nK-\w Fm t a ka- m- o\ apkvenw kaq- - fpw A- nizm- n- -I e l h k If m W b c Wv FmWv. Imc- ambn ]d- pXv Ah-psS Po hnX- ns Fm Xpd- -nepw ico- v \nbaw ]q If A - -mbpw - Sn- m- nbn- F- pw- Am- p- n\vWa \ e X , lh am{Xw Ah- mis--\nb--\nmWm- n- m-w-A I a [I c m- p- n \nv FSp- p-m-n-FXpamWv.C- v-ap lh a X kvenw `c- - q-sf- - apkvenw kaq- -bpw W I Sbpw, ls
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Hsm-n- msX X- v- o- bv- gb I^ sN- X tijw Ahs- nX cmbn Hcp IpSn- -mb Pnlm-n- v-Blzm\w sNp- ea Z\ A- - - sc sImp sNs- np Fv R h h t\ctXs hni-- -n- n-Zo- c cpp.ssItdm- nse sI I b n-- X- - m- - \--a- w- S- m- - A-- wS I \pw- ct [ \- \pw- t l hm- - - m-m- - s- \- bn- -f- lzm- wb\ c b X- A- pbm- Is B- \ sN pXn-\n- pw-A- m- v-a- - n- m- - Xv-At X W \ e Ipl- ns Ah- m- - me IrXn- mb enamZm AAv k \I b Zm-q\obn ImWp- Xv t]m-ea s . A]- p- -psS Ah- m- - nepw Adp- - p- X If k \ ]X I fpsS XpS- nepw XpS- nb Cu \io- -W {] Ic m\w {ItaW apkvenw temIv ]Sp ]- n e p. CXns {][m\ tI{ Dcm- , tPm {^nm,kndnb Fo cmPy- fm- n-p- p.knZv JpXp bc _ns BZi- pw, lk- p _- psS kmtlmh \ b Z cy {]m\- ns t\c-- p I ]- n- p t b Xb sS Bghpw Hp-N-m AXn \nv Hcp- m t t ] Sv On {]m- - cq]w-sImp XIv^o h \ lnPvd, Pam- - p PnlmZv t]mse- ph. Ah-p A b c sS XXzamI-,s knZv JpX- Blzm\w sNbvX X p_v c- nep \- o- -- - lm-v- Wv i IcW Pn- Z B- . knZv JpX- ns aX- --mb ]m- ew p_ ] ca "AivAco' BsWv At- - ns Jp- hym l B
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Jym- -mb ^o fnem- n JpB' hmbn- p B \a e pw a\- n- m- km[n- p- m- v- CXp - - e X W. Xs bmWv knZv JpX- ke- n- - p-S- pw hlm- np_v ^b s b _ k- n-bpw Bfm-Wv ]d- p-sIm- n-n- p s s c ]{X{]hI-p-Sbpw Nne kq^n- -p-Sbpw hmZ cs If s s JWvUn- m- p i-mb sXfnhv; Ah hn \ a h--n- m- - p- mWv As\ ]d- p- -X- n ca X sImb s t]mepw. At- s C_v\pssXan- p-mbn _l ba s-ppXv-Xopw sXm- v. ImcW- hgn S W sb ]dbpw. lmIn-n- - p-Sbpw XIv^o-n-bpw Jp a b s ds dq- n-bpw (hn- w) kzw knm- - f- Ps h pm- p - n- m- n-JpXp_v C_v\p ssXanbpsS hoW X\ b sf- p- ymJym- wZ- h \ sNpIbm- n-b cpp. Ign A]Xp hj- -m- n, tap-ta f b AXym- p hcp- n-h- vp- , {]hmN- -psS ] b Ic am- n\v Xopw FXncm- , hn\mi- --mb Cu b Ica at\m- - n- n \nv apkvenw- sf tamNn- n- m- m- n KX b I \ b ke- n- JpX- hn- m-- B-w-n- - - apX^I p_o N cW c ` Xp hI Xs AhscinnSnIsfpw ]m- - - Fpw a pw hnfnv ]cn- - n- --X- n-Hcp knm- -a l k m pS- .s -\n- - - hnNm-[m--b-\n- - - p-JpXepw, c cs epap s a c s _nkn--AkvXnXzw i-mbn \ncmI-n- - p.knZv JpX- ns ktlm--\mb apl- Zv JpXpp_ Zc
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_ns kzm[o- - n Nne s]mbvcq]- \ne\n \ p- bpw bphm- sf knZv JpX- ns Bibw I p_ sImv akvXnjvI{]--\w \S- p- bpw AtX k mf I abw Xs i-mb ASn- -- p- hnm\ ` a db --- -mb ssiJv A_m- n, ssiJv C_v\p m c f \ _mkv Fn- -c-m-e-kp- n- -n- p- Cam-phs t s eS b d a Isf Ifn- m- p- bpw sImm- n- m- n- p- bpw b I W I sNbvXp. hm- v- - - n,-k- n--J- p_n-- - Atk Xh Zv pX- s bpwl-- kw_n- Im-y- -f- - ]-n- Iq-s c s bpw- SpXA-n- - Xv- A-- - nwI- v- X-- m-W- v- Rd hpapkve s b s -X-- n- v-]-- - p.-a- v- n-- fm- -,-A- -H d dbp- pk- wI Is e h pIn- n-v- pX- - v- fn- --p- - a k- Z J- p_v F- hn- s S B \- s A- v- n- z-b- -A-- - n--A- ympjykX X s pw- t l s [ ]- - -psS- - c- - - -- b- A- v- n- z-b\f bpw- N\IfpsS- pw- kX X s pw Abm aqew hnj-- cm- - hyn- -p-Sba b s If s pw,A- m-- B-- w-]-nn- - hcpsS- - AkvXn b fpsS- Z i T pbpwXzsb- \n-j- n- - ; A- -n-knZv JpXp pw t [ pw- Xs _ns\ s\t-n, "Camw' Fpw, "i- o-v' Fpw a lZ pw hnti- n- nv DuXn hon tahnemkw Nm j pw.-AXm- --I]SX- psS k- pw, Ckvem-n Is b b a s \io- -W tlXp- pamb ImcyamWv.-aX- n- bv Ic h \ v Imc- -m- p- Xpw \ho- hpw Xo{h- m-- -- p-m Wa h \ h Z ] ch a b Bi- - sf aX- n-ev sImp- -p- Xv aX b t hc
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s \innm- p am-mbnmWv. B-y- m- \ a Z I e ap kvenwI-n Hcm-mbn-p C{_mlnw C_v\p abvk f f c d ]d- - p-t]mseBsc- nepw Hcp _n-v- - X Z ApIm c-\ _lp-m- n- m Ah Ckvemans \io- -s a \ Ic Ws klm- n- p- - mWv sNp- Xv.Cm-b Ib cW memWv \ho- m- - - aX- n-ev ]Ip \ i b t kwL- {]tXyInv JpX- n- Ckvem-n p- I _ a s \mi- n\pw,Ckvemans at\m- m-n- bvv B l cX ]- m- p- - n- pw, AXns \njvIf- sb aen- -m I X \ X \a p- - n- pw, P\- -f-mv kaq- - n AkzoX \ s s l Im-y-mb Imcy- v ]S-bm-pw \Sn, apkv ca s c enw hncp- -psS {]N-W ]cn- mSn- v Bw Iq c c ] I m klm- n- pXn\pw Imc- - m-m- p- - v. b W c I X Ckvem-n-\- p-nv bmsXmpw Adn- p-Iqas d Sm alm`qcn]- w Dsm- p Cs Aap kvenw- aplZv \_n- psS Ckvem-ns\ ImWp I b a n- ; kzlm- n-m-psS Ckvem-ns\ ImWp- n; A _a c a hsc XpSph Xe-p-- p-Sbpw Ckvem-ns\ Im a db s a Wpn- .Ah ImWp- Xv \ho- - m-n- -p-Sbpw Xo \h Z If s {h- n- - - m-n- -p-Sbpw Ckvem-n-\- m- v. Cu ]dh hI c If s as b W bs Iq {]hmN- - m-psS ]mX- n \nv hy I c b Xn - - nv _lp-qcw amdn-m- ncn- pp. knZv Jp Ne Z t b X- n-\- pw lk\p _-bbpw Dkma _n p- s b _ s emZ-\- pw t]mephscbmWv Dt- n- p- - v.\- os b i X h
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\- mZ- m-psS BZi- -amb K-h- - - -psS D h c ]c t jWf t]m- v]- -mWv Ch Ch-cmw Ckvem-ns sIm X a s a Sn- qd Dbn- n-nv Ckvem-ns\ al- z- -n S a Xh c bpw klm- n- pIbpw sNpp F `mth\ D b n \nv \in- n- p- - --Wv. hcm Xmsg-Im-p- n-n- p D-- n- -n JpXs S c cW If p_ns hmZ- -f- p-nv kqN- - -pw, A]- \s d \If {KY- fpw AS- n- n-p- v. teJ\w aptm-p -]m- p-m b t It bmYmy- -f- pw, A- - m kw`- - -fbpw s b bY hs Nqn- m- n- p- bpw {]m[m- y-p-v tXmp W I \as Znp- -n Bh- yamb A`n- b- Ds-p If i {]m- S p- bpw sNbvXn-p- v. I ]Sn- m- ]{X- knZv JpX- n-\- p-nv: d p- s d _ 1. PqUn- jpse- n-vkv, Nne Bi- - sf v h b Xncnp hmbn-- n- n-n- pp:(\yqtbmv ssSw t bc kv HIvtSm- 21, 2001) _
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]- n- -mb Ac- n ]n Fvkwi- n- p B ea b sc- n- p-p-- n Ahv knZv JpX- ns D e a s p_ Zm- -Ww {in- m aXnbm- p- - m- v. 1906 Cu lc I X W Pn- vXn P\n knZv JpX- v, Ckvem-n\v thn ] p_ a kzbw kanpXv hsc, kIemimem hnZym `ymkw e`n, ]mmXyssienbnep kmlnXy hn
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aiI\m- n-p- p.Atlw Ata-n- - sFIy- mSpbc c \ I-n cp- jw Xma- n- p- bpw At- ns f h k I l ho- - n A[x- - - -mb Pohn- -ssien Im W ]X\a X Wp- bpw sNbv- - n\p tij-mWv Atlw CkvemI XX a an-ev Xncn- - v. Pam A_vZp- m- Att X k l s ap apkvenw Xo{hhn- - - m-n- -psS IqsS 1966hI c If Xqn-e-n- p- ns Xo{h- m-- - --m- v{S kn t .JpX_ h Z -Xc j a m- - - - kuZn Atd_ybnse {]Xn- apkv ] enwI-f-t\cn-p kzm[o- n- n-- v. APo-n- - nse s \ p c bb kmth- {^v, ]e- vXo- nse lamkv, CuPnj k \ ]vXv,-tPmm, Cdm- v, se_-\m Fn- -- -n J t hSf seapkvenw {_-- - -1993se thUv t{SUv sk Z lpUv, -t_mw- n- - mbn _-p-v Icp- p- bpw _ pa as XI ]e-{]m- - yhpw \S- msX t]mb `oI-m- aW Kq hi c {IVm-em- - - -n Ds-p- bpw AXn- m Pbn- nt N\ I f SI \ e em- p- bpw sNbvX CuPn- vXnse ]ptcm- n- A hI ] lX _vZp dln-m, Cdm- n- hnhw hfn-ma \b s p-h-p- - n kp{]- m- -]- v-h- - Cdm- n- c X [ \ ln\b Fgp- p- m- Aen ico- - n, XpS- nb BfpI c A I fpw {]m- - fpw knZv JpX- ns IrXnI-n \ p_ f \nv {]tNm-- -psm- -m- v. Z\a hc W JpX- ns tI{- Xzw Pmln- n BWv. C p_ X e kvem-ns ]mc- cy Nnm- -- n- n CXv apla kcW b Zv \_n()- v JpB e`n- p- - ns app A X
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td- y Ncn- nse Ccp Ime- --m- v. ]s _ {XL a W JpX- CXns \n- - - amn Bo- amb Hcp p_v N\ w b Xcw ssh_yw Fv Xncpn ]d- p AXm- Xv b bYm Ckvem-n \nv hgn- n-- p-t]m- X a ] g I s. a\p- ys\ ssZh-- m Db-- n {]Xn- v j t c j Tn- p GsXmcp cmjv{Sob {]Xy- - m- v{Xhpw A bi k Xv {]m- n- n- yX \ [ P\m- n- - y--- s Iayq- n- -m- s [ ] X am I W ka I At- - ns A`n- bn Pmln- n- - - msX l {]me asm- p-n- . B[p- n- - -bmSv Fs- nepw X-- n a \ IXt c -B\p- qeyw ImWn- p- , Ckvem-nIm- p- vTm- I a \j \ Ds-S- p- Ckvem-nI \nbaw AwKo- -ns b a Ic m GsXmcpkwkvImchpw Pmln- n- p Xs. e Cv `qan- n-e- n-Sbpw D PohnXw Pmln- n bs hs e Xs- m-W- mWv At- - ns hmZw.AXn- m b s l \ Xs Ckvem-nI Xo{h- m-n- v Pmln- n- na h ZI e s\- n-mbn Fp `oI-- h- hpw \S- m Jp Xc c{]\ Xp- ns knmw A\p- mZw \Ip- p.Cc Bcm _ h bmepw thn; apX- m-n hmZn-bm, ka- ze f t X hmZn tbm, Ad- ntbm, ]mm- y-\m, PqX-\m, {InkvXym_ Xt t \n-bm,]q\- m apkventam Bcm- m- pw. t b e (F- n--psS Ipdnv: JpX- ns knm- - n U d p_ s ap\ {][m\-mbpw Xncn- n-n- p- Xv A- n- m a c hi kn- --b apkvenw cmjv{S- -psSbpw-kaq- - -p If m f lf
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sSbpw t\sc- m- v. Aapkvenw temIs ]noSp b W am{Xta A`n- w-_m- \ sNpp t]mep-p- q. A k t [ a t- - ns X- ns kmcmwiw Ckvem-ns l a B`y- c hiw Xs- m- v.) b W 2. tUhnUv F^v t^mv: aX- i{Xp, (\mja \ dnhyq HIvtSm- 19, 2001.) _ Ign Ipsd BgvN- -m- n, Rm hmZn- n-pIf b Xv Hkm-a _n emZ\pw At- - ns Xmen- m l _ kJyhpw hne- - ams Ckvem-n-\- mWv W as b {]Xn\n- m\w sNp- - v F- m- v- Ah Ckvem-n [ X W. a s\Xs amn-b-p- m\p Xo{h- a- n- m- v.ssZ s S {i- e W h- n- zm- s cmjv{So- -mbn \n- n- m- mWv A hi k ba N \ h {ian- p- - v.\nb-- --mtbm aX- --mtbm A. X a] ca ] ca AXns sXfn- v, kwi- -e- -t\y sXfn- m-Wp h bt i a h s Rm hniz- n- p Imcyw]mmXy cmjv{S- k tfm-p At- - ns bp- nsb{Xbpw hmin S l I Xc tbmsS Atlw apkvenw- s- n-n \S- p bp w Xs.Ckvemw hnhn[Xc- n hymJym\nm \mhp HcpaX-mWv Fv Rm Fgp- n- n-p- v. a Xb AXns Bcw`w apXte AXns A\- y- sb kw \X _n Xw AXn- p- n Xs \ne- n- n-p \ \c p. AXns hnh- X--mb ]mc- -y- n-- n n[- ca c Sb epw Rm hfsc hy-mbn {in Hcp Imcyw: a
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k]vXw_ 11 \v `oI-- m-n- sNbvX {]hr- n ch Z I bpw Hkm-- n emZs \ymbo- -- - pw, Ckvem-n a_ IcW h a s XpS- - n Xs A- - -- n-mbn \ne s X c sImv _ln- vIrX-mb Jm-n-sPvkv F hnaX j c cs `oI--psS B[p- nI ]Xn- mWv Ch Fm- v. ap cc \ W Nne teJ- - -n Rm ]d- n-p- Xv C-- n\f c ep ISp Xo{h- m-- ns {]tNm-\w Ckvemw h Z Z apgp- Hcp Ahn- zm- - ns A- - - n- m-Wh i k h b e s pw, kaqeamb Hcp DS- p- m AXym- - y-mh hi a sWpw hniz- n- p knZv JpX- ns\ t]mep k p_ B[p- nI auenI hmZn- -psS teJ- - fpw ap \ If \ IrXn- -p-m- v. Dkma _n emZs XXzw Xo{h- mIf a W h Z- n\v Ckvem-nI ]mc- -y-- m-p- cn men, a c t f ] lnve, amthm XpS- n- - -psS Xo{h- m--m-m bhc h Zt S Wv IqSp- XmZmXvayw.cmjv{S- nse Xs `oIcX sc-mse emZ bpw sNbvXp-Im- n-np- Xv t s c kzw P\- tfmSp Xs- m- v. Ah- m- -mbn F b W k \a \n- p-- mbXv _n emZ\pw At- - ns Xo{h d l hm-n- fpw ipefn- ambn ]d- m Xn- psS B ZI X b cq- - -m- v; Ckvemw A-\- - - m- pw. Rm ]f W s bX \ Cu A`n- b {]knw sNbvXXp apX F\n {]mv [mcmfw Fgp- p- fpw t^m hnfn- -pw, CsaI If bn- p- fpw e`n- p- p- v. Rm\p-mbn _- ap eI a s kvenw- Fm- cpwXs Fs ho- - Im I h W
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cWw FtmSv IrX- X- p- - -m- v.]mmXy cm b hc W Pyv P\n Hcp {InkvXym\n AhcpsS aX- ns bYm Nn{Xw Ata-n- - m-cmSv hni-o- -npc t Z Ic - n Ah hfsc Bizmkw Is- p- p.Ckv X emans\ icnbmbn a\- n- m- n- - n\v Ah Ftm e bX Sv \n ]dn-pv._nemZs\ ]nbpw AJmbn Z-b-nbpw D Fs hnhc- s Ah ]q s W ambpw A\p- q- n- pp. I e 3. s_vkn lo, auen- - m-- ns ASn-hIh Z t cp- Ignp t]mb \qm- p- -n-ev \ofpp I If t (]nvkv _Kv {Sn_yq dnhyq HIv tSm- 21, 2001) _ e- n \np {]kn- o- -n- p A j \ Ic JvA Hukv F Ad_n Zn\- - ns A ]{X`n- b- n khm- n-n,knZv JpX- \n- n- n{]m- lc p_v l p Pnlm-nsZ amw ]np--pI- m- n-p- p. Cu Sc b b c apkvenw ho- ns Hm^o- n Is- nb ]pkvXe k I- Fgp- nb JpX- v, temI-a- m-p-p Ckv X p_ s Sa emanI Xo{h- m-n- -psS Bcm- \m]m{X-m- v...h Z If [ a W Cu hmm ]{X- ns A`n- b- n, a {]m- smcp sskm- n- - mb apl- Zv A_vZp kemw I\ ^dm- n- Nnm- - nbpw khmln-n- psS ta Im Ks KX cb cy-mb kzm[o\w sNep- n- n-p- v.CuPn- vjy {] a b ]
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kn- m- n-p Ah kmZ- ns\ h[n- m- p U bc \ KqVm-em- - bn Hcphjw apv-]s-p- - ns\ t N\ S X pSv 1982 h[- n- v hnt[- - m- p- Xv h i b\ I sc ^dmKv Bbncpp Pnlm-n\v t\XrXzw \In- nZ b cp- v. Cu ka- v ^dmKv (27 hbv) sIbvtdm X b bqWn-h-vkn-n- n Ce- v{Sn- FPn- o- -nwKv t g b I \ bd ]Tn- p- - m- n-p- p.(F- n--psS t\mv: ^dmK- (i Ib b c U d pw cn- ^dm- v F- m- v- ip{In apkvX^- pw,knZv Jp P W) b X- ns BZ- w- \S- m- m- n-- n- n-n A\pp_ i \ d c bm- nIfm- n-p- p. ^dm- v, GI tkzm- n- - nsb h b bc P [ ]X [n- pI F amw Ah- w- n- tm apkvX^ e _ sXcs-p- Xv Dkve (k-q- - n \nv thdnS a l p t]m- p- )bm- v.hI W Fnv A[n- mcn- -p-m- n Fm I If a b hn[- nepw Gp-p-pI F am-m- v). a a W Imn-ns A`n- b- n ^dm- ns {]I-a {]m- K S \]{- - - mb Ah- - n- - Ihyw auenI X n- b I K W s hmZn- -mb apkvenw- fpsS Ghpw henb {]amIf I W -n-em- mWv.-CuPn- vjy A[nIm-n- \ntcm fs ] cI [n- - m-W- n- pw, CXn-- pw av-PnlmZn {]kn- oX s e s b I-- - -p-S- pw, Hmtcm tImn hoXw ]nvkv- Kv cW f s b _ {Sn_yq- n\v e`n- p- - p- m- n. Ckvem-nIv-Pnlm-v, W Ib b a Z A JmbnZ apX- m- kwL-- - F-\- mWv e b S\I s b hnZym-ym- -p apkvenw- sf sXc--p- p- Xpw ` ka I s S
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Ahsc hnth- - - pn D]-bm- nmsX P\- sf N\ _ t K h[n- m t{]cn- n- p- Xv Fpw ]{Xw hniZambn hnh-n- p- p. c Cu {]_- - smw Htc ey-mWv D a - vico- v AYhm apkvenw \nbaw D]-bm- n X A t K v H t\Xmhv (J- o- ) `cn- p Hcp GIo- rX ap e^ I kvenw cmjv{Sw. B[p- nI Ad_v t\Xm- am C \ kvem-ns\ ssIsh-n- p-hv Ah Ips-p- pa S s S p. Ahsc Ahn- zm- n- -fv B-- - p- bpw i k Is t ] n- I sNpp. ^dmKv B[p- nI Ad_v cmjv{S- -psS \nb\ f a sf CI-vp- bpw Ah \mkvXn- - z- ns \n g I IX b-- ... Ahn- zmkn- \nnv apkvenw- -n a i I If sIn-bn \nb-- Fv hnti- n- n- pt a j I bpw sNp- p.
\psS Imes `c- m- n- am Ckveman W []

\nv {`jvS-mb Hcp nXn- n- mWv Ign- p- q c be I Sp- - v.Ah apX- m-n- ns `mK-m- m- p- bpw X e f ` hI sNbvXn-n- p- p.c AXns\ Fp t]cv hnfn- mepw i cnIpcnip bp-]m-mfn Ftm,Iayq- nv Ftm t c W kb- nv Ftm.Atlw XpSs-pXn: Ckvem W g an A- -sImp \S- p- Xv Ckvemw F t] h
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cp -m{X-m- v.Ah bp- n-es-m- - -msWa a W t S hc n t]mepw Ahsc h[n-- - p- v. t X ^dm- ns teJ\w PnlmZv Ckvem-ns B K a -- mw am{Xta ]mSpq F hmZs X c n-- pp.- em-n bpw FXv ssZh- fb Ckv a n- h I N- w-`qan- n m- n- -m- m-thn- mWvB\ b ] Xa I b c- m-m-W- nepw B{I--Wm- p- -m-W- n a s at Ia s epw hyXym- -amp-n Atlw {]Jym- np:-C ks a ] c s s W kvemw {]N-n- n- --Xv hmfp-Im- m- v... kXy s aqSn- bvm {ian- p t\Xm- -psS apJsh f n\pt\sc Xs apkvenw- hmfp- Ww... P I b \- -psS lrZ- - n kXyw Fp- Xv hscbpw. f b ....AXpI apX 1966 CuPn- vXnse \m ] k `c- - qSw h[n- p- Xv hscbpw sskm- n- WI I \mb knZv JpX- Ahn- zmkn- sf h[n- m\pw p_v i I th{X Ckvem-n- -- m Ad_v t\Xm- -f A a Ia s n- dnm\pw Blzm\w sNbvXp. aAt- - ns auen- {K- -m- -hgn- -- m-l I a b bSb f Cs `oI-- m-n- v Bth- hpw Du ch Z I i sN hpw ]Iv, 1900Ifn se\ns FmWvhI c I t- Xv? F ]pkvXIw djy hn- - m-n- sf F{X kzm[o- n- pthm A{Xbpw i-mWv CXns \ a
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bpw {]`m- w. bpssW-Uv tvkn- qsS \S- nb H h e cp bm{Xbn-At- - n\v kZm- m-]--mbn Ahn l N c ca sS A[x- - \w kw`- nn-n- pp F tXm- p -X ] h c e m- n.-Cu bm{X- n-]mn- m\n Xo{h- mZn {] b b h m- -mb Pam- s Cm-n- psS t\Xm- m- n-p \a A ab h bc A_p AAvem au-qZn, At- - n hf-c- Z l s b [nIw kzm[o- w- e- . \ sN- pnCu temIs Pmlnen(A- n- zm- n- ) F hi kI I \ pw hnizmkn- Fpw cmbn Xncnv B[p- n IIme- -- n B{I--Wm- p- -mb Pnlm-n\v L at Ia Z Blzm\w \Snb BZys hyn JpX- B p_v Wv. (F- n--psS Ipdnv: JpX- ns thXn-nhv U d p_ c bYm- n apkvenw- Fpw Aap- venw- I k I Fpambn-p- n- ,adnv aX- jvS-mb apkvenw- fpw, c {`- c I apkvenw kaq- - -pw,apkvenw cmjv{S- fpw Hcp `m lf K- pw, knZv JpX- ns knm- - - - I-n- p_ kzo- c GXm\pw Nne hnizm- n- Ft]cn adp-mKkI ` p-mbnsm- m- va W hn]p- -mb Bea thXn-n- v) ch Ata-n- bqWn-h-vkn-n- nse jlo ]d c t g b kI I bpp: JpXp_v hnizm- n- fpw Ahnizmkn- fpw X n- p sshIm-n- -mb hn`- - - n\v thn- m- n e c Ia P\ b b
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cpp hmZn- - v aX- ns t]cn- p sIme- m- - X e ] XI \ymbo- n-n- m- p Ffp- -mb amw AXmIc \ a bn-pp. c 4.-^ntbmW sska,-Pnlm-ns thcp- : Z I H-- A- - \w-(_n.- n.kn \yqkv,-HIvtSm- 16, cp ]{KY_ _ 2001,18:25 GMT 19:25 UK)
...- bn-- n-m- m- n-n A]- p- -n B c s bc X If

CuPn- vXnse apkvenw {_-- - - {][m- - ] Z lpUns \s Bfm- n-p knZv JpXp_v, A _- p-Sbpw bc bs auZq-n- p-Sbpw Nph-p- n-nv Ah-psS hmZ- H Zb s S ]S c cp ]Sn- qSn aptmv sImp-]m- n. JpX- ns A I t b p_ `n{]mb- n thZm Fp hnfn--p {In s S kvXym- nIfpw PqX- m-p--- p-Fm Aap- venw \ c aS k Ifpw Ahn- zm- n- -m- n-p- p. Ckvemapw ]mmXy i k If b c \mSp- fpw Xn BXy- n- -mbn Hcp bpw DmI Ia Ip-apw Atlw {]h- n- p. s N 1966 JpX- s\-CuPn- vjy {]kn- v p_n] U Bbn-p Pam A_vZp \mk--h[n- - e- n c p. \ se Cn-yqv Hm^v Ckvem-nIv s]mfn-n- tXm S a vs Ub-- vS Bb tUmIvS Amw Xao-n- p dI ab Z lpU- X s sSA`n- b- n apkvenw {_-- - n-\- nsc A {]m- _vZp \mk \Snb ]oV- - sXn-n F \ c
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gpXs JpX- ns {]Xn- -- - v Hs- p_ IcW sbpw Ad_v temIv apgp- hfsc \ kzoI h cWw e-n- - {]tXy- nv At- - ns h[in ` p I l \S- m- p- bpw 1967 Ad- n- C{k-b- p-m- p I _I t ea b bp- n tXm- bpw IqSn sNbvXtm, pI JpXp_pw auZq-nbpw Bb- p Jpssa\n Ds Z Sp Hcp Xe-p-sb sam- n Xs {]tNm-n- n ad Z p- - pw, Jpssa\n Bbn-- n-m- m- n-n F Ib c s bc gp- - pI-n Ah-psS IrXn- -psS Hcp t]jy ]X f c If ]mT-`Zw hnI- n- n--p- p- bpw sNbvXp... Bbnt ks S I c n sXmm- n-n F]- p- -n A^vKm ap bc X If Pmln-p- smw bpw sNbvX Ad- n- v {] ZI _I am- -m- n-pXv _- p-Sbpw auZq-n- p-Sbpw Jp Wa b c bs Zb s X- n-bpw IrXn- -mbn-pp. p- s _ If c (F- n--psS Ipdnv: Fm _nZv- p kwL U d A -fbpw H ]m{X- n-ev sImp- cp Htc H s t h cp I- - Xn JpX] p_ns Bi- - am{X-m- v. b a W \ho- - m-n- -psS F{X kwL- fm- v-JpX- n\h Z If W p- k _ s- - AXns A[ym- - - sfb- sI-npW bpw ]\ pw Xv- JpX- n- - n-ev Hp Itm-n- m Im ? p- b t _ S Wm km[n- pXv-C- m- v- A- n-Hcm Plvan X W: X Bbn-n- pw, ASp- bm kq^n, C\nbpw asm-m c c A- v- -n,- p-am-m- JnZv,i Ac ho- s c apC\nbpw asmcm apAvX- n- n, asm-m AJ- m- n, ASp- - m ke c e \ b
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tfm A Jmcn- n CXn-\ms ]pdta thsdm-m P s c n^ AkvamAv hkz- mXv {]iv\- n ke^n Z i\- -fmSv B`napJyw ]pep- bpw AtX- t I ka bw JpX- n- - ns {]h\ ssien Xnc-p- k _ s Spv AXn- qsSXs ke- ns am- n Dd- pe ^ \nm-ap hnNm-n- ph- Cdm- n- dm^n-ns c .\b Z I t]mepw hn- - pw, {]Xn-j- - pw h t [ sIme- m- - - pw, `cW An--n- pw am{Xw ] XI ad I Blzm\w sNp JpXp_ns ]pkvX- - AI Sn- p- pv F-n- p- . Ah AXv lnIvaXnbmdn db I s\ X-- A- n\nSbn hnX-Ww sNm\mbn s Pam- c Gn- p- bpw sNp- p Pam- - ns kwJym I A - - hpw inbpw Iqp- n- p_e X \ thn.CtX PamA v BWv ke^o ssiJv Bbn-p Pao- p-lvam c ed s\ h[n- p- bpw Xulo-n sIn- Sp Am- p I Z l hns lpZqZv \S- n- m- n- At- - ns cmjv{S e b l n\v Ayw Ipdn- p- bpw sNbvX- v. JpX- ns\ I X p_ t]mse Xs auZq-nbpw Am- p- ns ZqX-psS Z lh c A- - c- m-- A`nam- - tNm-yw-sN- - bpw \pN- cpsS \s Z pI Am- p- ns Nne {]hm- Imscb- sNdp- mblh N pwX n ImWp- bpw sNbvXp. auZqZn Jpssa\ntbbpw JpXI p_ns XXz- m- v{X- ns Dt]m- v]- -mb Ati k X a l ns hn- -b- {]iw- n- p- bpw sNbvXp. hs pwk I CXp cnepw Aeo- -m- n-p d^vZv, dm^n-I \a b Z
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sf-k-m- n- n- n-n- - dm^n-I- XXv^- -mbn, t j c pw. Z ,ea ]noSv Ahn- zm- n- Xs ]npW sImSp- n-p i kI c hn- - n\v klm- - -mbn JpX- n-bpw au h bIa p- s _ Zq-n- p-Sbpw Bi- - kzoI-n- p- bpw sNbvXp) Zb s b c I 5. tdm_v amJzv: `oI-- - psS {]amWw cX b ({InkvXy kbkv tamWn- HIvtSm- 18, 2001.) _
...- bn-n sXmm- n-n A]- p- -n B c bc X If

temIs hnipw (A- m- Xv, IrXy-mb Ckvem-n X b a a I cmjv{Sw),-\nyw (A- m- Xv, A\n- vem-nI tem X b k a Iw) Fn- s\ cmbn th Xn-n- p I knZv c JpX- F CuPn- vjy Fgp- p- m-s IrXnp_v ] I c I-m- n-p- p Am-ns {]tNm-- w.f bc a Z\ (FUn--psS Ip d dnv: Ap- m- n-p Fm apkvenw kaq- - -f bc ls bpw Ckvem-nI cmjv{Ssfbpw A\n- vem-nI tem a k a In- mWv JpX- Ds-p- n- n-p- - v)JpX- v, e p_v S b c X p_ Xs hgnbSbm-- , Hcp apkven-ns tZio- f a b Xbpw hnizm- hpw Fo IrXn- -n B[p- n- k If \ IX sb i-mbn FXnp. Atlw t{^mbn- v, Um a U hn, amIvkv Fn- -psS IrXn- sf \mbn a\hc I n- mn A- p- -n bp.- kv kin- p- - pw, e X If F Ib hym]mcw, s]mXp- -q- w, cmjv{Sw,ka l A`n{]mb kzmX {yw Fn- -b- p-n- p ]mmXy-Bi- hs d b v ]cn- q Ckvem-pambn Hp-]m- m km ] a t I
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[y-Fv Is- p- bpw sNbvXp.kJy- -fbpw,a I t DS-n- -f- pw, `cW {]{In- - psS ap Hp- o S It b bb X p- -f- pw, Zp- - - m- pw, ASn- -- mbpw At Is b eXb b bdh lw IW- m- p- bpw i-mbn FXnp- bpw I a I sNbvXp. apkvenw `cW- m- sf \njvIm- n- -mI k Xc t- - ns Bh- y- - -b- p-nv A-- wX i IXs d t l ]cky ambn {]Jym- - - \S- m XpSpIbpw 1966 ]\ Ip- n- mcW sNbvXv Xq- - e---p- bpw sNbvXp.. hN n- s S I t khm- n-nbpw JpX- n-\- n ]cn- n- \mbncp lc p- s _ NX n-n- - w. CuPn- vjy {]kn- v JpXc W ] U p_ns\ Xq n-e- In AtXhjw Xs,apkvenw {_ t m Zlp- ns AwK-mbncpXns t]-n-khm- nU a c l cnbpw Adv sN--p.1970Ifn ssItdm- nse k s b - - m- mem Im- p- -n JpXp- ns ]pkvXIe i k If _ I {]Np-- Nmcwc{]t\Sp- bpw Khsav Ah \n I tcm- npIbpw Dm- n...[ b
Ckvem-nI aX- w- - -p-S, {]tXy- nv `oIa k Lf s I

c- m-mb PnlmZn kwL- -psS m]- - m- mWv c f I\ b JpX- Icp- -Sp- vCuPn- vXnse A Alv p_v Xs X ] dw sk t^m kv{Sm- nIvP Uokv F m] \- n Ckvem-nI `oI-- m--- pdn Kth a ch Z s j Ww \S- p Znb djvhm ]d- p- p. ap Ckvem b anI{]h- HmtcmImepw Dn \np-ImI s
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p-Xs Ahc- -psS kaq- - sf amm {ian hc l -m, khm- n-npw AXp-]m- p ap- h t lc t e pw ""Iptd- qSn hnim- -mbn {]h\w XpS- m ea '' {]tNm-- -m- Xv JpX- Xs. Z\a b p_v t _n emZ\v {] 6. tdm_v Chn:CXm-Wmb \hw 1, 2004.) tNm-- amb a\p- y- (KmUn- ,Z\ j ? Ckv em-nI \nbaw \S- m- p- - n A]q- bps a X X v hne- n-p- - bpw sNbvX `c- - q-- s- nb c pI WI S X cn lnwkm- - -mb sNdp- pIa \nns\ \ymbo- I cn- p Xc- n- p knm- - hnIkn- n--p e s S p- bpw \S- n- m- m {ian- p- bpw sNbvX Jp I e I Xp_v B[p- nI Imes Pnlm-ns (C- vem-nI \ Z k a hnip bpw) Ghpw kzm[o- hpw in- p-p \ ba hm- m- n-p- p. JpX- kuZn Atd- y- n hn h bc p_v _b ti- npw P\- Xn- p- - m-m-W- nepw,- Atj {]o- b b f s l ns IrXn- - I Ckvem-nI temIs an- mdpw a h `mj- -n-ev ]cn-mj sN--n-p- v. Bbn-n If t ` s c sXmm- n-n Adp- - n- -nepw Fgp- - p- -nepw bc ] X If ] X If ]e A^vKm ]WvUn- cpw apkvenw {_-- - n X Z lpUs kzm[o\ he- - n s]Sp- - p- mbn. JpX- n b Ib p_ s Bi- - Im_q-nse aX- n- a ]T- - - p- n b f \b \hI s {]tXyI Xm]-y- n\v hnt[- -m- p- bpw _p - c ba h I
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lm\p-o dm\n F ]WvUn- JpX- ns X p_ ` IrXn- A^vKm `mjbmb Zcnbntev ]cn-mI j--p- p- bpw sN- v- - Fm atejy apX s SI b Xp. samtdmtm hsc- p kh- epw JpX- n b p_ s IrXn- A[y- \w sN--p- p-- n- pw,] I b s S s e e- -- nep auenIhmZ-- \ne- n- p-v X c fpwhe s am{X-- , ]e-X-- nepw Ah-hymJym- n- --pa c \ s S I bpw sNp- p- v. (Nne auenI hmZn- Jpp_n I s Ckv- --nI `mjy- n-\- nsc hnhmZfem a s X pb np-p- v)...a ...- bn-n sXmm- n-n A- p- -psS B c bc X If XpS- - n CJvhm\p apkvenaq {]m\w H cp ]cn- \ L- nem- n-p- p.ImcWw AXns h bc Ipsd- - nIw {]h- v CuPn- vXn Ckvem-n b[ I ] a I hn- - n- p amw F \nev ]Sn]Sn- m h \ b bn {]h- - nepw hnZym-ym- - nepw D hn \ ` k izmkw \jvS--p- - pw,]Icw lnwkm- - - kzoIs S Ib IX cn- m XpS- p- bpw sNbvXp. JpX I p_pw kZr- -m ia b Hcp km-- - - n- mbn-p- p...c] Y e c ...- pX- Fgp- n- n-p Imcy- mWv A J p_v Xb t- - ns A- n- -am- - ]-- y-m- m- -Pohnl [ Is pw- ck a X-- m {]m[m- y-. At- - ns {][m\- rXn t \w l I ^o k- m- n sIm-m (sImdm- ns XW- n) e e d \ e
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1952 Fgp- m XpS- p- bpw Pbn- n shv A- vX I e X ]qn- m- p- bpw sNbvXp. CXv apXv hmey- -p b I f Jpdm hymJym- -m- v...\a W ...- - m- J- p_n-- G-- - \n- v-q--m- F pX- s hpw- j T ca b hn- m-- - kwh-- w- sN- v- - v- a- enwI- vh Z cW b XX pkv th- n- m- vA- -- n-a- - nw- fm-W- v-hm-nb W Xs pkve I s Z - h- v-th- n.-\m- -ns-G- m- n- - y- np- kd I [ ]X Iogn- - Cu- n- -Xm,-ku-n-cm- - w- - n-Iognep- P ]vt Z Ph i ep- - td- y-bm- co- - v- s- n- X- n- -w A- _ t i- A A- a- \ ba \-- n- mm-Im-y-m- -{i-- -fm- - \-- n- n S e ca b as pw- S b n- ... (F- n--psS Ipdnv: CXv Chn kuZn AtdU d _ysb Ipdnv kzw ImgvN- mSv Ah- -n- n- p Xc I bmtWm AtXm kuZnsbIpdn- p JpX- ns \n p_ co- - - Ah- -n- n- p- - mtWm Fv hy-W Xc Ib a .Fm- mepw kuZn Atd- y- nse JpX- n(Jp b _b p_ - - hmZn- ) knZv JpX- ns knm- - Xp_v I p_ AtX]Sn kzoI-n- p- bpw AtX am- n- p Im c I e cy- v XpS- -n-p- bpw sNbvXp. ssiJv C_v\p a S I _mkv,ssiJv d_oAv XpSn- - cpw ap- - cpw C bh h S- vp- bdn CS-]-n- m- n-p-- n Hcp- s Im b Is bc s ] e-asd sNp-m I-m\w A\- pw, t t a _l-- pw c-am-pn\pw Imc- -m- p-m- nf s g Wa I a b
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cp- p. Atd- y- nse JpX- nI JpX- ns hn _b p_ p_ izm- - fpw A_ [mc- - fpw AtX- Sn Bh k WI ] n- p- - pw, kuZn Atd- y- nse `c- - qSw Ckv Ib _b WI em-nI \nb-- Imcw \oXn- n- Ww \Sp- n a a{]\ l Fv {]Jym- nv JpX- ns Xo{hhmZ knm- ] p_ bphm- n-- n {]N-n- n- p- - p-m- n-p- p. Sb c Ib a b c B{]m\n-e- phm- - - W- m- sf X s b `c- I Iv^o sNm ]mI- n \np- - m- n-p- p Ib b c Imc- -mbn ]d- Xv JpX- Zi- - v apv Wa p_v I BZy-mbn {]N-n- n AtX A_ knm- - fpw.a c Ckvem-nI \nb-w Xopw Ip- coXn- n- -- n a a a b es epw \S- m- nb GI cmjv{Sw kuZn Atd_y X- s b-- v. AXv sIn- -p- n-n- p- Xv Xulo-n- mWv mW S c Ze (G- -sZ- - n- zm- w).-kuZn Atd- y- v- - p Is hh i k _ b I JpX- ns B[p- nI injy- m \ntj- n- p H p_ \ [ cp bmYmy-mWv CXv.bYm- n Atd- y- n a _b se JpX- n- sfp- I Camw A_m- n-\hJm-n- n- _ \ cPI (Jm-n- n Akvcn- ) Fv 1997 Xs hnfn- - pcP n v. Ah-psS ISp knm- - sf Camw C_v\p c _mkv, Camw C_v\p Dssk-ossiJv A^u a km XpS- nbhcpw apw \ncm- -n- n-p- v.cmPyw b Ic Ym- n ico- v {]Im--mWv `cn- p- -X A ca s v Ah Htc - z-- n {]kvXmhn- p- bpw sNbv k c I Xn-p- v.A]- z]w Ipd- p- -fms Itmw k h Is
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kam- m\hpw kpc- bpw Imp- q- n- m A [ k Xv \n- -m- v Xm\pw) a W ...Zpjn `c- - q-- sf FXnv m\- jv WI S {`S-m- - w. Cu-FXnn\v \nb-- m- pXzw e-n- c W ak [ ` p Xn- v\ thnb- hnip- \m- pw b Hcp apKm-n-b-I as s- - Xn- v-thnb- JpX- n\v CuPn- vXnse p- \ pwp_ ] amaey- kpmam-psS Imew- -cbpw C_v qv c hs \p ssXanbpsS (12681328) IrXn- htcbpw A I t\z- np t]mtIn hp. j (F- n--psS Ipdnv: hn- - fpw aI `cW U d h Iq-- sf \njvIm- n- -m- p- - pw, cmPys IqSp S k Xc X X A\- -n-ev Xn- nSpw Fp-- n, f t h s `c- - q-- n\v aX- jvS-m- m- p hy-mb ImcWI S {`- c I \ a W-p-- n t]mepw, Ckvemw Ah- vs- n-m- v. as b Xc W Fm- m- -bpw ]WvUn- am GIm-n- b- n es X ` {]m- Fn- n-p Cm-ys Iogvta adn- m bc c JpXp_n\p Ign- p. `cn- p A[n- m-n- -psS A I c If k-- z- v FXn-n km[m-Wa\p- ys at\m aX c c j - n- mcw DWm At- - n- m- n. P\- sf H hI l \ b cp-n- n- m\- As\ `c- - q-- sf Xn- n-m a pwWI S bS \pw hgn-bm-p- nb JpX- nb knm- - -psS s c p_ f ImX CXm- n-p- p. 1982 kndn- - nse lnwkn bc bb epw lam- nepw kw`hn- Xv CXm- n-p- p. ChnsS C b bc
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_v\p ssXanb JpX- ns Bi- - v ASnp_ b d \Inb Bsf \nev Nqn- m- np- Xv W A_- -m- v. ImcWw tkzm- n- - y `-- - n-\- na W [ ] X cW s X cmbn hmsf-p- p- Xv C_v\p-sXanb Xs hmm S s epw {]hr- n- mepw \ntcm- nn-p Imcy-m- v. F b [ a W n-p- mepw JpX- ns hnhm-- n- - - -fmw X c p_ Zh jbs s C_v\p ssXanbb- hnim- -mb kmlnXy psSea temI- n \nv sXmb A- n hmbn--p s S -Xm, km`n- -mbnt Ia ]m- - - n \nv AS e n -mnbtm Bi- - v hyXymkw h a b tXm Bb Imcysf B[m--m- n- p- - m- v) ca b X W Hcp aptIm]n- mb Ckvem-nI ip- m-n- mb a h Zb bn-p C_v\pssXanb J- B- - {]hmN- \- kv c p- \pwI pw]jvSambn-A\p- mZw \- m- ncp GI-Ziw F h I X t m Imcy- pw FXn-mbn Xpd- -n- p- - pw, A c S Ib t- - ns hn-- gv- - n- m- -Cu-\n- - m-v-aqewl pho-Nb e] S ]e- - W ama- yq- - fp-mbn A`nXh e pI- a {]mb kwL-\ n-es-p- - n-e- p- bpw Ah- m\w Imcm- r t S X s I k K l- mkw hsc Fp- bpw sNbvXn-- h I pv. Fn-p- mepw Cdm- nse apkvenw awtKm C c \ m\- fp-mbn bp- n\v \n- n- -m- -m pI- a Xa bt At- -m-- Ah-psS bptmty- - ns ]m lt Sh c i h\- -b- p-n aX- n[n Bh- y--p- bpw Ah Xs d h is SI
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sc Ap- --p- n-mv Atlw A\p- -n- pXs S s hZ Ibpw sNbvXp. awtKm-p- Ckvemw ]dp \fI S i p- psnepw aX- ns Fm \nt- - fpw A h ]men- p- n-- pw, AXpsImp- s Ah s X Pmln- n Ime- -- nse Ahn- zm- n- v Xpeye L i kI cm-W- pws Ahs- n-n bpw sNt- - m-WXc X s p-m- n-pp At- - ns {]Jym- \w. 1950 apX a bc l ] ep Fm Ckvem-nI sNdp- p- np {]ma \ \ -p-Sbpw D-- m-nXzw C_v\pssXanbbpsS Cu fs ch Z Xon- m- n-pp. 1981 kmZ- ns LmX- \ bc I Db n- n-n- - pw, kuZn cmP- w- - n-\- n-n- p k S X h i s X c e acw \ymbo- -n- m D]-bm- --p- p- Xpw CXpIc t Ks S X-. s (F- n--psS Ipdnv: C_v\p ssXanb awtKm U d hwi- sc XIv^o sNp- m- p ImcWw CkvemP h \ anse Nne IS-- bYm- n[n \n- n- p- - n aI h l X Ahv ]nb hogvN- m-W- Xv C_v\p ssXanb b s bpsS \ne- m-ns\ ]nbp hni- - - - n teJ ] S Ie\ I Ienb AXyp- n- m- v. Ckvemw icn- mb W b b Xpw kXy- pamb aX-mWv Fv Dd hnizm- - n h a k semp- awtKm-p- Ckvem-n-ev h- v. aw a fI at X tKm-p- Ahv CjvS-p aXw AXv PqX afI a X a-- s {InkvXp-- -m- smI aXa I AX-- n {]hm- - -\ s NI s v Ah hniz- n- n-p sNnkvJms\ ssZh-m- nkc a b
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I-p- p- -- a- -m- s-]ecpw shdptX Ckvem c X hcpsS- Xa I . ans\ sXc--- I- mWv sNbvX- vsNnkv Jm s Spp- b X \vapl- Zv \_n- psS m\hpw am\hpw I]np b sImSp- p- bpw sNbvXp. Ah hnNm-n- Xv Ckvem I c apw, {InkvXp-- hpw, PqX-- hpw Ah-psS \nba aX aX c fpw AX-- n sNnkvJms aX- p-amw Ckv s hs em-nse ]c- -m- - -m- n-p \mep a-v- - a c K X a b Z l_pIv Xpey--- np- - mWv Fm- n-p- p. Ah-psS Ckv am b X bc c em-n-e- p {]th- \wXs kn- - -m- n-p- p. at i K v a b c Fv-am{X- Bfp- sf Iim- p-sN- vXpw `oI-m a I b c -ow krjvSnpw sImv apkvenw cmPy-nte c f p Ah-psS IS- p-I- w IqSn- m- -m, C c b b bt _v\p ssXanb As Fm apkvenw ]WvUnX m-psSbpw t]mse Chs- n-c- p bp- n c Xs b s\ \ymbo- -n- p- bpw Ahsc apkvenw cmPy- -n Ic I f \nv ]pd- m- m Blzm\w sNp- bpw bYm I - n ASn- m- - --mbn I]--mb Ah-psS \ ] ca Sa c Ckvemw {]th- - -bpw IqSn IW- n-e-pv i\s s S s]mXp- mbn Ahv aX- Sv In- p- bpw sN h {`jv I bvXp. Cm-y-- n kqva- m- -n- m C cs \a hn, JpX- ns A\p- ccn Hcp- mSv t]sc-m p_ N ] t ses C_v\p ssXanb awtKm-p- sf aX- jvSfI {`cm- m ImcWw Ckvem-nI \nb-- \S- n- m a a e mXpw Ah- - p- -nv Pohn- m- - p-m-Wv b \ kc X a s
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[cnp him- p- bpw, Cu kw`- s Atlw hn hI h iz- n- p coXn- n hc- p- mWn- p- bpw sNpk b I I p.Cu sXmb hnNm--mWv knZv JpXca p_nsbpw At- - ns A\p- m- n- -p-Sbpw Xo{h- m-- l b b If s h Z]c amb \ne- m-p- p ASn- m\Imc- hpw \ym ] SI W bo- -- - pw. Cu A_ [mcW Chns a\- n IcW h k epw ISp IqSn- mW- w) W k a\p- y-cbpw Am- p- ns hn- gv js lh phoN- n- m \nb-- n\p Iogn sImp- -m th b a hc n BtKmf Polm-n\p tImp Iqp Iymadm Z t{]anbpw P- - bm- j- - n X]c- p-mb \{i- I W \a _n- mZs t\- r- z- n Iogn- p A JmbnZ e X X e sbbpw JpX- ns IrXn- kzm[o- n- n-p- v. p_ I \ (FUndpsS Ipdnv: AJmbnZbnep anhmdpw BfpI t\ct XIv^o h lnP-- p-S v-b s d tbm Pam- - pPnlm-n-tbm Bfp- -m- n-pp. A Zs If b c Cu kwL-- - -m- -S\If Is knZv JpXp- ns knm- _ -n ASn- p-- nn-p apkvenw temIs Fm f b d `c- - m-fbpw aX- jvS-mbn {]Jym- n- n-p WI s {`- c ] - bp-m- v. Cm-- - m- mWv A^vKm\n Pnlm h a W cW e Zn ]s-p- - scmw Xs knZv JpXp_v Zi- S h I v apv Blzm\w sNbvX AtX hn\m- - --m i Ica b Bi- - -p-mbn aSn h- v Ah-c- mw C bf a X s
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tm-p JpX- og p- AwK- -m kzm[o- n- --n-p_ f \ s c p. bYm- n AJm- nZ Ctm {]Xn- n- m b \[ \wsNp- Xv \hJm-n- n- -psS Fm Xpd- nepw Iq c P If b e- - -mbn Nnn- p- - -psS B[p- nI Ime- -ja hc \ L nse HcpIq-- m- v.C-s b W s GIm- n- Xy kz [] `m- -p apkvenw Khsap- sf {]mY-n- -mbpw ha I a Ia BXy- n- -mbpw adn- n-pI F- mWv Ah-psS e Ia S X c yw.A Jmbn-- psS apKm-n- sf bp- n-\mZb aI s cp- pI- pw A^vKm- n- m- n-ev sImp- -n b \ \t hc I bpw sNbvXXv kn.sF.F.-Bbn-p- p. ]mn- m- n c \ se sF.Fkv.sF.bn- q-S- mWv Ah-Xv km[n- Xv. es b c djysb Cmbva sNp- bpw ioX- pw Ahkm I b \n- n- p- bpw sNp- -b- X-- n-pp Ah-psS e I Is m b c c yw). C-\- p Hcp BtKmf ]- n- psS ]ms b Xb ew IWn-e-p- p-m Cc tKm]p-- -psS s St c f \io- -Ww{i- m- jn AXn- c-mb Hcp A Ic b I {Iq-a Xn- a-m- n-p-- nepwAJmbn-- psS {][m\ e {I-a b c s Zb y- n-e- p {]bmW- n Hcp sNdnb B{I t aWw am{X-mWXv._nemZs {][m\eyw Ata a -n- tbm C{km-btem A, adnv At- - ns c t l amXr-m- y-mb kuZn Atd_y Xs- m- v.... A c Pa b W Jmbn-- psS {]YaIhyw hnip \K-- fmb Zb c
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a-bbpw aZo- -bbpw Ah- psS Ctmgs `c t \s b Wn \nv tamNn- n--p- pI F- m- v... s S X W 7. tdm_v hv,-Ckvem-nI `oI-- m-- n a ch Z s Bg- n- p _unI An- mcw.e h (\yqtbm v ssSwkv 13 HIvtSm- , 2001) _
...-km-D a _n emZ-bpw kl-o- -- m-n- -ps ` Ich Z If al j sSbpw "_unI ]nXm-- F hnti- W- n\v

Al- mb H-- a\p- y\psn,-AXv Hcp- t \ cp j ] 1960 Ifn `c- - q-- n-\- n-mbn P\- sf Cd- nWI S s X c hn-- n\v CuPn- vjy A[n- m-n- h[n- p- - X ] I cI If CuPn- vjy Fgp- p- m-- mb knZv JpX- B ] I c\ p_v bncn- pw. JpX- ns injy-n Hcm-mb ^mn- - p_ c f bIm Bbn-n sXmm- n-n Adp- - p- -n Fgpc bc ] X If Xp- - p- m- n: {^v hn- - ns An- mcw C Ib b h h Xv dqtkm, thm- -, tamkv Iyq Fn- -psSb hc {]_- - fpw teJ- - -p-m- v.- ayq- nv hnhw \f a W I W amIvkv, FwKkv, se\n Fn- -psS ]- n- p hc Xb sS kmm- vIm--m- n-p- p....CXv \psS Imcyn X ca b c epw kXy-mWv. a JpX- ns Ghpw {]Nmcw t\Snb {K-m p_ a b hgnb-- mf- -n (1964)JpX- FgpXn: FmSb f p_v
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me-- mfpw \psS hnizm- - n\v `oj- n- m t k Wb b Pmln- n- v Ctm-p- - m- v. ImcWw Npp- m e g X W ] Sp-p- -Xmw Pmln- nm- v. Ah-_m- hpw hn a s e W t [ izm- -pw,Ncy- fpw,k f I kZm- m-- pw, kwkvIm-hpw, N ch c Iebpw kmln- y- pw,\nb-- -pw,IogvhW- - fpw Xh af Fm-amw Pmln- n- - m- v \mw Ckvem-nI kw s e W a kvIm--mWv Fv Icp- p Imcy- -psS \smcp ca X f `mK--w. aS Hcp Ckvem-nI `c- m- n- m-nsb \njvIm- n- a W [I c kX \m- p- - n-\- n-c- p ]ucm- n- -mb \ntcm- X s X s b W Ia [\ s adn- -- m hf hgn Is- nb BZy IS s kpn apkvenw JpX- m- ncpp F- mWv H p- b _ X cp- t IqSp- {]m[m\y-p- - v.JpX- ]d] X a X p_v Xv Cs apkvenw temIs `c- m- n- m-n- -m W [ I c If cpw Xs apkv- - I- FmWv,-ssl ]d enw- f Npcp- - n Atlw Ahsc Ahnizm- n kI p.-mbn {]Jym- n- p. f ] Atlw As\ sNbvXXv ay- me _pnI Pohn Bbn-p C_v\p ssXan- psS IrXn- {] c b I tXyI coXn- n A- - b- --m- n- p\- ymJym- nb \p\- aa b ]- h \ n-m- n-pp.- kvem-n- - n- m- - {X- nse A bc Ca Ih \ Ncn- Xn- m- - - mb C_v\pssXan ]Xn-qpw ]XI bI\ a n\mepw \qmp- -n,kndnb awtKm-n- cpsS A[o- - zn If fb iX
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s `oj- - n- m- n-p Ime- v,Uam- vIkn- mWv W n- e b c b k e Pohn- ncp- - v. X C_v\p ssXan- psS awtKm hwi- s- nb P X cmb _unIhpw cmjv{So- - p-mb ka-- sf Jp bh a c Xp_v Pam A_vZp- mkn-n-\mSpw Am- s dt e Ad_v t\Xm- -fm-p-p kzw kac- -pam- nt S a f b Xm-- -y--- . CsXmcp A]- Sw ]nSn \oam cXa s SpnI bn-p- p FXn kwi- -n- . ImcWw Ckvem-nI c ba a ]mc- cyw ]d- p- Xv Hcp apkvenw asmcmsf hymP b ambn Ahn- zmkn Fvhnfn- m hnfn- p- - m \ i b cI- n Fcn-bn hcpw Fm- v, t W ssl- - d ]- At- - ns ac- - m-- v ap{Zp.l Wh d sNm Im c- -m- Xpw CXm- n-n- Ww. ImcWw CuPn- vXnse Wa b bc ] `cWm- n- m-n- Ccw `oj- n- sf[I cI WI \nm--mbn ca I- - p- n... n- c Fp- -- m- mepw _nemZ\v hf-c- p-v Xs b b s Id aX- n-ym`ymkw am{Xta e`nnpq. Atlw henhZ sbm-- [\nI IpSpw_n \npwcp hcp kpJnb \pw hnt\m-- o- - p-mb Hcm-mbn-p- p.AXn\m a Zi e\ a f c mscnepw Atln\v ktiw ssIamtdnbn cpp,-knh ]dp. t\cnv At- s kzm[o l \n cp-]; H- v,-1989 Hcp Imt_mw_v kv t t^mS- - n sIm- ^e- vXo- n- - mb A_v \ s k \ b\
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Zp Amapw; c- v, kuZn A[nImcn- CS- vnI b S v Pbn- n- n-p-m- n-p kuZn ]uc- mb k^ A eeS a bc \ lhm- n- p-m- n-p- p. Cu cp-]cpw JpXp_n eb a bc t s IrXnIfn apnpXn BfpIfmbncpp, knh ]dp.... kam-]\pdn-p-I knZv JpX- n-bpw, JpX- nbpsS a- - np- s _ p_ X\ -b-sam- nepw, J- p- - n ke- n- s n- X ^I c- - m- - -m- - hln- - p- v. bYm- n Jp N\ Ia b ]v n- X- n-Xv Jhmcn- p- -psS {]h\ k{-mp- t _ P If Z b -psS ]p\-m- n- vImcw-am{X-m- v. Jhm-n- p- f c hj a W cP I kmaq- nI\oXn Ft]cn- - Alm- n-n- Fl epw Ia Bi- n- - Am- p- ns amntev b epw lh Wn- p- - n hfsc henb Ak- p- n- m- D X eX h mp- bpw sNbvXp. CXv hfsc Bm- bpw I X Bth- - p-p apkvenw- sf sXmb am- n-e ih a I t pw- m- pg- - nte- - \bn- p- - n\vNn- I pw X ImcWam- n- Ah Am- p- ns am- n-ev - b .lh t W nm {]hm- - m D]tbmKnncp co- n- kvNI X im- {Xn\n- hfscb- n- w- p-]m- pI- - sNpw[ I AI- t I bpw bv- - Ah ASn- p- ]WvUnXam-n \nv A Xp. bd c h--n- msXXs amsSpIbpw XuloZns Bi cd b bfpsS Imcynepw kp- ns\ ]n- -p Im p-c S
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cynepw anX- z- n \npw kp- - - n \n X e\ pw amdn-m- p- bpw ]Icw ^e- q- y-mb Dm t hI i\a l- ntepw Wn- -mb tm`- - n- -mb Imcy Ia P\ I a -n-e- pw knZv JpX- A Akvl-nbpw l ft p_v c k- p _ A- A ap^- ]p\-p- o \ q^n nfpw c hn- n--p Xo{h- m-- n-epw \bn- --ps S h Z t s S I bpw sNbvXp. CsXmw h- n- - - - - v- gn-h e b Ipg- h- s p.Aap- venw- pw kb- nk-v-\nbk I W v {W- - p neam[y-- pw,A- -- Xmf- n-\m- v- pp a hcpsS- s Xt I a - kw- yw- ]{X-h iy- pw Ckvem-ns\-n A- J Hcp _o-- ` Nn{Xw cNn- m CXv Ah- --am-pn kcs c sm-pp. S aX- --mb hnjb ] ca -n hnhm--p- mn ta ]d Imcy- sf H f Za p - qSn aptmv sImp-]m- m\p IpI C I t I tm Gs-p- n-n- p- Xv kq^n XXz{]m\-m S c a Wv. `qX- m- v Cu {]m\w auZq-n-bbpw Jp I e Zs Xp- n-\bpw t]mep- - sc ke- n- - psS ]_s h ^ b m-cpw hlm_n- - ]np- - p- - -c- ps ks W hs sams hnfnv Bt- n- n-- p. Ctm-nXm Cu ] cpg \pW- psS ad-]m-n- n-n- p- p.JpXp_v bYm b s fc n Hcp apAvXknenbpw AivAcnbpwlk- p \ _ Hcp `- mb kq^n- p-m-Wv- hm\p \ ba s CJv
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hlm- nIsXn-mb _ c

apkvenao {]m- - nse \smcp hn`m- wA \ K h CuPn- vjy- m- mepw kndn- Bbmepw icn ] \ b b Ai- -n- -psS i-mb {]mXn- n- - p- - -m-W vA c I f c \ [y- hc s a pw kq^n Nmbvhp- -m-W- p-- ky-mbn sX hc s w ]c- a fn- n- --n-n- p- p. a- - nw- -- n-n- b s c pkve I s X c ep- X -- sX-m- -hm-- -f-kw-- n- - Xn- -thfpsS- b Zs c p- \v n- - ]Sn- m- am[y-- v AhcpsS A_bpw- d a - m-- - fpw sXmb hymJym- - fpw {]N-n- n- m [ cW I \ c - - m- n- - Xn- v-th- n- - ka- m- nI kw`- kl b p- \ bpw- I e h sf h----n- v-hym- ym- n- v-X- -- Ip- fs mS J \ fpsSI bmnsh- - F- - e- - m-XpI- tPm- n- s kq^n XXz- nb e- n- vTn- -mb {]m- - n\- sdm- - sN- m- n[ j Xa \ vth- pw- \ . hntcm- m-m- -ap ]d- -, Ctm am[y[ ` ks bs a _- psS- pw, knZv JpX- n-bpw A_p b b p- s _ AAve auZq-n- p-SbpwFn\v,Zb s Dkm-- n em a_ Z- ssZh- tj- - -hpw Xo{h- m- ]c- p-mb kn s \n- []c h Z ha m- fpsS ^e- fpw `- - y- - fpw Btcm- n hn- pIj ] p- Xv ke- n- - n- mWv! Fm bmYmn ^ b e Dkm-- n emZ, k^ A lhmeo, kam a_ A HuZ XpSnbcpw Atd_ybnse JpXp_n Iapgph\pw,(Np-p- - n hlm- n- Fv A c _I dn- --p- - Hm-I) hgn- n- knmfpw Xo bs S h s ]g {h- m-hpw I--a-- pI- pw- -m- n- I-nh Z Ss Sp- b sam- a b kzo- c p I- - sN- v- - vbpw- b XX knZv JpX- p_v,lk- p _,\ A
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_p AAvem auZq-n t]m-e- - h-n- m- v.Z s bp- c \n- W Ah-m- s,- qX- -mb knm- - fpw hgn-X-n-m c I \ \a s t b Bi- - fpw aqew ke- n- - n \npw Atb ^ b bw AI- - n- mWv DXv!! te- \w- hn-S- he e J C- s Akm- n- - p.\ p\psS ssiJm- -A Ama d_oC_v- b \p lmZo A aZvJeo, X--AZvhmD Ckvem-nb s a Aem- A- - knZvJpXJoZ p_v h^n- v-nln(t]: Ic 7778) F ]pkvX- - n knZv JpX- ns I I p_ - ]- Xnsb JWvUnp ]d- p-m Cu Imcy bt s Ipdnv ]d- p- Xv: Npcp- - n knZv(Jp- b XpS X X _v) Xncs-p- - v asmcp apkvenw ]WvUn- \pw Xncs-p- nnm-Hcp ]mX- m- v.Av-lmIS b W nanb- Imcy- n tXmn- XvpsS b ]d tijw A tlw bmsXmcp ]m]hpw sNm km[m-W P\c sf XIv^o sNpp.- hsXncn bmsXmcp A sXfnhpw Atlw Dd- np ]d- p- n;Cm-y- n b c ]WvUn- - m-psS hni--mb A`nX c Za {]mbw tNmZnp- p-n- . Hcp hiv Cm-y-ptm Xs a a ca dp- - v Atlw ivaim- - -nep insmhi \f pw ImWp- p-n- . dm^nZI-f- - , At- s kq a s bpwb ^nIsfbpw, Ahsc ]nXpScp aphscbpsam pw Cmcy- n Atlw ImWp- n- . emC- ml e
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C- mlv F - ns A- n-\- n-mbn-- C X s X c p-w-inp I-fm- - A-- - ns {i- n c s pw- t l b hcp- -X- n- ! t b CXpsImp Xs Jhm-n- pw, dm^n-bpw ]p cP Z {]m\- p-mbn \S- ph-- At- - n ha cpw l s B-- -- pw {K- -fbpw kzmKXw sN Z is b s pXpwAXnktm- - - X- \n Im- jn- p- pw Wp - Ah At- - ns {]kvXm- - - fpw A`np. l h\I {]m b- fpw sXfn- m- - p. Xo- mbpw Rm Hmtcm h pb apkven-ne- {]Xym- n- p- - v{]tXy- nv knZv Jp a pwi X I X- ns B-- wp_ Z i kzoI-n- - mbn Rm {]Xymc h in- p- Xv Amlp Ahs kua- - y- n \n \k pw \- n \npw ]p-\In A\p- lns b {KFm- v. A- GsXmcp sXntepw NXnpgnbn W h tepamWv hoWsXpw J- B\- kppw-a p- pw\- nem- pXn \n- pw-ke^pI-- [m-- -a fpsS- cW \- n- m- pXn \n- F{X AIsebmWv-X e pwv fpsS m\-apw a\- n- mn bmYmy- n-e s e t v Xncnp hcm Am- p- ns A\p- l-p-lh {K- a s n Ahv km[n- pw. ta sImSp hni- - \w hmbn- m kmam Ie \y-_p- n- p- -Bpw Dkm- - n em- keb a _ Z ^ntbm ke- n- - n-ev Wn- p- - mtfm As ^ b t b
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v a\- n- m- m- km[npw. adnv At- - ns e l Blzm\w hy-mbpw Jhm-n- p- -p-S- - kpdq-na c P If t Xpw, d (5) I-ptSX- JpXp- n- -p-SX- m- v. C\nbpw Dkm-f pw _ If t p- W a a _n emZ-\m-p ke^o at\m-mhw ImWn- p- -pt S ` Xc hm \apv ke^o Nnm- - n- p t{ijvT-mb KX b c Nne ]WvUn- - m-psS hmp- FSp- p- -n- mw. X c I c

G-gv_nemZs\pdn ]WvUnX {]kvXm-h-\-I


ssiJv A_vZp Akokv C_v\p _mkv() (a:1420ln- ]d- ""A ^Jo- n \ntm, A )p: l akv- -o- n \ntm I]-- - n-ev Wn- p Ac b SXb t
(5)

A aucn-p AZm_n- - m(t]Pv: 221222) F- -{K- - n-ssiJv AlZ ne Zv APvan Hcp JpXp_o F- ns IrXy-mb \n - \w sImSpn-pv. X a N Ah knZv Jpp- ns ]pkvX- - ]Tn- p- bpw Hmtcm Imcy- nepw A _ I I tlw ]d- Xv ]nXp--p- bpw, hniz- n- p- bpw At- - ns m\w h Sc I k I l ep- mbn IW- m- n ]pkvX- - n ]d- Xv kXytam Ak- ytam ke- ns X I X ^ am- n\pw sXfn- p- pw FXncmtWm Fsmpw t\mmsX hniz- n- p hI k - -pa- v. hc mW

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Ch cp-]-p-- m Bfp- fn \ntm D- nt c a I h n-p Ccw {]kn- o- -- - \in- n-- IcW t Xpw, Dq- \w sNt- Xpw AXy- m-]n- -m- v. e t Xa W Ah-cmSv Bcpw Xs Nmbvhv ImWn- p- m\pw ]m t h Sn- .Ahsc D]-Z- n-- Xpw kXy- n-ev \bn t it t t- - pw {]-m--m- -Im-y- -- n-n-a- dnX a Za b c s Xc pbn- v- tI- - - [mn- -mb _m[yX Xs- m \- XpwIa b Wv. Cu Xn- n Bpw Xskl- -n- m A b Ic \p- m--n- m- - m- p- p. Fm- c- Bm-mbn h Za X I h pw a Cu-I]-- -bbpw Xn-bbpw Dt]- nv,bYm SXs s ]mm- n-ev Xncnp htc- - p-m- v.A akv- ht X a W A cn-bmSpw A ^Jo- n-\mSpw _n emZ-\mSpw Ct lt t h-- h-n- n- cn- p--- h-cm-- pcpsS- g b N- ap- t Spa- Fs D]-Ziw A]- -- --mb Cut IS Ica ]mX Dt]- nv Am lphns\ `b--p- m- pw, Am- p- ns {]Xn- m-s Sh \ lh I c sbpw tZjy-bpw kqn- p- m\pw t\-m s h a n-ev Xncn- p- cp- m\pw Ign- p-]m- - n A t h- h t bX m- p- nt\mSv am-]- n- p- m- p-m- v. Amlp X lh t h \ a W s ]m- - n- p Zmk- m-cmSv Ah-psS ]m] t c m]w kzoI-n- p-apw AhtcmSv \-sN- p-a c s s pw Ddv \In- n-p- v.Amlp ]d- pp: ]dbpb b I: kzw Bm- -fmSv AXnt {Iaw {]hnpt]mb Fs Zmk- m-c, Am- p- ns Imcp- y t lh W s- n \n \ncm- ---p- v.Xo- mbpw Am is Sc X b
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lp ]m]- -fmw s]mdp- p- - m- v. Xo- mbpw s X W b Ah Xs- m- pp Gsd s]mdpp- - \pw Icpb I h Wm- n- nbpw(39:53). Ckvem-nI {]t_m[\s kw \[ a _n tNmtZym- -- -psS hn- -o- -W- n c f i Z Ic A APvhn_- p ap^oZ F {K- n ssiJv kzmenlv A ^ukm(t]:50)ASn- p-nn d h \ a (\- :73) ]d- pp: ....\- n-sI-- - p-mb _n b emZ kp- ns ]mX- n \nv Jhm-nPpIfp b c sS I ]mX- n-ev hyXn- - n- p-]m- p- - pw, `q bt Ne t h I b an- n Ac- n- m- - bpw Iem- hpw krjvSn- p b X h ] I- pw, Zp\-- -n- v {]Nmcw \Ip- bpw sNbvXp. b S]S I ]s \n-psS \mY Abm-fbpw Abm-f-m f s s t ep- - -cbpw {]Xo- nv Ccn- m- v. hs W aZo- - nse ]WvUn- -n Hcm-m- n-p ssi\b Xc f bc Jv apl- Zv C_v\- lmZo,knZv JpX- n-\bpw A p p- s _ bm-psS Blzm- -bpw kw_n Hcp {]`mf \s j W- n ]d- pp:kuZn Atd_y- n kvt^mS\w b b \S- n- - Ah-psS kzw hmb sIm- v-Xs bh c k- n Imcyam- v Ahv Pam- p XIv^o-p X W A d ambn- -- pw,Ah Dkma_nemZ-bpw _- apss A akv- -n- p-Sbpw kwL- n s]- cpw AhAc b t h cpsS kmlnXyw {]N-nn- p- bpw sNbvXn-phcpw c I c B- n-pp Fpw.bc Dkma_n emZ. BcmWv Cu
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a\pjys\ ]TnnXv? A- m-f-i-o- v-A-y- nb s cA `k n- m-m- v- Abm Hcp hym]mcn BWv, AXmWv X c W? Abm-psS {]tXy- - - pw... a- -]d- - p-t]mse f IXb pv X Ah Xs A- -- hm- -Im- v-k- n- Xm- vhcpsS- bs X W. \mw AXv Im- - b- ]{X- -n hm- n- - bWpI- pwf b pI- pwsNbv- - A^vKm- n- m- nse XIv^o-ns Nne B Xp. \ \ d fp- - -Ahsc-kzm- o- n- n-- -Fv AhcpsS kz I [ \ pv w i_vZ- n Ah ]d- pXv-ChnsS Fs b ssIbn (sd-mUv sNs-Xv- D- vt ) . A^vKm- n- m- ntev\ \ Pnlm-n\v t]mbn \p Z sS cmPy-v aSn h bphm- -n an- m t f h dpw t]sc s]mXp- mbn CJvhm\oh BZitam Asn hn- - --mb XIv^ocohIca Bi- tam _m[n- n-pb m- n-p- p. Ah t]mI- m hniz- n- n-p- Xv bc ptkc \msamw apkvenw- fm-W- m- v,Xncnp h-m I s W t \msamw Ahn- zm- n- -m- n!AXp-Imv \s A i k If b s h Ahn- zm- n- -mbn Ip,-c- m- n- m-nI-fbpw i k If ` W [I c s ]WvUn- - m-cbpw Ahn- zm- n- -mbn Ip;km[m X s i k If cWmcs Imcyw]d- p- bpw thtm.kuZn cm bI jv{Ss-aX{`- vS-mbn ap{Z- Sn- p- - pw, ]WvUn- j c b Ib X msc A- n- zm- n- -mbn-Nn- I-n- p- bpw sNbv h i k If {Xo- c I Xp.CXv Ah kzwhmb sIm- p- s k- nnX X p Imcy-m- v. Ah ]WvUn- - msc XIv^o f W X sNp- bpw, {]tXy- nv c- m-- sfI I fpI- t]sc-pp ] S
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dbp- bpw sNbvXp. ssiJv A_vZp Akokv C_v I \- _mkpw, ssiJv apl- Zv C_v\p Dssk-o\pw p a Amlp Ahsc kwcn- p-m-m- -. Ah Dkm a d Is a-_n emZ- pw, A akv- c- p-m- n-p Ah-p \ A n- a b b c sS _w Xpdp ]dbp- - pw sNbvXp. CXv Ah Ib v ke- n-]- n- - m-n-\nv e`n- - mtWm? A ^ X c X ! adnv Ahv CXp XIv^o-ns Bfp- -n \n d If v- - -Wv.ASp Imes Hcp i_vZteJe`n- Xm \ n \nm- n- W X v .\psS ssiJv ba- nse blvbm A lPq \ cn,-Dkm-- n emZ-\- p-n- v A^vKm- n- m- nse a_ s d \ \ Ctm-s nXn-b- n- p Hcp Xon ]dg s b p,icnbm- -hnizm- - ns ASnm- - n.... b k \ F\n- -nbmw Ah (Xm- n- m) (hn- zm- - m-yd e_ i kI c n- am- p-o-n BWv Fv. AXp- s Dkma ) XcZ X (_n emZ)sbp-npw ]d- m km- n- d b [ pw.At lw Hcp PnlmZnbm-Wpw XIv^o-ns {]iv\w s d D- m-m-Wpw F\n- dnbmw.Atlw hfscth b f s Kw XIv^o sNp Hcp XIv^o-nbm- v. A A d W Pvhn_- p lPq-n Ae-Akv- - - n lZo d Ce kn- F- i_vZ-e- - - n \nv. t J\ \psS ssiJm- b A_vZpAko- vk A _p dmCu Camw apJv_- C_v\- lmZn- psS PohnXw n p b
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F Hcp tSn tNmZn- --p.ssiJv (ap- v_n) s J Dw-Dkma_n emZ\pw Xn Fs- nepw _ aptm? l Atlw ]dp: At- - n\p (ssiJv apJv _n- n\v)-Abm-p-mtbm ap bmsXmcp _hpw C e fa . ssiJns Hcp ]pkvX- - n Hcp Aym- - n I b s t]cp- s ^nXv\- psS (A- w) Xe- D X b \ h W I km-a _n emZFm- v. hmp- CXmWv: A mlp- n- mWv kvXpXn.Dkm-- n emZs IqsS A h\ a_ bm-psS ]pXp-- m ]- nv D]-bm- --p- m f ab X t Ks S ]mI- n, kp- n \np Hcp ]WvUn X t]mep-n- . ImcWw Ah A-\- p Imcya s b -n klm- - m- - h-. ssiJv apJv_n f bn- \p- c Fs Adn- n {]Im-w bas {]kn- v Bb b c U A_vZp kmenlv Ckveman \nv ]pd- v-t]-- mb Xmbn Hcp aX- n[n ssiJn \nv kwL-n- n--p h Ss S m Abm Fm {iahpw \S- n-b- pw, ]s s ssiJv Dkm-- psS At]- v sNhn-Im-p- tX ab s S C Fp-m- v. Cs\ sNbvXXv `bw sImmbn a W cp- n- . {]XypX {]kn- v Hcp Ahn- zm- n- mbn U i kb ssiJn\vtXmmXp sImm- n-pp. ssiJv A bc _p lk A aAv-- Dkma_n emZs C cn_n tm-p [mcW amnsb-p- m {ian- p- bpw sN g S I
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bvXp. At- w-]dp: P\- v {]tbm- - - Z l P\{]amb Fs- nepw sN- -av Xmv tXmp Ws p-- n, Xm Ahn-S- p-n- n-Sbpw sNe- -n s s b ahs hg p [\-p- -bm- nv ]Tn- m- p tI{- D a ]t K \ m- p- , Fnv AXv Ccp- qtdm apqtdm \m\q I \ tdm ]T- -I- -m- p- ,Fnv AhnsS ]Ww sN \t {- f I ehm- p- . As\ Hmtcm tI{n \npw Hm I tcm hnZymn- , ]ns ASp Ap t] A I s\ XpS- n- m hnm\ hnZymn- -mbn [m b If cmfw t] Dm- pw. ]t Atlw CXv \nc- n I k g cI p- bpw Ctm-p am- n Xs XpS-p- bpw I sNbvXp. AXp-Imv kp- ns Bfp- Ats I ls- b- At- - ns A\p- m- n- -fbpw Dt] pw l b b Is n- p- bpw Ah-c {i- n- m- n-n- p- bpw sNbv I s Xc I Xp.Atm Dkm-a _n emZs Blzm- w, kpdq-n\ d I-psS Blzm- - p-mbn _-p- - m- p- - pw, kp f \h a a X h Ib - nsbmfp- -ptSXm- n- o-p- bpw sNbvXp. "C If b c I amw apJv_n C_v\- lmZn, At- - ns Pohn p l Xw, hnizmk {]amWw, alPv F i_vZ-eJt \ n \nv, _anw- vlmw, bp.sI. K

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F-vXmen-_m\pw ke-^n-bpw
Ah- m- -mbn Rm shfn- p sImp-hk \a cm Dt- n- p hnjbw Xmen_ms\ ke^o h i lm_n knmns\ ]npWbvphcmbn Nn {XoIcnp am[yafpsS sNbvXnsb- mWv. bYm b - n Ah Zbq- nkq^n hn`m- -m- v. k _ Ka W e^n- sf hfsc i-mbpw D--mbpw FXn I a Sa p- bpwshdpp-- m- p I fh hlm- n- (1)Fv _I k e- n- sf hnti- n- n- pIbpw sN- h-m- - ^I j p- c Wh - Fm- Xmen- m b- m- - n- Zbq. _ Y _nIf- l\^o a-v- - n-\pwZ l_ s A--bn ]npS-am c p- - cpw,- h-psS Fm \ho- m- - - fpw, J- --h A c \ i b _dm cm- - bpw D - -m-Wv-a- - n- m- - w- Ah [\ hc s \ e W . A^vKm- n ms\ Iog-- n- -m,\mn \npw \ S bt hn{K- mcm- [- m- --mb hnizm- - fpw inv l \ ] ca k {]h- - fpwXpSp \omt\m aX- nse \ho\ \m- - - sf ] dn- p- f- mt\m an\--n- . i b I-b s ]mn- m- nse hnizmktbmKy-mb ke^o \ c ]- m Adn- np X hnh--- p- -n- v-Ah nX b ca\ kc ,
(1)

A- cn-- A-- n- n- m- :249) Im- au- Zp- Z_ e (t]WpI.-

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J- B- n-e- - kp- n-epw - n- p- \ t pwt W p m]\- A-- - ]qnv ke^o ZAvhn-\mSv Sp t sshapJyw ImWn- n-p- - -mWv.- h- ^n- sf hc A- ke- I Kbv apJn-Zo(I-v ]n- -m- - )Fpw a S p-c h S pw ap{Z- pn sNdp- mn ImWn- p- - - A]Io I X Ibpw n--p- p- - - sN- - h-m- v. Bcm- v-lZo s S Ibpw- p- c W W b K kns Bfp- ? F kw- p Hcp {]kwI n ]mn- m- nse ssiJv kpss_ Aen-bm \ t Sv Xmen- ms\ ]n tNmZn- p- - p- m- n.At- tm _ Ib b l \ \ _ Sv tNmZn- ssiJv! A^vKm- n- m- nse Xmen- m p: s\Ipdnv Xm-psS \ne- mSv FmWv?.Atlw ] f ] _ K dp: Z bq- o ]- ns-Hcp `m- amWv Xm en- m. ]mn- m- nse Zbq- - n- cp hn`m_ \ _ I K-p- v: a (1) lbm- o-(2) aam- o-lbmn hn`m- - n, X. K e-- v Xmen_m s]-- . Xmen- m\v hyamb H mW SpI_ cp hnizmk{]amWa- .Xmen- m \ho- m- - - --mn _ \ i b m c Wv. ke^nI-psS-t\-- - m-A- -hm f s pth -AXn- a- m-n- -m- - . DZm- -- -mbn A^vKm {I-I c If Ipwl cW a \n- m- nse-ke^n m]- - Xmen- m ]qn \ \ _ n-p- v. ]e ]n- fpw ]qn- p- bpw \nm- - n I I W en-n- p ]e ]n- -p-Sbpw \nmW {]hc If s \- XS- --- p- bpw sNbvXn-p- v. ke^n s S I
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m]- - fpw ]n- fpw m]n- p- - n hym]r\ I X X- m- n-p kp- ne-n- - \ bc S bpd- Fs Hcp am- y- p \k lr- m- v F\nv Cu hnhcw XXv. DZm- -- -m W l cW a bn Ckv- --m- m-n \np Fs kplrv A em a _ Z _q Dssa Jpssdin.- e A^vKm- o- ^n- fpw C ] \ ke- I -w- apXh-- n (hn- zm- - n-e-p- m- p H-c mX i k s S h cp IqwBfp- dn-m-v- p- - v; If- m- mI t sN- X h I Xo sc-km[yXbn- m- - v) Bb hnh-- Rv X c Xcp- pv. Atm BcmWv Zbq- - n- ? Ahcpw ke_ I ^n- fpw Xn- p hyXymksamWv? Zbq- - nI e _ I FXv 1867 Zbq- v Fv- c- H-- Cy _ t]-p- cp ]- - n m]n- -mb Hcp Ckv- m-n- - nW Xa e a I Ib-- v. apl- Zv Jmknw \mt\m- v- o Fv-t]-pmW Xh c H-m-m- vc f W AXns m]- . Cu hn`m- - ns-a I K v m]I -joZv AlZv KwtKmlnbpw Zbq_n d e IfpsS CSbn aplmPn ao (abntev ]- mb- w- bv- - \ sN- Xh )F t]cnedn- --- lmPn Cw bs SpZm-p Fn- cpam- v- R- - n-- n-(Alvep Z h W. Sb lZo- v) Atlw Adn- --p- - v a^vdq ao(X k bs S X Xzsf ssIshSn- - - mb a- m-)FmWv. h\ c Zbq- v ]- - n- Hcp a{Zk B-w-n- _ W c ` p sIm- -- v-Cu aX- n-m- --m]nX-m- - Xv.- m m W h ` Kw a Ip-
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]n- -m- -tijw Zbq- - n- hnhn[ t]-- fnXa b _ I cpIhn- n- -kwL- -mbn hym- n- - D-m- -- -m- n- P h[ f ] p.- Z lcWa b : am- p- veoKv, kn]mCu-klm_, lbmXo Z A _ bq- o_ ,aamXo-Zbq- - o- Cim- - p- loZv h _ , A u p- , Pam- - p Ckvem-o-lv Nm bm, ^Zv A a, ep dlvam {Kq- v-Xmen- m,Pbvsj apl- Zv Xp , _ S- n- - . bh Hcp- mSv Imcy- -n ke- n- fpw Zbq- - ] f ^I _ nI fpw Xn hyXym- -p- v. hnizmk kw_amb ka hnjb-pw, aX- ns ASn- m\ XXz- fpw A f lvI-apw (hn- n- n- - - ) Cu hyXym- - -nem [ h epIkf p s-p- p. Cu hyXym- - -n \nv hnizmk- S k f s bpw ASn- m\XXz- sfbpw _m[n- p- h am{Xw Rm {]Xn- m-n- p- p. ] Z BZy-mbn: Zbq- - n- hlv-- - hpPqZv a _ I ZXp (A- m- p- ns AkvXn- z- nse GI- zw) F B lh X X i- - n hniz- n- p- - -mWvv. Zbq- - n- -psS b k hc _ If ssiJpamcpsS ssiJmb lmPn Cw---p kwip ZmZ n \jvS- Cu hnizm- -- p-nv ]dp: h s ks d lv-- p hpPqZv F B- - wZ ib kXyhpw icn- p-mba Wv. Cm-ys Ipdnv-BZy-mbn kw- m-n- - v-ap c a k c X
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lv- p-o C_v\p Ad_n- m- v.(2) C_v\p Ad_n b b W bpsS ChnsS ]-m-- n- -hmp- CX-Wv: Xo c a i I m - mbpw {kjvSm- ns AkvXnXzh- krjvSnbpsS b h pw AkvXnXzhpw HpXsbmWv. Atlw CXpIqSn ]dp: Fm-- AXv AXns k- mWv F nepw b vNqn- mp- Hcp AS- m--p- v.AXp-Imv A b fa s (3) m- - msX asmcplphAkvXnXza- . n b- m- - n,Y CXv a\p- ys s\n- - v j \I Ib-n- q-nb Ghpw PpKp]vkmhl-mb hnizmd S a k -n s]-X-sW-Ip- fpw ImXp- fpw hnti f m v I I j- p- nbpw \I--n-p G-Xm-m- pw- \- n_ s s c a- em- m- - Xm- v hp- W .ssZhw aqm-n Hcm-m-Wv ] f f s d- p ss{IkvXh hnizm- -- m ZpjvShpw Xn b kt -b-n- - p-mWv CXv.Zbq- - - -psS hnizm- -- pt d bX a _ n- f I ka\ k-nv Ghpw D- - mb Amlp Pp- -nepw, c X\ f ac- -nepw, Ip- -nepw,Fn\v hnky-h- vXpf If k -n t]mepw IpSn-Im- p- pv. Ah \Ip f s m\-- m F{Xtbm D- -mWv Am- p- n t Xa lh s m\w.CXmWv Ghpwtam- -mb aX- n- zmkw.ia hi CXmWv Ghpw PpKp- vkm- - - - Zq- n- - p-mb ] hlhpw j Xh a [mcW. CXv hyambpw {]hm- - - mcpw ZqX- mcpw NI
(2) (3)

i- - A- o-- n- lm- n- - :556)lp- J ZX Xz- h (t]^- plm- v- n- pX- X a- (1/272)-

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Am- p- ns GI- z-- p-nv Am- p- n- lh Xs d l h \nv Xs sImp- k- n-bpw Ahn- zmh s i k-m- v. a W A Camw C_v\p A_n Cv A l\ t ,- l h s ^o() (792 ln.) ]dp: ""A-m-A- m- p- n-hn-i- - - -f-\n-j- n- p- - -Xo- - m- pw-Pt jWs t [ h b b lv-n- v- p-kz- v- m-\- pw- Iq--c- - t]m-e- Xu a _\ ^h s b t bpws lo-n--\m-- n-i- - - -f-\n-j- n- p- - -nZs ah t jWs t [ hc s-pw- Im-- w-A- -]-- p- - v,-"hn-i- - - S .- c W h db X t jW (4) - I-np-m-A-hm- n- v- [m-mf-p-nco- c t P_ c as p-h-pw-F- m- v-Cu-hm- p- -A- y- w-Zp- nc ' - W .I X j - - m- v;- m-- w-hn-i- - - -n---A-qhb W I cW t jWf s a -q- - n- p- -H-p-h- - p- n-\--o- -- - -F c ] e c kv X h s c Icn- pI - n- - w-A- - -]p-- p- - n--Nn- w-kX\ X ns d X s {X- - n- m-km- y-- -Fm- v.- s\ Hn\v A [ a WA kvXn- z-n Fv a\kv ]d- p-sIm-- n-n- pw. Xa t bc CXmWv XAvXen(\n-m- w)s At- -w. Am- pc k b l hn-\- p-n Cu {]kvXm- - - Amlp Fm- ns d h\I b Spw Ftmgpw Dv F hnizm- - n-ev \bnk t
(4)

C-mw- _v- p- _n- v- lv-n- -f- -n- p-ma C- \ AC- P- a Is D-c t "A- Pn- v'- p- dhm- _ F- ]bm- p- -Im-- w-A- -"hm- n- p-hp- q-v--"apw- n- p-hpPqZv'-Xp-- n- -]-\ cW ,- h P_ P Z ', I\ S b Z -D- -bm- n- m-p- - p-Im- m- v...-"h- v-- p-hp- qZv'-F- -hn- z-Z- - m]t K d X s W l Z P i t hX kn- m- - --m- -k- - --\ym- oI-n- m-{ianp-sIm- m- v-C- -w-]- ]ca b s b c W c Z - h- ]-bm- n- p- - v.A- D- t K X

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np- v. CXv {InkvXym- n- -psS Ahn- zm- -- m \ If i kt tami-mWv. ImcWw {InkvXym- n- AXv anin a \I lm (tb- p)hn am{Xw HXp- n- -m Ch tem i bt I- nse Fm hkvXp- -nepw D]-bm- n- p- p. f t K Ccw Xulo-p-mbn _--pn t\mpZa s S tm-mWv ^n-u\pw Ahs P\- fpw, Cuam g H ]q-m- n- n-p-pw Am- p- ns\ bYm a bc s lh n a\- n- m- n- n-p-pw hcp- v. As\ e bc s X Btem- n- p-m hn{K- - sf Bcm- n- p- - N t l [ h kXy- ne- {]Xn- ew Inp- - p-mb Bcm[\- n pw^ X a b emWv.- mcWw Ah Bcm- n- p- Xv Am- p- ns\ I [ lh am{Xam- -m,am-cbpw A.As\ t\mp-m Wt s t D, s], A\y kv{Xo Ch Xn bmsXm cp hyXym- - - pm- - bn.-Ahsc-kw- - n- khpa- hpI_ Am- p- ns hn- n- n- - lh [ h epICm- -- pw. ipP XmI ehpw aZyhpw (Jw-v) Xn hyXym- -n- m- -- pw.] d ka X m I ckv{Xo Ka\hpw,hnhm- hpw Xnepw hyXym- an- ml k X-- pw. Cu Nnm- Xn {]Imcw Fmw Dhn- pmI K Xv Htcsbm-- Dd- n-- n \nmWv. Am- - mWv cp h S lphB Hcp Dd- n-w.Cu Nnm- - n- n- qsS t\mnbm hS KX b e {]hm- - am Ah-psS P- - -b-hnj-n- n- pNI c \Xs a
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h-m- n-p- p Fv hcpw.Amlp Ah ]d- p- - n c bc b X epw F{Xtbm D- - mWv. (5) X\ Cu {]iv\-- p-nv ssiJv AlvaZv APv s d an ]dp:Ah- m- -mbn ]d- -, hlv-- n hp k \a bs Z PqZv (A- vXn- z- nep GIXzw) FXv Ahnizm k X knsbpw \ncoizcXznsbpw hnizm- -m- v. ka W `uXn- -temIns\ Bcm- y- mb Hcp ssZhambn I [\ ImW- p-mWv.CXv Iayq- nv knm- - n\v kZr- ea W i amWv. ImcWw Iayq- n- v-ap{Z-- mIyw,-ssZh-n,W mh a W Cu temIw shdpw `uXn- -mWv Fm- v. As\ Ia Ah Cu `uXn- -tem- s Hcp ssZh-m- n- n-nI I a bc p- p.\mw Fm- n-pw ImWp- Xpw CXpX-. bS s kq^n- Ah-psS hlv-- p hpPq-n ]d- p I c Z Z b p: Am- p- - msX-bm-Xm- n\- AkvXnXzw C l h s pw. Atm \mw tIp- Xpw \apv hnhn[ X cw kwth-\w \Ip- p-mb Fm hkvXp- fpw Z Xa Am- p- m- v. Amlp a\p- y\mWv, Pnm- v, am lh W j W emJ-m-m- v.Ah ]n- mWv,- bp IoS-mWv, a c W b Cga Hmfw shp kap- am- v, hnIknp sImn-n- p {Z- W c `qanbm- v,hoin-mn-n- p amcp- - m- v, No W s c X\ W p \mdp ih-m- v, ISp B{K- -m- v, Hcp a W la W
(5)

ssiJv A_m\nbpsS ]cntim[- -bmSv IqSnb id- n AJo- n Xzlm\t l Z hnb t]Pv:7879.

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Pohn- psS ico-- n \ne -Im- p Poh- m- v,H b c s \ W cp ih- -o-s AXm- n amp acW- p-m- v. P ic c ha W \n- p- Xpw acn- p- Xpw Ah Xs.Amlphm Wv k- zhpw. (6) k Zbq- - n- J_vdmcm- - sb Aw- o- -n- _ I [\ K I c p I- - A- v-kzoI-n- p- bpw sNp- pv. apl- Zv bpw- X c I Am\o A lpkv- n Xs {K-mb kodm ap \ a l- Zv bqkp- n ]-- - p:k- y- n,-siJv ap ^ dbp- X s l- Zv Ceymkv ]- -m-- Pn- v- nbm k{_nb kq et gpw- i X ^o-{]m- - ns t\Xm- m- n-p- A_vZp Jp \ h bc qk-A In- n- psS J- v-n- v-]nn Ccn- mv q- b l _d \ dp- mbn-p- p.Atlw kCu-v A _Z- q- n- psS c Z b \b Ipgn-m-- n- GIm- bn- n-np- bpw AhnsS a S X ec I shv Iq{]m\ \S- p- bpw sNp-m- n-p- p(7) I a bc knZm apl- Zv A ]mn- m- n-Cs\ \ ]d- - mbn A-- - - \npw apl- Zv Akvew X t l n A ]mn- m\n D-n- - p:]p hjtm c pfw X_veosK Pam- n s]v hgnsXn- B-mA b f bncp- p Rm.-Rm X_veosK Pam- ns A A ao-m- n-p apl- Zv bqkp^v Alveh- psS Iq d bc nb
(6) (7)

A aucn-p AZ- n- - m. t]Pv234. Z _ ne kod apl- Zv bqkp- v. t]Pv135. ^

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sS ]etmgpw cm{Xn- psS a[y- n apl- Zv Ceymb kns J_-n-- n-ev t]mIp-m- n-pp. AhnsS d S t a bc R-psS Xe-q-n--v ZoLt\cw Ccn- p-m- nf a Ss m a b cpp.Atlw XpS-pp: ssiJv apl- Zv ]dp,c Cu J- v-- InS- p- \psS ssiJv apl- Zv C _ d n eymkv,-BIm- - -n \npw-At- - ns J- vi f l _ dn-- n-ev Cdnhcp {]Im- s At- - pS t i lh ambn Dm- n-p _- n-bpw ASp- - ns bc s bpw tXmX- p- -nv Atln--A- - bn- \ kc s \pbm- I (8) n-- n- cWw sNp- p. Sb hnX CXv hy-mbpw Xncp-q- -psS I- pw C a Z Xc \ kvem-ns-ASn- m\X- z- pw-FXn-m- v. Pq a X c W Zp_v C_v\p A_vZp A-_P- n ]d- p: acne p- - n\v Ap Znhkw apvX {]hm- - () C NI s\ ]dbpXv Rm tInpv: Xobmbpw,-\n v apph XfpsS {]hmNImcpsSbpw, ]pWy]pcpjmcpsSbpw J- v-_ dpI- Bcm- - m- - [\ eb -mn amnbncpp. AXpsImv \n J_vdp f Isf Bcm[\mebfmc- .-\n- - v-Rm- - vpXv \X (9) hn- - - p.ep-
(8) (9)

A Juep _eo- v. t]Pv65, 66. K apkvenw (2/67,68)-A_qA- m\ (1/104)- n- - . ; h XpS- bh

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A_q- p-- vd()bn \nv \nth-\w: Aml db Z l _ lp- ns ZqX()]dp:Am- pth! Fs J- vh dn-s Hcphn{K- -mn am-ptX. X-psS {]hmS la c f N- -psS J- v-n-- Bcm- \m tI{- -mn am Ic _ d S [ f ph-- ta-Amlp- ns im]acpsSh pmh-. (10) s A_vZp C_v iPo lk- ]d- p,\ Dkvam dI C_v\p A^v^m() J_-p- \nc- m I]np- Xv Rm In-p- v. Atm At- -mSv lt ]d- -pCXv D- vams aI-mb Dp Aw-ns J bs k f d _-mWv.Fm- mepw AXv \nc- - sap Xsd b W (11) bm- n-pp At- - ns I]\.- A_p-l bc l m- v AAkZo ]dp.""Aen- n_v\- A_o Xzm P p "Am- p- ns Zq- Fslh X en_v FtmSv ]dp:F- n\- th- n-- bpthm AXntev Rm \n p A s Abs? \o Fm {]XnaI-psSbpw-Nn{X- f fp-Sbpw apJw hnIr- -m- p- bpw J_-p- \nc s Xa I dI (12) mp- bpw sNpI. I
(10)

C_v\p Jpsska Xs "kzloln'-(1/2/92); C_v\p lnm (\ 340,341); C_v\p A_o ssi_ Xs "A apk- ^n'- (4/ 140). Camw A_m\n XlvZodp- m- nZn CXv kzlo- m-Wv hn[n- p. P l s (11) C_v\p A_o-si- -"A apk- ^n- (4/138)epw,-A_q- pA "Am-o- n's _ 'k cJ (22/2)epw hniz- vX-mb \nth-I]c- --bm-S. k c Z ct s (12) cmw A[ym- - nse ASn- p-nv \4 ImWp- . b d I

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A_q _pZ() ]dp: A_q aqk Aiv A-n acn- p- - n\p apt] Rsf D]-Z- np,c X t i "F s P\mk(anv sImp-]mI)b- bn-\nt pam -[r- n- n-t]m- - w...Fs elvZn (J- -n- p Xb IW _d \ n ih- -ocw Cdn shp CSp- nb mew) ic ico-hpw `qanbpw Xn Xm- n-n- m Imc- -m c Xc Wa Ip bmsXmpw sh-p- v.Fs J_-n\p apI-n cX d f Hpw sIn-m- p- bpw sN-p- v. (Zpx- -mcs I cX J` m- )Xe apWvU\w sNpI- - h- v{X- h bpw,- k enp NopI- - kzi-o-- -n ASn- pI- pwbpw,- c cf b sN p-kv- I-n-\n- - Rm-kz- - \m- v-F{Xo- f pwX{- W v-\n-Adn- - .Ah tNmZnp:""CXn-\- pdn bpIs v-Xm Fs- nepw tIn-ptm?''- tlw ]d A s Am- - s ZqX-n \nv. (13) lphnc p:""A-X,\mev Cam-p- -nsem-m-f- A-mbn ]nXp-a If c s a S c- -a- mWv Zbq- - - hniz- np- XvAWs _ nI k amb Dd A\p- m- \w Xs. Ah-psS ssiJv B [ h c b-Jeo Al-Zv A- m-^qcntbmSv tNmZn- va l d sp: ""Hcp a\p- y-\men Hcp Cam-n-\ Fm j as ASn- m\ Imcy- -nepw A\p- - - cy-nepw f _ Im- f Hcp Cam-ns\ Aambn ]n- -p- Xv icn- m-Wm? a p-c S b t
(13)

Al-Zv 4/397 i-mb \nth-I ]c- --bm-S. va a Z ct s

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B-W- n,- Xm- v- Xn-- cn- n- CXv \ns G W A- s ]- [ ? amtWm- A-Xm-A\p-]- o- tam? Cam-p- -n ,- t t Wb a If Bsc- mWv ASn- m\Imcy- -ne- A- - - b f pw- \p_- fn- - Xm- epw- ]n- -p- Xv?''p-c S A-- w- d- Sn- d- -""Cu Xe-p-- n s] t l a-p]- ]-p: a db Bfp- v \mep Cam-p- -n Hcmsf A-m I a If a bn ]np--- -A- y- m-]- n- -m- v; Fp am{XS c X t X a W a \n- - p-m- v.Xo- mbpw Cam-p- sf Ah a W b aI ambn ]n- -p- - n \nv hnpp-c X S t]mhpIbpw AhcpsS kzw Nm]- y- sfbpw kzw [mc- - -f e WIs bpw ]npScp- bpw sNbvX ]e-cbpw aX- i- n I s {`w- s ]Sp- p-n- n hoWp-]mbXm- nI gb t b \mw In-pv. Amlp \s AXn \nv Imp -- n- -. A c s Xp-Im- p-Xs \mapw \psS ssiJpamcpw apkv s enw- -psS Cam-mb A_q- - o- -bIf a l\ ^s A--bnam A \p- cn- - h-m- v. \s Amlp As\ Xs I p- c W acn- n- p- bpw At- - ns Iq- n Xs(]- I l c tem- - v)s]Sp- p- bpw sN-. Cu- j- - nI I s hn- b \psS ]WvUn- - m-n-\n- - [m-m-w-IrXnX c p- c f I (14) \m-p- -n {]N-n- - pv.'' S If c n Zbq- - fpw apl- Zv C_v\p A_vZp h _ nI lm- ns am- n- p- - cpw Xn- p hyXym _ e h e
(14)

A--p- - -v, t]Pv43. a lZ

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kw hn- -- p- n- n-- nh c n X \ Sb ssiJv lpssk A b s aZo\n ]d- p: Xo- mbpw hlm_nI G-X- n e- Hcp Cam-ns\ A-mbn ]n]-pwa a pXv inmsWp Icp- p- p. AXp-Imv Ah \mev Camap X s amscbpw Ah-psS A\p- m- n- -fbpw Nohmpc b b Is I D]-bmKnv hnti- n- n- p- bpw sNp- p. C t j I m-Ww sImv Ah Alvepp- n h Pam c Axsb FXnp- bpw sNbvXnp- v. A-mbn AI a \- cn- - h-- - Cy- m--Cu ZpjvS kwLpI- p- cm ns Bfp- f-- v.Xo- mbpw \P-nse hlm_nI mW b vZ Ifpw As\ Xs. Ah-psS Ah- m- - mZw A c I ih h l- n- BWv FmWv. ]s Camw Alv eI aZv C_v\plens aZvl_v {]Imcw Ah {]h n- p- n- . G-Xm-- hn- - - n- - len ^nJv s cp jb epwlv-l-o- n\v FXncmsWn Ah len ^nJv Zk ln \nv hnv \n- - . Ch Bscbpw A-m pw a bn A\p- -n- m Ch-psS ktlmZcsf t]m Ic c se- s Cu D- nse ImcW- - m-psS t\sc h c Xn-b-n- Xpw Ak`yhpamb- p- D]-bm- nt db hm- I t K pp.\psS Imc- - - mc-- s,-Ah ASn- mWh m I \hpw imJm]chpamb hn- - - -n-A_ql\o^ jbf sb ]npScphcm- v. GsX- nepw Hcp Cam-ns\ W a Aambn A\pIcnpI FXv Ah \n Ihyambn IncppssiJv Am\q- oX At
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lns "eXmC^v Jmkna' bnepw ssiJv A I Iqlo "k_oepdjmZn'epw ]d- p- t]mse.X ssiJv A IIq- n, A-mb A- - c- wl a \pI-W Hcm fpsS I- y-mWv Fv m]nm am{Xambn ha Hcp ]pkvXIw Xs Fgp- n- n-p- v.-AXn hlm Xb _nIsXncn Hcp]mSv J\ FgpXnbnp v... (15) Cu D-- n- n \nv Bpw a\- nem- p cW b h Imcyw Zbq_- ssiJv apl- Zv C- v\- A nI _ p _vZn hlm- ns I ]- n- n hniz- n- p _ Xb k h- FmWv. Hcp - t Aamb A- - cc ] \pI-W n- v-thn- p Ww sImv ssiJns\bpw \ b ke- n- -bbpw J- p- m- m- n-n- - Ah-p ^ s n- h \ b c pw c sS D-- w. A-mb A- - c- n- v -\-c- p t i a \pI-W \ t s b ke^nbpsS \ne]mSv ImWn- p- mB- - I-h [p\n- cpw]ucmWnIcpamb Nne ]nXmcn \npw D cnmw. C_v\p lkw(a:465 ln.) "A- Zn' ]d p_a \pI-W hZ\ ba bpp:A-mb A- - c- w-A\p- -- o- -- . B cpsSbpw {]kvXm- \ sXfn- n- msX kzo- -n- - h h I c m ]mSn.CXn\p sXfnhv Am- p- ns Cu hm- p lh I--- v: fmW
(15)

A- m- p- vYmIz- v (t]:62-63)n- _ Y l n_

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\n-psS cn- m- n- \nv \nmbn f X h

Ah- -n- n- --Xv \n ]n]-p- . Ah\p ]pd X c s I sa ap cm- n- mcnIsf \n ]n]--p- v. hf [I c X sc Ipdv am{Xta \n BtemNnv a\- n- m- pe pq. (kqd-AAvdm^v3). : a-m-- h- - w-Amlp Ah- -n- n- Xv \n s cp N\ : Xc ]n]n Pohn- pI Fv Ah-cmSv Bsc- nepw t ]d- m A, R-psS ]nXm kzoI-n- - m f c -X bn ItX R ]n]-p- bpq Fm- n-n I bc pw Ah ]d- p- Xv. (kqd: _Jd170). b A-mbn-A- - cn- m Bfp- sf {]iw a \pI- I knv Amlp ]dp:AXm- Xv {inp tIpb Ibpw AXn Ghpw \Xv ]n]-p- bpw sNp I - . Aq-m- pp Amlp amKZi\w \ h I In- n-p- - v. Ah Xs- m- pp _pn-m- m. b X b I a (kqd-kpa18). : a-m-- h- - w- C\n h Imcy- nepw \n s cp N\ : n-- n `nn- p- m- p- - m-W- n \n-Xv Sb h Ib s f Am- p- n-epw dkqen-epw aS- p- . \n l ht t I Am- p- nepw Ay-n- - nepw hniz- n- p- p-hlh Z \ k s n (A- mWv th- v). (\nkmAv59). X X
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A-m- `n- n- p-m-g- mw- Jp- - n-et t s B\ t pw-kp- - nte- p--a-- m- - m-X-A- m- p-A w S \ s l \p- -n- p- n.- - -p-S-bm- -p-S- p- - -phZ Xf s t X- f s ap- hc sS-bm-hm- pI-\n-q- m- nIw-kzo- -n- p- - v-{]t c] [ Ic X hm- - ()- hn- - n- np- v-F- -Im-y- n-B NI e b c Zymh- m- -p- -kz- m- n- -pw-Xm- n-- -pw-G- mk \a l _ If _ DIf I `n- b- m-m- v.- AXp-Imv A_ql\o- - p-S{]m- c W s ^b t tbm, amen- n--bm,im^nCu- p-Stbm AlvaZv C s t bs _v\- l- n-tbm hm- - sf- mw-kzoI-n- p p es pI- c hnth- \in- p Bfp- D- ns sF- - N b I II Wv-Ty\- t bp- A-n- b- n-\- n-m- pI- ` {]m- s X c I bpw,hnizmkn- -psS ]mX hnv asmcp ]mX- neq-S-Nc- m- If b s n- XpS- pI- - sN- - bpw- bvXpshp a\- n- m-- n- n-n e t bc p- Cu- h- - n \npwp. A- b \mwAmlp-hm t Sv c-X-p- p. t S B- lm- - Xs Ahsctbm- - ha- ] nX a-psc-bm-Aambn A- - cn- - Xns\ hn- - n- n t \pI- pe b p- v. Atm-Ahsc A-mbn A- - cn- a \pI- p h Ah- v-X--FXn-v-{]- - n- - Fmbn s c h p . hnizm- n- -psS \mb- -mb Da C_v\p- m- v, k If Ic JXz-_ Aen- n- v\- A_o Xzmen- v, C_v\p Amkv A _ p _ s- n hnizm- n- -psS D- mb Bbnj Fn- k If b h sc- mfpw Fp {]tXy- - - mWv A- - cn- --p IXb \pI- s S Bfp- p- Xv? A-mb A- - cn- A\p- I a \pI- h
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Z- obambn-p-- n, Chm- n-pp (A- m- Xv \ cs bc X b kzlm- n-m) A_q- - o- , amenv, im^n, Alva _a l\ ^ ZvFn- -c- mfpw A- - cn- --m Al- ...''-) ht \pI- s S X (16 Camw A_q l\o^() ]dp: Hcp lZokv klo- m-Wp Im AXm- v-Fs aZvl- v.l s W _ Atlw CXp- qSn ]d- p:-Rm Am- p- ns I lh {Kn-]-- - n-\- n-mtbm AX-- n Xn - dX s X c s cp-q- cn-\n- v-D- -n- --- n-\- n-mtbm FsZX c s X s X c nepw ]d- n-ps- n,Rm ]d- Xv Ah- - n KW pI. Atlw ]d- p: Rm kzoI-n sXfnhv c FmsW- -nbmsX Rm ]d hmp- am d I {Xw IW- n-e-pv hn[nI sImSp- m- Sn- s S ]m- . Camw amenIv() ]dp: Xo- mbpw Rm b H-- a\p- y-am{X--- v. Nn- -m-F\nv-sXpcp j am W et ]-- . Nn- -m Rm ]d- p- Xv icn- p-m- pw. A pw- et b ba I Xp-Imv Fs A`n- b- t\mp- :s {]m- I AXv Jp B\pw kp- p-mbn Hp-t]m- p- - msW- n a I X kzoI-n- pI; JpB\pw kp- p-mbn Hp-]m c a t ImXmsWn Ah- - n- pI. Atlw CXp- q KW I Sn ]dp:-Xncp-q- v tij-p G-Xm-m-p-S ZX a s c fs
(16)

C- v- -l- v-- - - Zv'_\p kan- "A- p_- (t]:115-117)s

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b- hmp- fn-sImt- - - - X-- - pwI hbpw- t hbpwD- m- - . hpwim^nCu- ]dp: Hcp lZokv klo- m () l sWp Im AXm- v-Fs aZvl- v.Atlw W _ lh ho- - ]d- p: Hmtcm Imcy- nepw Am- p- n pw- s ZqX-psS hmp- BJym\w sNp Bfpc I I Bsc- nepw Hcp \nth-\w kzlolv BWv Fv Z ImWp- bpw AXv Fs hmp- v FXn-mWv I I c Fpw Im Fs PohnXIme- m-W- nepw a s c- -ij-m-W- nepw Rm ]d hmp- Xn Wt a s I cn--p- pp.Atlw CXpw ]dp:-Am- p- n s S lh s ZqX-psS kpv n---m, am-p-Sbpw c cs cs hmp- v thn AXv hnp- -- -pXv F- -Im I If bc cy- n-a- - nw- -G- m-n- b- m-m- v- Camw pkve I I ` {]m- c W . lh c AlvaZv ]dp:-Am- p- ns ZqX-psS {]kvXmh\ Bsc- nepw \nc- n- m Ah \mi- ns h k n- mWv. Atlw hopw ]d- p:-A Hukme C- p-S- pw, amen- n-bpw A_q- - o- - p-Sbpw bs b s l\ ^b s A`n- b- -fms sh-- A-n- m- - -m- v- A {]m- s dpw- ` {]-bf W .-

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h-b- mw-Fs In Xpey-mWv. Fn- pw sXfn s a e (17) hv D- -- n- -n- mWv.cW I f e -Atm F-\- mWv Hcmv ke- nI s b ^ sfb- Zbq- o-am- w-kzo- -n- - -c- - Xn pw _ K Ic hs bpwXn-n- -n- m- m- p- v- As\ Bi- - p-- -p c d b X h X ? b g a Bfp- Hp- n heXpw CSXpw Xncn- -n- mh I I d b cpw,-BIm- hpw `qanbpw Xncn- -n- mh-pam- n-ni d b c bc pw;AX-- n ke- n- - psS kzhpw ]cn- p- s ^ b i hp-mb s]mbvI-b hf-m-n \pW- psS sNfn a s s S b hmcnsb-nv If- --p- m- p lo\- - - nbpw d s S \ ] X ZpjvS- mpw a\- n hp \Sp- - cmbn-n- pwe k h c .

D]-kw-lmcw
ap]- Imcy- -n \nv hnth- \ind f N bp Bfp- v Xmsg- -- p \mev Imcy- I ] db hy-m- n-npw: a bc 1. ke- n FXv `oI-- m-- n-epw Xo{h^ ch Z t X- n-epw Wn- p Xo{h Bi- - -p Hcp bt bf ]pXnb kwL-- . AXv iphpw A]- n- - p-mb C a eh a kvem-nI A[ym- - - -n-e- p - -m- v. kea ]\f t Wa W
(17)

a- -v- kzn-- \- A- m- n- - "kzn- - - em- n- _n'pl- Z \m- dpo- p_ \ bpsS- ^Xpz- X ("\_n- - \bpsSa- v- m-w'- - e- m-- h- - w- - sSkI c F- a- b f hn- \ )- p b BapJw- W- . Im- pI-

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^n GXp- -- n- p `oI-- m-- n\pw i-mbn X c e ch Z a FXn-m- v. c W 2. hlm_n Fsmcp km[- ta C. aplZv \ A_vZp hlm_v apIm- phsc t]msee s ke^o ]mX- n Dd- p- n Hcm-m- n-p- p. b \ f bc 3. Dkma _n emZ, ke^o ]mX- n \n b p Hcm-- . adnv Jhm-n- n-bpw XIv^o-n- f cPs ds bpw hn- - n-- pw hml- - mWv. h s b I\ 4. Xmen- m,_ ke^o I- - - n- n- p B ] X b e fp- -- ; Ah Zpbq- n am- n \np- If _ h cpw ke- n- -fmSv G- p-- nIw shdp- p- - cpamWv^ It h a[ h kaq- - -psS ico-s _m[nv Bn lf c tbmsS Imp Xnp Cu Imk-n\v Hcp acpv d Rv \nt- n- m\pv. ssiJv skbvZv C_v i \- apl- Zv A aZvJeo At- - ns {K-mb p l a "A Clm_n'(t]:2426)-]d- p- p:-""Xo- m b b bpw Cu Akp- - ns (`o- -- m-w)NnIn- A- J Ich Z ; AXn-\- n-c- p {]Xn-cm[w IrXy-mb Ckvems Xs b t a anI hnZym-ym- -m- v. P\- sf hnZym-ymkw sNn ` ka W ` m Cd- n- n-n- p t{ijvT-mb ke^o ] c c - - m-m- - c- X-n- c B-pw- s CtmX IrXy-mb C a kvem-nIm\w \Ip- n- . A- m- - {]t_m[- a lp I
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cm- - A- ym- - -m- - P- - -n-e- - - -a- mbpw- [ ]Ic bpw- \f t b l {]hm- - - m- pS- n-bS- v- pX-- t_m- - wNI X- t \n- s {]- [\ X- m- m- v-A- -D- -Z- n- - Xv- {]-_m- - wpS- \ W h ]t i p- .- t [\ F- n-S- v- pS- Wwh s \n- X- FXvAmlp Zn- y-_mht [- - n- q-S-A-n- n- - m- v.- - n- q-S- mWv-lrZ\ e s d b X W AX e s b b - h- p-S-A- p- -n-\npw-i- I-n- A bs kJ f po- c sSp- - v.-AXv Bm- p- sf kw{`-- n \npw X hI a hymIp- - - -n \npw Biz- n- n- p- p\n`m- yeXIf k K wIog-- sSp- - pw, kw-- n- - e- - n- - gn- ng S Ib c X ^- I h- ] h\m- n-tcJsSpIbpw sNbvXhs\--n-I.-Ab mg s s\b- H-- s\-I- m- v-(Amlp- ns Cup- cphpdn- W h h- - w- Xo- mbpw \n\- n- vS--- sc \n\v N\ ): b j s h t\h-n- n- m- m- m- n- .]s, Amlp Xm\p-- ngbe \ h t i p- - sc t\h-n- n- m- p- p.kmw {]m]n- ph gbe - -c- n Ah (Am- p) \- w Adn- p- hs l h b h \m- pp. (kq--Jkkv56). I d :{]t_m- - - pw Fgp- p- pw ^ean [\ I msXbmhptm Hcp Zo- -a-nb Hcp lZo- n Lt d k X t {]hm- - () ]d- - p-]mse Amlp Hcp _e NI hm- mb apkv- - `c- m- n- m-n- psS ssIbn sIm \ e nw W [ I c b Sp k- y- n--hmfpsImv Ah- p-- n \X s \t i sImp- -pw. lZokv ]d- pp:- \n- ]n- psS hc b ]m- b ssI ]nSnphbvp- bpw kXy- n-ev hgn- n-n I t Xc
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p hnSp- bpw sNpI-AXsnI . Amlp \nfpsS lrZ- - - - n-- - i{XpXb- - - sb S b n pm- p-;Aw nAhsc i]n t]mse \nsfbpw- p-. i]n- w `oI-X F tcm- w- S- - Xn- - A- vc K X-bp- epw- X NnIn np ampXne- kaq- - n\v h- n-bm-- ]- pwl e s cp p v FXv cl- y-mb Hcp Imcya. kaq- - n\v ka l \-K- -- iamb CkvemanI ]m-- -y- p pW- fpwcc h an-- n CXv km[y- p-- .CXns\Xncm-W- n B s h a s ib-m-n- ap-H-- \v-Hpw \Im km[n- pZ c {Zycph Ibn. Npcp- - n,\sb kvt\ln- p a\p- y j tc! CkvemanI cmPy- -nse `oI-X F Cu hn]f c n- p NnIn e-n- p- v-[- n- - njvTn\ ` X e[ X hpw kXy- - hpam- hnizm- - am- - ns klk b k{]- W bm- Icn-\n- -Wv. {]am- - nse-B- - w-a\ {Xnm W ib n- m- - h-- A- v- {]- -nn- - Xn- ssh-- v e Ip- cpw- X Nc pZK y- hpap- -pam- v- Xv-Imp- Sv {]N-n- n- phc W A- s \c - v-Xo- mbpw apkvenw kaqlnsX. b taB[n- - y-p- - a- m- WvUn- - mcpw k-n- -mb `c ]X - l ] a X c Xc Wm- n- m-n- fpa-- v-b- m- -i- j- - tijw[ I c I mW Y p{iq- I . hcp- Xv Xmsg sImSp- n-n- p ssZ- nI- - \- n c h hN- ]d- - p- se- p cpX-w- l- -mIp X t]m- b c kaq- f - p:-Amlp Bsc t\h-n- n- m- ppthm Ah gbe \mWv t\amKw {]m]n- . Ah Bsc Zpam h
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K- n- m- p- p-hm, Ahp ]pdsa cm- n- m-n- e t [I cI sf-bmpw \o Is- p- -X- - .(kqd: Ckvdm s t b Av97). A-pkvenw cmjv{S- -nse `oI-- m-- ns a f ch Z ASn- m\ ImcWw a\p- y\n-n- \nb-- -m- v. j X af W Cu ASn- m\ \nb-- Hcp ]cn- n- sc D]- h a [h {Zs XSp \nm DX- p-a- n- pw, AXv XnI s e bmbn amdp-a- Xv Hgn- pIq-m ]m Imcy-m- v. s S a W `oI-- mZw F AkpJw As\bp cmjv{S- ch fn hn- sIm-bn-n- pw.cmh- ]Iepw AXv p t c pwXe-p-- -n \nv Xe-p-- -n-ev ssIamw sN a dIf a dIf t bv- - n-n- - ImcWw Ahsc ]e- -fmbn XpsIm- c pw.L krjvSn Am- p- n \np {]Xn- - --Ah lh ^ ew {]- o- n- - .-D-Wn Ah- m- n- p- p. X pn- c k \ CtXm-p- qSn CXp-hm- n- p- - smw A SI b h mlp CXv D]- m-- Z-m- ssbpw Dd- n- n-- pI c{]-a S - DW-m- n-- m- s Fpw Amlp- n-\mSv h c \ Sb I ht {]mn- p- p. IY- sa\- p- mn Am- p I l hns hn- n- v---b ams If- m- p- - ci j Sam h h psSsXm- n CXv Hcp apmn amp-m-m- - F b a d Is pw Am- p- n-\mSv {]mn- p- p. l ht C- -w- Io- n- - b- i- pX- - bc A]- bpsS- pw- {X- bpsS- pw Imc- w-JpB\n Amlp \a- v hnh-n- -X-W pc cpsk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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p- v.Ah ]d- p- p:- Ah-psS hmb sImv A b c mlphns {]Imiw sISp- n- -- m-av Ah f b s B{K- n- p- p. Am- phm- s Xs {]Imiw ]q l l I W-m- msX k- n- p- - n;kXy- n-j- n- v a X Ib \t [I AXv A\n- vS- --m- mepw. (kq--Xu_32). j Ica b d :Am- p- ns hmKvZm\am- -,- Xvlh Is A- kXyhp am- v! W A- - m- -m- n,-Am- p- ns aX- n-\- n-n hk \a b lh s Xc Iw sIn- -- p- - sc- p-nv Am- p- ns a h d lh h- - wN\ \s Hmn- n- p- p. Ah ]d- p- p:- A b tm Hc-n- p-n- msX P\sf- n- m thn dh a ]ng- Am- p- ns t]cn Iw sIn- -- -\- m lh a hs henb A{Ian Bcpv?A{I-n- -mb Bfp- sf A a If I mlp t\h-n- n-ev \bn- p- - n- ; Xo (kq-gbt Ib d :ABw-144).

A\p-_-w1
`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS _mlp-eyw
A lm^nfv C_v- - lP() (a:\p 852ln) "A dp: {]- K e ^X- n'v- (71/3) ]-- - ""_e- tbm- - n- qsS l
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A[n- mcw ]nSn--p kpmt\mSv A\p- -W I s S kc ImWn- e- Abm-psS IqsS Pnlm-n\p t]mIe pw f Z pw\n- - - m- y- - --W- Imcy- n ^- lm__ Xbm s pJ- - a- m- v- ]- n- - m- - m-n- b- m--Wv. (I-i k{X- X )- I ` {]m- cm G Abm-fmSv A\p- -W ImWn- p- - mWv km[mt kc X c W P\- sf ASn- -- n\v hnt[- -m- p- - n-\ a e bc X t mf- Ah-psS cw sNm-n- - X- \- mfpw D pw c c bp- n- t aw.''. ssiJv A_vZp eo^v C_v\- A_v Zpp d lvam C_v\- lk Bep ssiJv() (a:p 1293ln),aPvaqD dk- - h akm- - n-\PvZn (3/128) m- C Ce "" F ]pkvX- - n ]d- pp: -Ahcn \nv _ I b e- tbm- - n- qsS A[n- mcw ]nSn--p- - sc A {]- K e I s S h \pk-n- p- Xv Fp-X-- m- mepw \- m-W- v c s b b X s ]- n- - m- Htc- c- n k- n- p- p. Abm X ... kz- X fpsS I]- - \nd-h-- Xpw Cam-- ns A \I t t a Yhm t\Xr- z- ns A{]-m-nXzw Imp- q- nX a Z k t- Xpw Bh- y-mWv FmWv Ah-psS ho ia c Ww. Ah-n- p cp-] CXn-\- p-nv `nm-nce t s d ` {]mbw ]d- n-- . `c- m- n- mcn ]m]w sNph n W [I \--W- n t]mepw Abms- n-n hmfp- ms Xc b pIb- A- - gn- - n-\pw- Xph- D- s `nn- n- - b- sN pI- pw- -A\p- -n- --m Imcy-mWvFmWv A pXv h Z s S a
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h hnebn-p- p- - v.]c- yhpw hy- p-mb Ahnc X k ha izmkw `c- m- n- mcn ImWn- p- Xv hsc Abm W [I s- n-n bmsXmpw sN-p- v. aZvl- ns-\mev Xc cX _ Cam-p- -psS- - AXp-]mep I-- m- v- ]- na If bpwt ai k{X- X- mc- b- {K- -n psS- pwf Cu- jb- -m- - [mhn- Ia bpcm-w- -- n- f- f D- cW I pv'' ssiJp Ckvemw apl- Zv C_v\- A_vZn p d hlm_v() (a:-1206 ln) "Ap-dpkpn ^n A Pvhn_n \Pn-n'Z F (7/ 239) {K- n ]d G- epwi e[ I p:- sX- n- - Hcp {]tZ- tam H- n- - n- w-{]tZi- tfm _e- tbmK- n- qsS ]nSn--pbmv {]e s S Fm Imcynepw ""C-m-n''---m- w-X-bm a a s d \ s sW- - aZvl- ns-Cam-pI-f- mw-tbm- - n-p Xn_ a s P n- v- Cs\ Am- n-p-- n temIImcy- H.bc s cn- - - m- n- -m- - m- n-p- n- . Imc- w, Hcp- m epw] Xa Ip- b c a W ] Sv Ime- -mbn,f Camw Al- -n\vZ app apXv C tm-- P\- Hcn- epw H- ans ]nn D fw Camd- p- nn- . Fm Imcy- -p-Sbpw Cam-mb H- \n- f s a cp Jeo^- - msX ampw ico- p\n- -- -b A ba Ym- n[n-\S- n- m- m km[y- F-]--Hcp h e a v- d C-m-n-\bpw Ah-nbpI- p-n- .''a as d b a
""Bsc- nepw Cam-ns- B- m- - n- z a \ph- X

n- \npw amdn \n- - b- Pam- v I-m pI- pw- A s


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gn- - b- sN- v- -ijw acn- p- - m-W- n Pm bpI- pw- b Xt Ib s ln- n- - ns ac- -mWv A- - cn- - v''- e Wa h h- X F- l e Zo- ns\-hymJym- - - sIm- v-"kp_p- p- emw i k \ n- p lv _peq- p admw an AZ- n- n AlvIman'K (3/499) A- - o ]dp:"...- - m- - nB\ B \phl Xz- n- \npw-amdn \n- '-F- -At- - ns p...- hmp- Jeo- -bm-p A\p- -- s- m- vI ^t S kcW b W kq- n- n- - Xv-A- v-A`n{]mssbIyap-Im-y- N p- ; X c hp am- v.W ChnsS Dt- n- n-n- p- Xv Hcp {]tXyI {]tZic is Jeo- - m- v. ImcWw Hcn- epw P\- H ^b W tc-bmcp Jeo- - psS Iogn AWn-\n- Imew s ^b c Am- nb cmjv{SnsImew apX apkvenw tem k Ispw Dmbnn. a-n- v,-Hmtcm {]tZ- - d is bpw P\- kzX- cm- n-p- p. Ah-psS Imcy {- b c c {in- m Bsc- nepw Dm- n-pp Fv am bc {Xw. Cu lZokv Ckvem-nse P\- -m- -m\w G a f Ia tIm- nv ]np- - p Hcp Jeo^ FmWv Dt] W in- p- -X- n CXp-Imv bmsXmcp sahpw D s s m- p-m- n-p- n- .''I a bc Camw apl- Zv C_v\p Aen Au- m\n (a: 1250 ln.- A- vep Pdm (4/512) F {K- n ) b ]dp: Ckvemw hf-p- bpw Ckvem-ns `q{]cI a tZiw hnim- -m- p- bpw AXns {]tZ- - Xnea h I i ep AIew hn- p- bpw sNbvX-m Cu {] I t
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tZi- -psS Iqdv Hcp Cam-nt\m Hcp kpmt\m f a BWv \Inbn-p- - v.... AXpc X sIm- p- s Hcp- m X ] Sv Cam-p- fpw kpm- mcpw Dm- p- - n {] aI I X iv\-ampw C. am{X- pa, B kpm\v "ss_ s h Av'- dv- Jym- n- v(Iq- {]- ] sIm- - {]Xn) sNbv pX-ijw Abm-psS I]- - fpw \ntcm- - - fpw \ t f \I [\ S- m-- Xpw Abm-fmSv A\p- -W Imt- Xpw t t kc Ah-psS ta \n- -mWpXm\pw.a-- {]-Z- c a p t i -n- - h-- n- n- - C- - s- m- v.f ep- cpsS- X bpw- XpX- b W ssiJpw Cam-p-mb A_vZp eo^v C_v aa \p A_vZn-lvam C_v\- lk Bep ssiJv "A d p pd-p-kp- n ^n APvhn_- p \Pn-n'-(7/ d Z 177178) F {K- n Cn- - - -m- - p jbIa b Ipgkwi- - - v-i-mb `mj- n a-b a b dp]Sn-]-- dbp I- - C- v-{]- -n- n- - hn- --Zm- n- sf-J- nbpw- X Nc p- hct j I - b- sN- v- p- v- d- -.... hfsc henb pI- pw- b X sIm- ]-p:sISp- n- -pw, A\p- -- -Spw,-P\- s- n-n X If kcW t Xc Bbp- -a-p- e[s S pw,Agn-- nbpw bkoZv C_v ap aX B- n- - psS Imew sXmv Ct-hsc Da _n h bb A_vZp Akokpw _\o Da- - n \nv Amlp b A- - ln Bfp- -p-am-n- v Ckvem-ns A[n\p{KIf s g a Im-- n Dm- n-p- p- v t\sc Dm- n-n- c bc h bs v Cu Bfp- Adnbp- n. Fm-AtXm-Sm I s w- s {it- -m- ]WvUn- - m-p-Sbpw henb Xbc b X c s
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t\Xm- -p-Sbpw `c- - m- -fm-p at\m-m f s WI t S ` hhpw s]cp-m-hpw {]- - vX-m- v. Ah Hcn- epw a ik a W Amlphpw Ahs ZqX\pw A-- s ]n I S n- p- bpw Ckvem-ns \n- - - y-m- pI a I ha Ibpw sNbvX- n \npw amdn `c- - m- -psS X WI f t\sc Hcp Nqp- c t]mepw Dbnbn-p- n- . hnc Rm Hcp DZm- -Ww ]-- mw-A lmPvlc db C_v\p bqk^v A- ^o \-- n- -apkv- nw-]oUJ S b e \- pw, ASn- -- pw,ko-m- o- -m- -c-m-n- nh a e a X Xa b s c epw- kn- -m- v. A- m{]- a W b Amlp- ns ]cn- p- n h i sb CI-vpI- - D- n \nv {]kn- cm- g bpw,- b kCu-v-C_v\p PZ pss_-n-\-]m- p- - sc h[n- p- d s t e h I bpw, ld-n A`bw tXSn- n-p t]mepw C_v\p kp a b ss_-ns\ hfp ]nSn- h- n- p- bpw,-A- n-\d p [ I Xs hn- - [-m- niph- a b {]Jym- n- pIbpw sNbvXp. C_v\p ] kpss_ At- - n\v-A\p- -Ww-{]Jym- n- ncp l kc ] p.a- nsebpw aZo- - n-ebpw ba- n-ebpw Cdmb \b s \s nse an- c- C_v\p kpss_-n\v ]npW hm h pw d KvZm\w sNbvXn-pp. A lmPv ahm- {]Xnc s \n[n am{X-m- n-p- p. AXn\ptijw At- - ns a bc l aI- mb A_vZp amen- n-bpw {]Xn- n[nbm- n\ s \ b. "Jpe- m-- t-m-(]nXp-v hcp- h) kzm- o\ ^ D 'I f S [ i- n- - A- n- m-- - ph-cm bpw- [ I chpat Bcpw- s Abm X v ss_A- v-\In- n-n- - Cs\sbmsbm b .
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sW- n- pw ]- n- - m-m-pw Xs At- s A e X c c l \p- -n- m\- Ckvem-ns kvXw`- -nse-A\p- kc pwa f k cWw A\p- -- o- -mb Imcy- -n Abm-fmSv Iq hZ\ ba f t dp ]pem\- aSn- n- .pw- Am- p- ns {]hm- - -psS A\p- m- n- -n lh NI c b b If C_v\p Dad-w A-lm- ns\ Ip-ap-n S v P b- -mcpw Xs Abm-f-Sv a-n- m-\m, Abmhc t m c t tfm-p A\p- -Ww- XS- mt\m {ian- n. AXpS kc b sImpXs Ckvemw m]n- --p- bpw Ahcp s S I sS Cuam (hnizm- w) ]cn- q- - n Fpk ] Xb I bpw sNbvXp. A lm- ns Ime- p- m- n-p P bc C_v\p apk- n-v, A lk\p _- co, C Z k _v\p ko-o, C_vdmlo- A- vao XpS- nb Xm c w b _nDIfpw, D- ns t\Xr- m- v Dm- n-p \ bc Ch-c-m- phcpw C{]- m-ws t e I c Xsbm- n-p- p. bc k-q- - nse k-- X-m- - ]WvUn- - m-a l ap- c b X cpwCu- n- - m-v- s- m- v- I-n- - v\ e] S X- b W kzo- c X .Ah Amlphnsbpw Xncp-q- -psSbpw am- n \npw- hy Z Xc XnN- n- msX A\p- -- - n XpScp- bpw AXm- e kcW b I Xp Im- -- Cam-ns IqsSA-- w- ]m- n- m- -es a t l ] b Is ,k- m- - m- - Pnlm-n ]s-p- p- bpw sNbv n- I s b Z SI Xp. aXns ASn- m- - Xz- -- hnizm- - m-y \ X- fpwkI c
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sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

-pw hn- -n- - {K- - - -Cu-\n- - m-mWv-if hc p- e] S cn-b- v- a- - -m- n- cps \-pv hy- a p.AXp-]mse _- p-Amkv apkvenw cmPy t \ _e- tbm- - m Iog-- n. hmfp-Im- p {]- K S s Cu Iog-- - n aX-_m[- pw hnh-h- p B S e t h c pa cpw Xs At- s klm- n- n- . Atl- ns l b tk\ _\q Da- - m-cbpw A- -- t\Xm- -f s hcpsSs bpw {]Xn- n- n- -fbpw Iq--m- -\-- n- Cdm- n \ [ Is s e S . J se Aao-m- n-p C_v\p lpss_--bbpw Jeo- d bc ds ^ bm- n-p ahm-\bpw Ah h[n- p.Hbc s Znhkw X s _\q Da- - - F]- p -]sc h[npIbnse X t f Xmbn tcJ--p- n- n-p- v. Ah ih- co-- s S b i c fpsS apI-n ]pXv hncnv AXns apI-n Ccnf f p- bpw Ccp- p-Imv `- - m- o- - IgI s W] \ b n p- bpw sNbvXp. I C-\-bm-- m-W- nepw A HukmCu, s s s b s amen- v, A sebv- -C_v\- kAZv,-AXz-C_v\I Yv p m p A- o-_mlv XpS- n- _d b ]WvUn- m- cmPm- n-\mSv X ht s]-- dn- n-- co- n-hnm- - nepw A\p-- - cpam- b cp- X \ `hk - nepw ]p- - v \ntj- n- m- m- - - m- v. h [ \ hX W B-]- n- - m-- ASp Xe-p-- n- p Alva X cpsS a db e Zv C_v\- l,-apl- Zv C_v\- CkvamCu- ,-ap p p l- Zv C_v\p CZvcokv,-Al---C_v\- \qlv,-Ckv v-Zv a p
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l-J-C_v\p dm- - - vlv, Ah-psS ktlm--- m m v lhb c Z c ... XpS- n- - -psS Imev cm- m- m-]- -\ho bhc P e \m- - - pwi b cq]w \- n;I Amlp- ns kzn^ h pIsf(hn-i- - - -f) \ntj- n- p- bpw Cut jWs [ I ]n- m-c Cm-y- Dd- n- m thn hnfn- X s c p b Xp.B- n- ]- s SpI- pwX - bpw sN- v- - ]- - - m- co- n- --- bI A- v-Zv- _v- - \- vdn-\- e- h-- [n- --l a C- \p k s t]m- p- h- s Sp Ib- sN- v- - F- m-Hcm-pw - hs- n-mbn pw- b Xp. f A Xc ssIbp- p- tbm Ahsc B{I-nm apXn-pb I a c Itbm sNbvXn-n- ....''

A\p-_-w2
XIv^o: ke^o \ne-]mSv(1)
Xo- mbpw Am- p- n- mWv kkvXpXn b l h\ bpw. \mw-Ahs\ kvXpXn- p- bpw Ahs klm I bw tXSp- bpw Ahs amn- mbn At]- n- p- bpw I \ I sNp- p. \psS kzw Xn- -n \npw-Am If
(1)

X- v- o-n--hn- - - n- pw-A- m- p-A- - -n- n- - - m- - p-Im- -hn[n- p- I^ d s - jb e l hXc X X s v hn- - - n- p-p-f- amw- l- -v- kzndp-o- p- jb e a f C- ap- Z \m \ A- m- n- pam- p- - cp_ \ b b H- \nWm- - -N- - m- v-Xm-g-h-p- - v.-Cu-`m- w-ssi- v-Aeo-l- -A-l- bI b W s c X K J e _n- p-S-"A- - v-o-an- -^n- v- - n- - v- o'-(t]: 5689)-F- -{K- - nbs l Z X\ I^ \n--p- - - vs S Xm- .W

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lp- n-\mSv A`bw tXSp- bpw sNp- p.Amlp H ht I cm-f-t\hgnbnemm D-- s t inm Bpw A hs\ hgn-X-n- mt\m Bsc-b- nepw hgn-I-s s t Snem m Amlp \n- n- m Ahs\-t\h-n- n- mb gbe mt\m km[y-- . Am- p- - msX Bcm- - l a l h [\ \- v Rm kmyw hln- pp. Ah GI ns \pw,]m-n- fn- m- - - p-mWv. apl- Zv Ahs Zm f I h\ a k\pw ZqX- p-m-Wv Rm kmyw hlnp- p. \a s \n- -mbpw,XIv^o FXv s]mXp- mb Im ba h cy-m- v;-`c- m- n- m-nv am{X-p- - - . AYhm A a W W [I c a X Xv `cn- --p- - pw IqSn- p- - m- v. AXv hf s S h b X W sc ]gb Hcp ^nXv\bmWv. CXv "Jhm-nPv'-F-n- c db s-p- B-y- m- Ckvem-nI I- n- m- v-D]-bmS ZI e a b W t Kn- Xv .hfsc ]m- -- -_m- -m-p- qSn ]-- - m ] t [t SI dbs Nne {]t_m[Icpw Bthi`cnXcmb bphmfpw J- B- - kppw hnp- f- p A- - - - e p- \pw I-b h b nt v F- n- - n- pp. F- m-Ctmgpw Ah J b n- c p - - - bpw kp- n-bpw t]cp- -bm- n- pB \ ns s ]t K I bpw sNpp!! CXn--Imc- at- z- n- m-F- ns W \j t-- Xvcp- cp- m-y- -n-e- m- vI c f t W :Hm--Xv: Adn- n- mbva at h cm--Xv: cm-s Imcyw "idCu'at a B b ASn- m\Imcy- -CXv- f-c h-s {][m- - Im \s
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cyam- v- Ahv th-co- n- n-a\- n- m- nn. W Xb e b Cu Imcy- -mWv Ckvem-nI ZAvhn-- t_m f a s ({]- - w)ASn- -[\ d.Bsc- nepw CXv hnp- -- m, If Cu aX- n-m- - Am- p- ns Xncp-q- Hn Iq h ` K lh ZX Sp- lZo- p- -n {]iwk sNmcn Pam- nX k If A (2) (k-p-m- )- \npw-hyXn- - n- p-t]m- - mbn I aZ b Ne bX Wm- s-- . \psS \mY - s ]dXm- n SpwX W Xv-Bsc- nepw AXn \nv hnp-]m- p- Xv Amv. t I lp- n\pw Ahs ZqXpw FXn-m-Wpw hni h c s Zo- -n- n-p- v. CXp-sImm- v-Amlp ]d- XvIc W :""X\nv kamKw hyIvXambngn tijhpw Bscnepw ssZhZqX\pambn FXnv \npI bpw, kXyhnizmknIfpsSXm amKw ]npScp Ibpw sNp ]w Ah Xncnhgnv Xs \mw Ahs\ XncnphnSpXpw, \cInenv \mah s\ IcnpXpamWv. AsX{X tamiamb ]cyhkm \w!-'' (Ankm- v-15) A
(2)

d- qk ()- d- - m- n- ^v- v- p- enn(d)- - v-""Pq- - m]-X b Hu- _\ am \n- ,- X Fgp- - n] Hv-I- n- -m- n-]n-n- pw- A- n-H- v-kz- - n- pw-F-p- - v-\c- - n- p-m- n If b c b .- X K e g ]X I e a b cn- pw.-{In- v- ym- n- -F-p- - n-- v-I- n- -m- n ]ncn- pw- - n-e- v-kz- kX \ I g ] c If b b .- X s mA K n- pw-F-p- - n-bm- v-\-- - n- p-m- n-n- pw.-ap- - -n--B- m- v-B-p-Se - g ] s cI e a b c lZ s h cs ssI- nem-Wm- h- s- Xyw)-F-- D- - v- g- - n-q- v- n- -m t (A- X- k- ,- s - F-p- a I- If ] bn-]n-n- pw- A- n-em- v-kzKn- pw-F-p- - n-- v-\-- - n- p-m- n-n- pw.c b .- X s e g ] c cI e a b c ''' l d :a A C tNm-n- --p- cm- - ,-Xn-p-q- -c-'-At- w-]-- p- ""A-P-m- x'',- uZ s :""B- Wh c Z Xs !l-o- v-C- v- p-m- - :3992)-D -n- - m- v- ssi- v-A- m- n-kn- n- - pZ Y _\ a P(\c X W.J _ \ k e A- m-o- p-kz- o- -(\- 203,-1492)- n- pw-Zn- m- p-P- -(\-3)- n- pw-kz- o- ml ZY ll :be e e :- b e 6 ll sWv- [n- n-p- vhn- .

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""X\nv kamKw hyIvXambngn ti

jhpw Bscnepw ssZhZqX\pambn FXnv \n pIbpw, kXyhnizmknIfpsSXm amKw ]n pScpIbpw sNp ]w Ah Xncn hgn v Xs\mw Ahs\ XncnphnSpw....''F- n Ip X d Hpw Xs ]d- n-n- . {]hm- - s\ FXn NI pXv hnizmknIfpsSXm am- p-mbnm- v ha W _--p- n- n-n- p- - v. A- - d- -""X\nv s S b c X h ]-p:kamKw hyIvXambngn tijhpw Bscn epw ssZhZqX\pambn FXnv \npIbpw, k Xy hnizmknIfpsSXm amKw ]npScpIbpw sNp ]w Ah Xncn hgnv Xs \mw Ahs\Xncnp hnSpXpw,\cInenv \mahs\ I cnpXpamWv. AsX{X tamiamb ]cyhkm\w!-'' Jp- \pw kppw a\- n- m- p- - n- B e X ep ASn- m\ XXz- Atm hnizm- n- -psS amw ]np--pI k If Sc FXv hfsc {][m- - \n I- yhpw \s h (3) Npa- - - p-mWv. AXp-Imv Bcv-hnizm- n- -p Xeb a s k If
(3)

C-mw-C- v- p-A- o-Pw--]-- p-""....- - y- - zm- n- -p-S- - m- -amKw-]na _\ _ d d :- kX hn- k If t X i ]-p- - pw-sN- v- - - A- -Xn-n- -h-- p-X- \mw-A- -\-Xn-n- p-hn Ib b Xh ; - h c gn s hs c Spw''-F- -Jp- -h- - --kw- - n- -]- n- - m-]d- v-A- p-Im B N\s _ v X X Xs p- - t- w-kz- m- n- -pw-Xm- n-- -p-m- v F- m- v.-Im-- w-kp- - n-\ D- i l _ If _ DIf a W W cW s X- m- n-p- - - BZyw-A-n-p- o- -n-- n- - - v-A- -m- -m.- n- -A- v- - v-n- b h c ` a J Ic t hX hc Wt N e k]jS

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sS ]mX ]np--p- pthm A- -temI- -psS \m Sc h f Ys\ A\p- -nv c--- - mWv.Bsc- nepw A- kc s h \ h cpsS]mXsbFXnn-p-- n Abm-psS {]Xns f ^ew \c- hpw tamiamb ]cyhkm\hI pamWv. ImcWw, ChnsS ]g- Xpw ]pXn- - p-mb ]e kwL-b bX a S\ Ifpw hnizm- n- -psS ]mXk If th co- n- n- X b ]n- pScm- - vX ImcWw hyXnN- npt]mbn-pv. Ah kz e bw _pn- p- tbm- n- v Ah-psS C- - -f ]n- -pb] K c I s p-c S Ibpw Jp- \pw kppw kzwC- - - p- B I \k cnv hymJym- n- p- bpw As\ hfscA]- SI-\ I I c amb ^e- sImp-h-n- bpw sNbvXp. \psS cI ke- p- zm- nlpI-(A- m- p-A- -n-Xr- - n-^ e l hc ]vX s S-- G-Xm-- -m- n- m- n-ptm AXns\ As ) s cp a e bc h -I-m-n- - ]-n- - h- - - n--`mKw CXm s g p. c ip- N\ s Wv .... kXyhnizmknIfpsSXm amKw ]npS t c [I Z cpIbpw sNp..... C-X-Im-yw-H- ne- n- w-l-ok- fn- q-S-A-- - n()-\n- n---n-pI- e s t l pwcs p v.- u lZo- p- -n NneXv \mw D-n- - XmWv. C k If c pXImc- -m- n- h-p-S-a- - n- p- m- - i- - - - pw-\- co- nbn-AWa b A- c s \ e b kw- b G-h X h-tNm-n- p-a- - n- m- n- n-pv.-k- q- -hn- -o- -- - n- q-S-d- qZ \ e b iZ IcW e s k ()A- -p-S-kw- - w-Zp-o- cnp-sIm-p- n-p-p- v.-A- -A- v-{i- n- p-tIv-a- hc s ib cI S a h X \ n- m- n-A- - p- -n- p- h- n- p,- Xn- - - e ,- X\ kc {]- A- ]q- X ssI- -n- p,- Xp- \- mhc A- a- :] T-m- n,- A- n A- K- y-m- n- A- n- hn- z- n- p.- A-m- A- - - \a X {K- W c b X ik t h v sm-hninjv--m- -]-- n- m- p- - v.-\- psS-t\- m- m- -ap- - -v-\- n- nSa b Zh b W X X h b lZ _ b i X h te- pw-AXn- q-S- - p-S-kw-- - - n-e- p-p- -]m- w-_n- n- p- - v-C- e s \ s cI\ t a cn- qsS- m- v''.- lvP- p- p- q- ve b W _- ^ k (1/4)- Wp- . Im- I

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Ch km[m-W a- - nw- - v-Am- a- - Fn c pkve I X . cp- mepw,hfsc kv]jvS-mb lZo- m- n-- - Sn a k b cpn-pIqJ- B- - kppw a\- n- m- p- - n hnizm p- \pw k e X kn- -psS ]mX ]n- -c- - ns Bh- y- X km If p-t X S iI [m-W apkvenw- v Am- -m-Wv tXmpc I Xa s p. Ah-Xv Xd- nv ]d- p- p-p- v. Atm Cm c ba cyw ad- - bpw AXns B- - yI- - - Npa- pI hi Xbpw Xe bpw {]ap- -mb ]ecpw A- - - n- - bpw sNbvXnJc hKW pI p- v.CXn s]- cmWv ASp Imev cw- - th h K{]iw- bv- "- A- p- Iv^o'sN- X Pam- XF-n- --- h d bs Spc- Pnlm-n\v kzbw Cd- n- n-n hnhn[ Pam- pwZ c A p- fpw.-b- m- - n-Ah XIv^o--tk\- p I - Y b sS Ah- n- vS- -m- vi j f W !! Atm Cu P\- sf Bm- - pw-[ Xb -_m- -p- - -- bn-Icp- m-a- nepw Am- p- n t [a hcpamX s lh - c--m- - hnPbn- -- KW- n s]Sm s S \pw, IfpsS \- CXp aXn- m- p- - n- . AXp-Imv apkvenw \n pwb h Ib s - -mbpw cp Imcy tiJ-n- - w: 1) A _ a c W h---D-- yw-B- m- -m- - A- m- - \v-ths d t i a bpw- lphnn-am- am- - w- 2) Ah-{]hm- - ()s-am {X- W .NI Kw-]n- - cpI- - , AXns\ apdpsI ]nSn- pI- pS- bpw bpwthWw. AXp-Imv Hcp apkvenw Xs eyw \n-s d th-- Xn- m- n- Bm- tbm-S- J- B- n-p- \ b X s p- \ s b- kp- n-bpw _e- n In-es pws t
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Sp- bpwAXv {]t_m- \w sNp- bpw sNbvXm am I [ I {Xw t]mc. adnv CXp-mbn _- Hgn- p- q-m- m a s IS \ hm Hcp Imcyw Abm-psS coXnf imkv{Xw (al Pv)kpc- n- hpw icn- mb am- ntiw \I-X b \ s Xpw EPphpw icn- mb I- - - n- p- - p-m- n-nb ] Y e X a b c Ww;-Abm ke^pzm- n- ns amw ]nel pS n-n-- n CsX-pw km[n- - bn- - \pw. s m pI- XmRm ]d Imcy- sf- n---- p cs Spkz- o- m- -[mcmfw lZo- p- f- . ]eXpw apvll b k I pv kqN- n- n-- .-Fgp]n-aqv I- n- -f kw_n- pv Is Xo- mbpw {]hm- - () b NI n lZo- mWv AXv.k ]d- p:-PqX- m Fgp- n Hp I- n- --bn ]n "" ] If m cn- p. {InkvXym\n- Fgp- n cv I- n- - I ] If m bpw ]ncn- p.Fs Dv Fgp- n aqp I- n ] I--bn ]ncn- p-- Hsmgn-I- - F-- n-- fm b w. s bp- gp]- cpw\-- m- - m- n- -m- v. tNmZn--- cI hI i If W s p: {]hm- - -c,NI t G- m- v-B-c- --- hn-m- w?''-Ahn-- -]-X W s Sp- ` K Spv d - Rm\- F-- kz- m- - - G-Xm- n- m p:pw- s l _pw- s e tWm- e-Im- - Xv- a--- n- - h- (4) A \n- s p- B- m ep- .''
(4)

l-o- n--]q- -cq- w-C- m- v.-d- q- ]-- - m- n-A- v-p- m- n_v- p DZ Ys ] X W k ()- dX b _Z l \ a -_v- p-B- v-\nth-- w-""C- Cu-k- - n- - v-h- p-`hn- - v-F--D\ k Z\ :- {kmX I X s - n- pw-h-pw- Nm- n- p-Nm- m- n.-G- p- -c-b- m-A- -p-S-Iq-- n- p\ c W\ W b X hs s hc s e -H-m-kz- w-am- m- p-m- n-]-- y-m- n-thgv- -\S- n- n-p-- n-F-c X h a b ck a b N b s s k-p-m- n- p-- sc- - pw- {]- mcw- pw.- i- - w-PqX- m FgpaZ b \n- w B- n- A- I e sN\n- vNb , ]n Hp I- n- -- ]n-n- p.{InkvXym- n- Fgp- n cv I- n- - Ifmbn c \I ] I fm

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tm \mw ImWp- Xv t\ct ]d ""... kXyhn izmknIfpsSXm amKw ]npScpIbpw sNp ... FBb- p-mbn {]hm- - ()s Xncpha NI N \w tbm- n- P ppshm- v. A-m-Cu Bbn W t s- -n- n- n-BZyw {]th- n- p- Xv {]hmN- s ]c [ b i I kz- m- - m- v. Cu- Zo- n- hm- - -""Rml _ W l- k {]- NI ,\n- -Im- - am- w''- - p am- ]-- v-a- n- mes p- F {Xw- d X b n- n- -b- m- - - ,- p- \pwb ;- Y n-J- B kppw a\n- m- n- e b apkvenan- v AXp X-- Xn- m- n-ps a- b b c p. ]s ChnsS m\- ns ASn- m- - n {] \ hm- - () ChnsS Hcp Imcyw Iqn-p. At NI t lw Amlp ]d- p- - n- - p- -nv bYm- n b X \ \ kc kXy- n- zm- n- -fmSv AXyw Zbm- phpw Imcp h i k It e s b l _ Wyhm- p-mWv.(kqd: Xu_128)X-- pw-kz- m\a s n-- pw-]m- -]n- -n- - -m- v "cn- ---hns b X ] bhc W h NI \ Nc `m- w'-F- v-{]- m- - ()-A- p- -- m- v-hy- K am- n- Sp- ncp- p-A- p- -- m- v sIm- .- X Xs b W At- - nl s- bbpsS- pw- cp- y- n-- pw- - - p-SZb Im- W s b ]q- Xb s e- -.- Xp-Imv apkvenw- v s]mXp- mbpw Ww A s I h
bpw ]ncn- p. Fs Dv Fgp- n aqp I- n- -- ]ncn- p-- sm-n-I ] Ifmbn b w.H- g s b- F-- n-cpw-\-- m- - m- n- -m- v. tNmZn--- {]hm- - -c,-Gp- gp]cI hI i If W s p:NIt Xm- v-B-c- -Sp-hn-mKw?''-A- n-- -]-- - W s ` h Spv dp: Rm\- F--kz- m- pw- s l _ - G-XmnemtWm- e-Im- - Xv- a- - n- - h-'- Xv-l- - m- pw- s \n- s p- B- m- ep- .- C' \ b l-oYm- v.- a-n- :Z W Xn-Z (\-641),- Inw2 lm- (1/128129)- n- - -n- - v.F- h D- c X

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{]t_m- - {]h- v {]tXy- -mbpw, A-- n[I I Ia d_ `m- ,-\m- n- vj - k J h- kq- v-(d-m- - pw- -- -" a- J'- bX d-ms Xpw),-A- p-]m- p- -a-p-Im-y- -n- pw-A- -_mXt e c f e ht [ apm- n-n- - \n- m-y-m- --sm- n, A b c A- h c a Wv..a Xn-ev hcp- - n\v apv {]hm- - -bpw A\p- -t X NI s Nc m-p-Sbpw amw Fv FXns\- - vcs Ipdn- hy-m a b Ah-_m- w- h- w. {]hm- - s Iqm-nI F t [ - W t NI f m,-Ah-psS PohN-n- n \npw Ah-psS c c {Xc hnh-W- -n \npw a\- n- m- - Xv t]mse,-] c f e Ip c-am- - - pw cmPm[n-m- - p-mb Am- p-hm-p t X\ c P\ a lt S Bcm- - - n hfscBmX D- c- J- B[\ b h pw p\- bpw kp- n-bpw Imcy- n AKm- -mb ns s [a Adn- p- - cpw CXn-\ms ]pdta {]iwk- o- -m h h s \ ba b kz`m- hpw hfsc \ acym-- fpw D- -p-m- nh ZI hc a b cpp. Cu lZokv AXns ^e- nepw {]tbm- - P\ nepw k- m- - m-n- -m- N c If b Jeo- -msc ]n "kp\^a \- ]d- - n-\mSv hfsc kmayap- - m- v. A n'X t X W C_mfv C_v\p kmcnb ]dp:Am- p- ns Zq lh XRv Hcp DZvt_m- \w \S- n. AXv R[ fp-S, lrZ- - -n `b-pf- m- p- bpw Ip- -n s bf a h I If Io hcp- p- bpw sNbvXp.Atm R ]d I p. CXv Hcp bm{X ]d- p DZvt_m- \w t]mse b [
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bp- v. AXn- m Amlphns ZqXtc Rsf D \ ]-Zinmepw.Atlw ]dp: Rm \nsf A t m- p- ns XJvh(`b-n)sImv D]-Z- n- pp. lh ` t i \n-psS tae- n- m-n- mbn Hcp A_vko- n- A f [I cb \b Sn-- m-W- n t]mepw Abm-psS hmp- {inab s f I p- bpw Abmsf A\p- -n- p- bpw sNp- . Xo I kc I I - mbpw \n-n- m-c- nepw ZoLIm- w- hn- b fe s e Po- p I- m-W- n-Ah\v [m-m-w-`n- - ImWm- mb s c f XI \ Ipw. Atm Fs kp- n-A-n- - v-\n S bpdpI;F\np tijw k- m- - cn- -m- K Nm- If b Jeo- ^ am-psS kp- n-\- pw \n-psS AW- - p- c t b f I (5) sImv ISn- p-]n-n- p- ...'' lZo- nse-_mn `m S I k Khpw Atlw ]d- p. Cu lZokv t\ct ]d lZo- nse tNmZy- n\p a-- Sn- - H-k dp]- bpsS- cp hni-o- --m- vZ Ica W .{]hm- - () Xs D- n-\, {] NI s tXy- nv,-Xs A\p- -- msc hyn- --m- n,kpI Nc ] ca b n- -n- p-v \nm B- - ys--m, Ahn eS b d hi t Sw- vsIm- \nn- n- . Atlw ]dp: F\np b tijw k- m- - m-n- -m- Fs Jeo- -m-psS kp K N c If b ^a c pw. AXp-Imv Cs Cu nXn- n \ s b psS hn- zm- -b- Bcm- - -bbpw acym-- -f i ks pw[\ s ZIs
(5)

A- v--v-(4/126),-lm- nw-(1/96),-A- q-m- q-v-(4/13),-Xn-n-n-(5/44- C- v- p-am- l aZ I _Z hZ aZ ),- _\ P (4/126),-Zm-n-n-(6/42)-F- n- -D-n- - v- ssi- v-A- m- n-"C- m--K- o'ca h c X.J _ \ h D e (\-2455)- n:b Cu- Zo- v- lo- m-W- v- [- n-p- v.l- Y kz- l s hn- n-

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bpw s]cp-m--o- n-b- - Ipdnv a\- n- mm B a c X s bpw e {K- n- p- p-h- n ]cn- p-mb Cu XXz- n\v Np l s i a Is \h c a W pw {]Z- nWw hbvp- -bXv A- n- m-y-m- v. A\n- m-y-m- pw- A-n- - n-- - Im-y- - m- nh ca b d n- t c c bke- p- zm- n- pI-- k-- - n-ev Xncn- p- c^ e l fpsS- cWn- t b h p I Fp - v Hcp apkven-n\v Hcn- epw Hgn- pIq-mX a S \mhm- - m- v.- - -\X W As Ah- --- `m- nc- s hn- K e- s-- . p- Spwapv- d- ]- Bb- n\pw k- m- - m-n- -m K N c If b Jeo- -mcpsS kp- ns\ kw_- nv-h- -lZo ^a kn- - AXp-t]mse Dns hn`m- o- - -b- p\pw K bXs dnv- -- -lZo- n\pw Bh- y-mb {i-Im-p- m ] d k ia s S sX Ccp- - n- m- m- v ]g- Xpw ]pXn- - p-mb kw X \ e W b bX a L hyXn- - n- p-t]m- Xv.Atm Ah AmNe b lp- ns {K- n \npwkp- n \npw k h e- p- -en- pI-psS kc- - n \npw ap- m^ zm- l f W nb p bn-p Bfp- hyXn- - n- p-]mbXp t]mse hy c I Ne t Xn- - n- p- hp- -b- Xv kzm`m- n- -mWv. Cu hy Ne t]m- Is h Ia Xn- - n- p-]m- - cm- vNe t bh W Jhm-n- p- -]gbX- ]pXn cP I pwbXpw! Atm Xo- mbpw "XIv^o-- F- -^nXv b '- \- psS ASnm\w,b Cu Ime- vAYhm Fmm e- pw Ah h- - w-sNbvXp-Im- ncn- p H- eb s cp Bb- m- v. Am- p- ns h- - w-Amlp Ah W lh N \ :sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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Xcn- n- - - p- -nv B hn[n- p- n- tbm Ah X X \ kc C sbm- pp Ahn- zm- n- .(am- Z44) (6) I i kI Bg- n a\- n- m- m-X- m- v-Ah--A- v e s b W X FSp- p- Xvv.hni--mb hnh--n- msX A- v- N-n- n Za ca X {]- c - b- sNp- p. Cu ]-n- - h- - w-aqp- pI- pw c ip- N\ Xh W Bhn- n-p- v. AXv Ahkm\n- - Xp- v aqp hyXy- vX- m- p- sImmWv.- hk h I A- :...Ah Xs- m- pp Ahn- zm- n- . (kq-- amb I i kI d :-

CZ44).
...- h Xs- mWv A{I-n- .(kq--amCZ45) A b aI d: ...- h Xs- m- pp [nm-n- . (kq-- amCZ A b I cI d:

47)
...Ah Xs- m- pp Ahn- zm- n- Fb I i kI

Bb- nse hmp- am{X-m- v- h sXfn- m I a WA h bn D]-bm- n- p- Xv F- vt K X Cq--psS hnh-an- mc c bva- psS ]qX sh-n--- cpp.b f s SpnAh {](6)

C-mw-A- q-l- m-A-A- - q- n- ]-- p- ""A- m- p-hmSv-A\pk-- a _ e k ()- d :- l t cW t-v-Im- n- p- - -c- mw-A- n- z- n- -m-W- v-m- n- p- m-J- m-n- pS W hs h i m- If s k ] h h cP I -Cu-B- - v-D- -bm- n- m-p- v!-A- m- p-A- - -n- n- m- - p-Im- v-hn- nb ]t K d l h Xc X s [ p- - -c- mw-A- n- zm- n- -m-W- - n- p- -{]-mWn- -tc- - m- n-X- v-Ahs h i k If s X \ a I Jb W s h -]-- p- p.-]m]w-sN- p- - -c- mw-A- m- p-A- - -n- n- - - m- - p-Im- v-hndb hs l h Xc X X s [n- p- - -m- v.-A- n- m-A- -Ahn- zm- n- m-W- - n-kw- - -n- .-(F- hc W X\ h i k b s X iba h- d- pw)- _- v-p- lo- v]-b ''- ld ap- (3/493)-

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am- - -n-\n- - G-- - sNdnb `mK- fn Wf p- hpw Ib-n- n-n- p- p AXv Jp- - m- mepw kp- mdS B\ b bmepw AXn Ip^vdv (A- n- zm- w) F hmphi k m- m aXn. Dm-vN- n- msX Ah Ip^vdns\ b g b a\- n- m- p- Xv Hcmsf aXn \nv ]pd- m e pI F- m- v. Ah-psS ImgvN- m-n Cu ]d- X W c S b s Ip^vdn hoWp- I- pw, {InkvXym- n- -nepw t]m- e \ If PqX-nepw s] _lp-sZ- m-m- - -psS "Ip^vdpw' C c s h c [Ic kv- --ns ]cn- n- n \nv X-em a [b s A\y-mb ap a a X-psS "Ip^vdpw' Xn hyXym- -am- p-n! Jp f ks a - - nepw kp- nepw Ip^vdv Fv ]d- n--B\ Ss mwAh {]Z- nWw sNbvXp-Im- n-n- p A s c Y-m- nsmWsan; ]s Ah Cu sXmb a b [mcWsb B hmn kzbw ASn-n- p- p. t
.... Ahn- zm- n- .... F {]tbm- - n H i kI K

cp Aw am{X- DXv-ap cp hmp- Iq a . I Sn-D- v. A-m-ChnsS-""A- an- --F- pw-[n t {I- I '' m-n- - pw- ti- n- n- --- - A- v- c c I Fhn- j s h X ImWw- h-- X- jv--mIp- n- .- - cpA- a- {`- Sc B H- ImcWwsImv- s- hn- zm- n- - v- ti- n- n- --X A- i k I F- hn- j s h -pw- {]- m--- - s.c A- I ca XHtc hmn- p `mj- nse \ b A- -psS _mlpeyw sXfn- n- --- m- v.Adf b s X W _n `mj- n D JpB\pw hyXy- - a. AXpb kv X
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sImv apkv- - Fv KWn- s-p Fm- -pw e nw S hc Ah-`c- - m- -m- mepw, `cn- --p- - -mWI f b s S h c bmepw icnAhv Jp- - nepwkp- nepw B B\ -- n- -n- p- - -m- ncn- - w.- - v- e- p- zm- n- pg ed h hc b W AX k- ^ e l I-p-S- Xn- m- v- a- p- -n- v- \- n- m- p- - pwf s co- i k{X-\ kc a- e Ib thWw.- _n `mj- nepw AXns co- n- - s]mXp Adb X bnepw hm- Xpw hni--m- - p-mb Adn- p-n- - msX Jp b Za bX a hs e - - pw kppw a- - n- m- - km[ya. Hcp B\ \ e m hnZymnv Ad- n `mj-- -nm- - - A _ m]c \ n ]w Ipdhps- n B Ipdhv \nI- m klm- n b p- Xv Ah- p apv h Cam-p-m-p-Sbpw ]Wv \ aa cs Un- -p-Sbpw ]T\-n-ev-a-- n-m- -- v{] Xc s ft S s m W tXy- nv k- -n- c-- I c X mb BZy aqp Xe-pd- -p-S. a If s Ahn-izm-k-s-m Ipd Ahn-izmkw \apv Amlp A- - -n- n- - - p- -nv-BhX c X \ kc hn- npn- -bm-A- - -- m- p- p-A- n- zm- n[ t h Xs b I hi k I- F- Bb- n-ev Xncnphcmw..ChnsS Ahnt izmkw sIm- v- in- Dt- pXv FmWv?CXv Hcmsf aX- n \nv ]pdmp- mtWm,-AtXm as X s- n- p-mtWm? e a Rm ]d- pp: Cu Bbv {inp a\n b e-- nb tijw A- v-A-m- p- Xv A Ip^v m X a
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dp Aaeo ({]- r- - fnse Ahn- zmkw)-Fm h nIi Wv.- Xv kqNn- n- p- Xv Nne Ckvem-nIC a \nb-- -p af sS ]pd- p {]hr- n- fm- v.- u hymJym\w \ I WC In- - v-D- nse ]WvUn- \pw JpB hymJymbX X Xm- pam- n-p A_vZp- C_v\p Amkv()BWv. h bc At- -m- s hgn]ng-hn`m- - fm- -apkvenwla I K If- bn-- n - kodns Cam-m'- n Adn- - psS- Sb "X^v a b bs Sp Bfm- v.Cu Bb- n-\- p-nv \mw Cv tI W s d p- Xv t]mse A-- w-Am- v tIn-pp. t l e c Bfp- Bbv a\- n- mn- n-p- Xv IqSp- I e bc X hni--- m- ^vko)D]-n- - -mb A- n- mZa (Xc ha e bn-p- p.AXn- m Atlw ]d- p. AXv Ah D c \ (7) tinpXv Ahn- zm- a- . AXv ""bYm A i k (8) hn- zm- -- m Ipd Ahn- zm- -mWv.''- ""H i kt i ka cmsf aX- n \npw ]pd- m- m\p Ahn- zm i (9) k- p-.''- Hcp ]t Atlw "Ah' Fv kq ha Nn- n- Xv Aen-Xn-mbn hnhw \Snb-Jhm-n s c c Pp- -f- m- n-npw.AXns Ana ^ew hnizm- nIs b b c k I-psS cw sNmcn- pI F- mbn-p- p.Ah _ f b X c lp-sZhmcm- - -cmSv sNmXv hnizm- n- -fmSv s [It k It
(7) (8)

lm- nwI (2/313)- -n- - D- c Xv.Xz- v-n- X-- ^v- o-n_c s X- k d (10/355/12052)(9) Xz- v-n-(10/355/12053)-D- -n- - v.-ssi- v-A- m- n-X--""kn- - n- p-kz- o_c c X J _ \ s k e l :- b 2 _\ k ) t If l l''-(\-552)- n-C- v- p-A- m- n(- -\n- p- -F- m-dn-mp- -pw-kz- olm-W- v- [n- p- - pw- i-o- -n- p- - pw- bv- p.s hn- Ib hn- Z Ic Ib sN- X

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sNbvXp. AXn- m Atlw ]dp: Cmcyw \n \ ]-- p- Xv t]msetbm Nnn- pXv t]mse db tbm A. CXv Ahn- zm- -- m Ipd Ahni ks izm- -m- v.CXv B- p- - Jym- m- n- ka W J- B hym- X h \n- p - d- pw \nm- - - sN-pXbIhpamb Hcp D---- v. Rm cam W t\ct ]d hyh- - hp t\mp-m I t Cu hymJym\w sXn- -n- n- m km- y-m- c [a Hcp Xopw IqSnbm- v. W
"Ip^vdv'-(A- n- zm- w) F hmv JpB- n hi k \

se-]e e- pw lZo- nepw ]d- n-p- Chn k v .S fn-e- mw-aX- n \npw ]pd- v-t]m- - Is Ip- p ^v-- hnh- n- n-n- p- - v. DZm- -- -mbn C-- kzd c X l cW a cp lo- n-A_vZp C_v\- akv-u-n-\np {] l p D Z i- vX-mb Hcp lZokv FSp- p-\m- mw. {]hm- k a t NI () ]dp.Hcp apkv- - ns\ A[n-- n- p- Xv e na t ] Iphpw (^nkvJv)A- - p-m- n-bp- --sN- p- - v-Ah\ a b w X (10) hnizm- - p-m- v (Ip^vdv).'' - - n-S-"A- n- -- w'kh a W Ch s h iz-k m F- - v-B- m- p- - n- z- n-\npw-]p-- pX \ h X d t]m- p- -]m- -m- v.-F- n-pw,-d- q- -""...Ah\p I ]a W k () ambn bpw sNp- Xv Ip^vdmWv Fp- s ]d X p.Atlw hnh-np Xcp- - n XnI-hmn c X Xs.
(10)

_p- m-nJ c (1/81),- kv- nwap- e (1/57)

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asmcp ho- -ImWneqsS t\mn- m,Wt b l Zo- ns Hm-s `mKam- -"Hcp apkv- - ns\ A k a b e na [n-- n- p- Xv "^nkvJ'm- v... F- v-ap- p-]t ] W X d - - - p- -p-S- - n- m--- m- - A Bb If s Iq- aq- at X b "" m- p- h- -n- n- - - p- -n- vl A- Xc X\ kc B- [n- p- n-bmhn- t N\ A- -X-- m- p- p-[n- m-nI''-F- -h- - - n h s b I c - q- n- n- m-w- - - n- mWv h-nI. k N [n- c F- A- e c CXns Dcw Cu-"^nkvJv'-([n- m-w- a- - n c ) X ^d \n- v-]p-- m- -F- -A- - n- p-"Ip- v-n' d e s- cp- cym- -m- mw.As- n ^nkvJv FXv a H- ]- ba I Xn \nv ]pd- m- F A-n- m a Ip^vdns ]cym- - p-mImw. Fm- mepw CXv Jp bh a b B-hymJymXmhv ]d cq]n XsbmWv: AXm- - v- "Ahnizmktm Ipd Ahn- zmbX i kw'.Cu lZokv (11) Xo- mbpw Cu A- nep b Ahn- zmk- Xs- mWv kqNn- n- p- - v.Im i s b X cWw ]c-am- - - mb Am- p- ns Xmsg- m- p t X\ lh I W h- - -m- v:- kXy- n- zmkn- fn \np cp N\ a W hi I hn`m- - ]c- v]cw t]mc-n- m AhnS- n K k S b \n cn- p- m- - w. Fnp cn Hcp hn W `mKw adp- n-m- - n-\- n-n AXn{Iaw ImWn- m h ` K s X c
(11)

""H-p-ap- v- nwan-\-A- n-- n- p- - v-Iq-- pw-(^n- v- v)-A- - p-m- n-bpwc ke s [ t ] X h kJ h\ a b sN- p- - v- hn- zm- - p-m- v (Ip^v-v)'' F- - Zo- v. X A- i kh a W d l- Y

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AXn{Iaw ImWn- p hn`m- - n-\mSv Ah Am K t lphns I]\bntep aS- n- -p- - p- sc \n hc X h kacw \S- - w. (kq--lp- p-mv9). W d :- P d ChnsS icn- m- hnizm- n- -psS kwLhp-m b b k If a bn t]mc-n- p-A{IankwLs I- v-\psS S pdn\mY ]d- p.....Ah-p-mbn bpw sNp- Xv A ca hn- zm- -m- v F- v-l-o- n-]-- n-p-Iq-n-Bi ka W ZY d S A{Ian kwLs Ahnizm- nI-f-hn[nn-n- . k s v AXpsImv Ah-\m-v bpw sNp- Xv C_v\p t S Amkv t\ct- p Bb- ns-hni-o- -- b Z IcW n ]d- - p-]mse Ahn- zm- -- m Ipd X t i kt Ahn- zm- -m- v. AXp-Imv Hcp apkvenw th i ka W s sdmcp apkven-p-mbn bpw sNp- Xv AXn{Iatam aa A\ym- tam A\p- -- -tSm Ahn- zm- tam B b kcW t i k Wv. Fm- mepw CXn- w Ahn- zmkw FXv b \ i "Ip^vdv Aaeo'-(I-]--mb Ahn- zm- w) As ca i k n "Ip^vdv CAvXn- mZo'J (hnizmk Imcy- -n- p f e 'X Ahn- zm- w) BImw. Chn-S- mWv "Ip^vdv-F- n i k s b s hni--mb hyXymkw hcp- - v. (Ip^vdvAa- o, Za X e Ip^vdv CAvXn- mZo- n- Xn.- CXns IrXyJ F- h ) amb hym- ym\w Cam-mb ssiJp Ckvemw C_v J a \p ssXan (acWw 728 ln)bn \ntm _pn-m a \pw ka- p-mb At- ns injy C_v\p \a l
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Jnw A Pukn(acWw 751 ln)bn \ntm \app t\mmw. Cu- v- ^v-pwc- Ip- d th- n-n- v- \X c an- m- n-Im-p- p- - n-A- K- y-m- n-p- p-Ae s S X {K- W c b c h-c- p-]cpw.- - n--]- m- -h- n- - -- s,-kwt AX s X I l XmI n- v- - pw- k-- hp-m- - hn- -o- -- w- \- n- ] Xh a{K- a b i Z IcW Ib B-Jp- -hym- ym- m- m- v.-A- n- m-C- v- pB J X h W X\ _\ ssXan- - pw-A-- - n--in- y- pw-k- - m-n- pb t l s j\ lN c b am- -C- v- p- - n--A- u- n- - pw-hn- zmk- m b _ \ J w P k b i I cy- n-e-A- n- zm- w- - - n-e-A- n- zm- w-Fs h i k ,- s I hi k o- sf- n- --m- n- ]- Yn- v- h- pw]Zh iZa b A- {K- A- cth - n-- -n-b- Xn--B- - y- X-b- p-n- -a- - nX c n- d t s hi I s d v \ em- n---p- - -m- v.- tm H-p-ap- venw-A- s m S hc W A c k h \-n- p- m- m- pw- s- n- pw-apkv- nwI-psSd sIm- b e A- e e f P-m- - n- m- -)- n- pw- hn-p-]m- pI- F- a A (Iq- bva \ t I ^nXv\- co- - w)- n-s]-p-]m- p- - -- v]ucm(]- W b t I XmW Wn- cmb Jhm-nPpw Ah-psS B[p- n- -mb A\pI c c \ Ic bm- n- fpw s]v t]mb ^nXv\- m- n- v.bI b WX Ah- m- -mbn Rm ]d- p- Xv,-....Ah- p-m k \a b \a bn bpw sNp- Xv Ahn- zm- -m- v F {]hm i ka W h N- ()s {]kvXm- \ \ncp]m[nIw-aX- n \n I v Bscsbn- - ]pd- m- m thnbp- - . epw X CXp kw_- am- n b [mcmfw lZo- p- Dv. Ah kI sbmw t\ct ]d Bbv sX--- n-a\- nmb
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em- n-A- n--hym- ym- w-"Ip^vdv CAvXn- m-n'- m Xs J \ J Z b sW- v-i-- p- sXncmb sXfn- p- -m- v. C Tn- h h If W tm \mw Cu lZoYv-sImv-a- n- m- p- Im-X b p. c Ww- - ktlm--\- mbn bpw sNp apkven ,- s X Zc pa an- Ahn- zmkw I- nse Ahn- zm- -m- v;- n s i i ka W h izmknteX F- n- - \nmbI sX-n- mX \pfh Wv-Cu-l-okv. AXpsImv X--\apv "PamZ s A p XIv^o-n- \m-pwd 't S Ahcn\nv im- - -m- nJIf b ]n cnp t]mI- h-cm-- `c- m- nImcn- -n Ah p- t Spw- W [ If Btcm]n- p- Xn-\m-- i{XpX Dv. Ah-psS t Spwc sImSnogn Ign- p- q-p- - -cmSpw A- - I S ht hcpsSB- n- - yn[ ]X Iogn- c- p Iq-p- - -cm-pw-A H-panS ht S hn- zm- hpw aX- Spw Inp Ah-psS {] i k {`jv c hr- ntbmSpw \apv hntcm- -p- v!! `c- m[nIm-n [a W c I ]m]wsNbvXm Ahsc Ahn- zm- n- -mbn {] i k If Jym]n- -a IfnX-ho- - n \nm- v Ws W W C- v- Sse-- pXv. X D- SpXIv^odpw hnhpw Xn-ep _w C- n-S- kq- n- n- - X- v- {]tbm- - -phs N p- psImP\ a m- p-ap tXmp - n- -Im-y- -- :-"PamIs Ne c fpv A ] S A- lp h p XIv^o-n'- {]hn- v- n- o-v- m- - t\- d gn- n- m- n- -Ipsd- m-p- sf Rm ImWp- - p- m be b b fI Ib bn. Rm tNmZnp:- C- n-S"" h s Nne `c- m- n- mcn- W [I I
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Ahn- zm- n- -m-Wvi k If s \n {]Jym- n- npt-;] m Fm-\nsf- n- mWv ]n- -nse Cam-p- -f\ If a Is bpw apA-n\- (_m- p - n-n- pbm)I-f- - {]m p hf s bpwkwKn- -cbpw ]n- -psS cm- n- m-n- -fbpw X It If [ I c Is Iv^o sNbvXXv?kvIqfp- -nepw apw ic- m If oAx \w \Ip Aym- - sc \n-f- n- mWv XIv ]I s \ ^o sNbvXXv?'' Ah ]dp:-ImcWw Amlp AhX-nn- X- mXvc sImv- [n- - h-psShn- p- c hn[- nsbCu P\ CjvS--- !! s Spp Atm Rm ]d- pp: Amlp A- - -n- nb hXc - - mXv-sIm- v-hn- n- - h-psS-hn- X [ p- c [nsImv Dm- p kwXr]vXna\- ne- kwXr- vXn- m-WI k p ] b s n AXv I- n- p Ahn- zm- s hnizm- e i k k n- p Ahnizm- -mn amp- p! AXp-Im- v He ka s c- `c- m- n- mcn,-Amlp A- - -n- n- - - m \n p W [I hXc X ba- sImv `cn- pI- pw,Cu \nba- s b X- m- vb W Cme- v A\p-bm- yhpw DNn- hpsa- v hn t P X iz- n- p- - pw, J- B- n-\npw kp- n \n k Ib p- \ p-p ico- v A\p-bm- y-sv- Xp- bpw a A t Pa Icp- I sNbvXm B-`c- m[n- m-n- psS Ahnizmkw hn W I cb izm- - nse-Ahn- zmk-m- v. AmsX I-- n k i a W a am{X-p Ahn- zm- -- . BcpsS kwXr]vXn hnizma i ka k-mtb- Abma m AXn- - s- m- v X- b W .
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Rm ASp- Xmbn Ah-cmSv ]dp:A-m t t -B-y-mbn,- hn- zm- - --mb ]mmXy-\nb-Za A i k] ca a f- p- -nv cmPyw `cn- p a\ kc pgph- A-- n s `q-n-m- w-`-- m- n- m-n- f- bpw-ta Hcphn[n \ c ` K cW [ I c I psSS- n- m- m \nv km[n- - bn- . ImcWw \n e pI- Abm-fmSv Am- p- ns \nb-- Imcw F t lh a{]psImv `cn- p- n- Fp tNmZn- m Abm v hy-mb D--pv: Cu Imev Cu \nb-a ca a D]-bm- nv `cn- p- - mWv A\p-bm- yhpw D t K X t P Nn- - pw.-am{X- Ckvem-- p- -nv `cn- m C- n Xh a a\ kc h sS-A\p- m-- p-n!! Ah As\ ]d-nh Zh a s Ah-Ahn- zm- n- -X--F- n\v kwi- sam i kI s X b pw th.- \n-\mw `cWo- -n-e- vC- ,bc t t\mpI- mb sW- - - Ah-n ]- cpw k-n- -pw-a n- c nX c Xc pap mIpw \nsf hebw sNbvXn-n- p- - p -]mse c X t Hcp \nbaw Ah-cbpw ]q-mbn hebw sNbvXns a cn- p- A- -\- - H-- `-- - n- gn p.- s bp- cp cW Io- Po hn- - p F-H-- m-- - m-Ahsc Ahn- zm p cW i kn- -mbn IWmm- If ]-ptam? - - m- hF C- a X- jvScpw Ahn- zm- n- -pamsW- pw-Amlp A{`i k If h- -n- n- - - mXv-sIm- v-hn- n- -C- v-AXc X [ h \n- m-y-m-W- - \n {]Jym- n- p- p.-Iw h c a s pw] sImp-am{Xw H-m-ico- v \nb-s FXn c A a m Abmsf aX- jvS- -- Imcy-nsv \n {`- \mt a
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X--]d- p- - m- v! CtX Imcy-mWv \ns b Ib W a f m Bfp- f- ]d- - Xv.Htc Hcp Imcyw \n I pw- bp icn- p Ah- m- -n- msX Xs, XIv^odn- I ia s bpw aX- jvSn-bpw - n[n Ah-n Iqn- n-n- p {`- s h c bc p Fp-ma {Xw. Ah-psS sXp- hy-m- - - pw Ah-p c I a Ip- b I c sSA]-m Zi\w ad- on ]pd- p- -n- bpw sN a \ hc I p Imcy- -ns]-- m- vf X W Ah-cmSv C{]- m-wt I c ] d- - X-AmlphmsX Bcm- - l- n-pw bp- v:"" [\ \s h \ s apl- Zv \_n() Amlp- ns ZqX- m-W- pw hn iz- n- p- bpw \a- vI-n- p- bpw sNp Hcp ap k I k c I kven-ns\- h- X- n- - ]- -- - hna A- a- \n- pw- pd- mb Aizm- n- m-Wv- tm-m- v- [n- p- - Xo- mkb s F- g W hn- I? b b- Ahn- n-pwX s D-adn- n! i-n- m- - e- mc b c b b \n- ] Sn-e- vt Ah \bn- --p- bp-n! AXp-Imv Xm s S I a s sg ImWp DZm- -Ww FSp- p- mn \mw ]d-blc I t (12) n- n-n- p- p, bc H-- `-- m- n- m-n-ico- - \- cn- v-`cn- p cp cW [ I c A pk- p.- - v-AbmfpsS kz`m- hpw co- n- - WvAX h X bpam- .]s
(12)

""C- n - -- m-t]m- p- - v-c- v-Im-y- -X- n-th- n-n- p- - - p-J\ ]db I X c X c h - - pw-hn-- - - p-m- v.-(1)-G-X- n- pw-H-p-hn- - n-em- Np-pw-Nn- \h a i\h a W s e c jb t ,- c e hn- - - -n-em-A- mlp-A- - -n- n- - p-Im- v-hn- n- m- - -(2)-s]- p- n- jbf t h Xc X s [ h m- \ b X aw-(X- v-o- -B- v)-F- -\n- - v-A- m- p-A- - -n- n- - p sIm- v-hn- n- mic C e l h Xc X [ - - "A- - v-o-an-^n- v- - n-X- v- o'-F- -{K- n-A- o-lh ''.- lZ \ I^ e A- e- n- p-S- p- l- _ b s hm- I (t].74)-

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HcpImcy- n am{Xw Abmv Hcp sXp]pp Abm ]oVn- s `mKv \np- - n\v ]Icw X X a- s `mKv \np- p. CXv Amlp A- - I hX cn- n- - - mXv-Im- v- [n- em-W- v- w X s hn- s hy- .A tm-A- m-a- - n-\n- - ]- -- -A- nb X pw- pd- mb h izm- n- msWv- - [n- p-am-Ah ]dbpwkb \nhn- t ? :C,ImcWw CXv AbmfpsS `mKv \nv Hcn- am{X-t kw`- n- n-p- q.Atm \mw ]d- p- p:a h b ctm-A- n- - n- tam-{]mhiyw Abm-psS `mKv X e[ I f \nv C- v- `- n- - b- A- -\- - ico- X kw-h pI- pw,- s ho- pw- A ns\Xncm- pI- - sNbvXm Abm Ahn- zm h bpwi kn- mtWm? \mw- pw- h- n- p- p:- vb hoB- aq- h w!-\mev-h-w- A- m-A- n- zm- n- m- n-F- v-\n !- b hi kb b - tm-m- v- d- p- ?- A- n-\Xnsc hn- nF- g W ]-b I ico- s [ - n-- w- --- b- jwX s F- Xn-s Spn- ti- Cu- n- n- fh- I p [ sS A-nm\n- hv XIv^o sN- mS C km [n- - bn- !! CXn\p IS- - n-p- -m- n, A- m-BpI- I h c a b b Zy-m- n- [- tm- s- m- p- h- -n- n- a b hn- npX- A- l A- Xc Xm- - pX sIm- v A- v- ememsW- v- Z- - n X l lr-b - d- n- p-Imv hn- - p- - pw- co- n-\D- s [n- Ib i- A s \nn- p- bp-- bv- p-h- -n- n-p- p-h- n I w sN- X s d c s Abm v- -\- d- m- [n- p-m- n-p- p. Atm A- s ]-b km- a b c -B-H-- hn- n-Im- v-X--A- m-psS-ta-a- cp [ s s b f X {`- v-v-I- n- m- pw-km- n- p-m- n-p- p.-t\-c--n jS \ [ a bc s ad
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v-hn- n- -hn- - - -n- p- -]- n- - n- w-hn- n- -n h[ jbf e e[ I [ If -A- m-i-o- - n- v-F- n-m- n-m- v-\n- -sIm b c A \ Xc b W e - v.- mw-A- --fm-v-tNm-n- p- ""A- m- p-A- - -nX\ bmt S Z :- l hXc n- - - m- Xp-Imv- - [n- m- c- -aX s \nhn- Im-Ws mWvv?''.-A-m-"Rm-F-- p-n- v-X--`t ," s I d s b "" \ I e X s nm- v''- -n-F- n- v-ss- p- n-X- - p-ImW As m- v''-F- m- v-A- m-p-S-D- --a- - Cu-`W W b fs cs nc Wm- n- m-n- B-y-- m-f- m- h- n- - ]m- n- m[I c Zs b t eb ]b Wv.-F- ncp- m- pw- C- m-f- p-n- v,-C- m-lr- e ,- b s d b Zb n- p- - v-sh-- m- p- Xph-c-H-p-A- n- zm- n e X f n- h s c hi k bmsW- v- ap- v- d- m- [npI- n- .- - m- p \- ]-b kmb A l A- - -n- n- - - m- - p-sIm- v-hn- n- p- - v-A\p hXc X X [ X Nn- -m- n- bm- W- m- p- - pw- p- p.-A- vXa b CI- Ib sN- X D- n- ambn-I- - m- p- - pw-A- v-sh-n--p- pNX W Ib X fs S I bpw- bv- m- {Xta- bm-f- p-n- v- X- jv-- msN- X amA- s d a- {`- S\ Ip- -hn- n- p- -A- n- zm- n- m-Wv-]-- m- [ e hi kb s db km- n- p- - p- q.-Ah- m- -mbn CXpw IqSn Adn[ Ib k \a tb- n- n-n- p- p. Ahn- zmkw FXv A\p- -- bc i kcW tSn-\- pw(^n- vJv) AXn- a-bpw(Zpav) t]m s b k {I-s se cmbn hn`- n- --n-p- v. P s 1. Ahn- zm- w, A\p- -- --v, aX- n \n i k kcW t S pw ]pdw Xp-AXn ew- \w,-XpS- n- - C L bh sXmw a\- n- p "CkvXnlvemen'-(l- m- m- -\ e e \n- -- n-[- -m- )s\- {i- n- - n- - p.bah t ba B- b n- pc
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2. aX- n \nv ]pdw Xm asmcp X cw I-- n-e CkvXn- m- ns\ B{i- n- p- - v. a s l e b X ]m]n-I-sf XIv^o sN- A\-\p-hZ\obw. Hmtcm ]m]hpw {]tXy- nv Cm- v ncI e ambn sNpXv aqew \nb-- --mbn amdnb ]- n- a] ca e i,hy`n- mcw,-Zy]m- w- se- - ]m]- Ch-b N a \ t]m- bp s - -w I-- n-e Ahn- zm- am- v (Ip- vdp Aam a s i k W ^ eo).C-\- p ]m]n- -f Nne ]m]- -psS t]cn s b Is f s]mXp- mbn XIv^o sNm ]m-n- . ImcWw h S Ah icocw sImv ]m]w sNp-mgpw a\- n t s Bg- n CXv Am- phpw dkqepw ]m]-m l a nb- m-Wv hniz- n- p- p- v.Ah A-\- p X s k s b ]m- - -sNp- bpw AXv {]hr- nbn am ] I {Xw \nb-- n-[- -m- p- bpw A- m- p- pw - - -ah t ba I l h Ahs Zq- -pw()\n- -- n-p- -m- n- Xv- b-- n-[- -msWXc bah c a b \n- ah t ba - izm- w- h- \- n-h- v- e- pp-hn- k A- a- s ]p- s -]q- -_m- yw-\-p- v-Cm- n--mfw-A- t [ a St s\- Iv- o- m- Sn- .- - m- \v- cp- X- ^ sN]m- - F CXn- hn- am- np- n-e- v-A- -- lr-- w-]- n- p-h- dn b Xt hcpsS- Zb X s m- \n-n- w- h- X- jv--m- p- [- nB- a j A- a- {`- Sc I hn- ep- Ahn- zm- n- m- n- vi k b b F- \mw- [npw.hn\apv Adn- n-- n \apv Ahn- zm- - n bs i k shn[n Ah-psS ta \S- n- m- m bm-Xm-- am c e s cp
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- - - . ImcWw \mw {]hm- - s XmoXns\hpanNI ` j Z b--p- p:s S Hcp a\p- y Xs ktlm-cs\ "Ahn izmkn'Fp hnfn- p-m B Btcm]Ww Aht a \n-ep Xs Xncn- p-h-pp. (13) CtX A-p t c lZo- pI H- - - n- m- v.C- v-hy-mbn-sX k \h[ b W X a fn- n- - HcplZokv am{Xw Rm FSpp ]dbmw. b pAXv HcpAhn- zm- nbp-mbn t]mcm-p Hcp kzlmi k a S _n- psS IY- m- v. Cu Ahn- zmkn apkven-ns b b W i a hmfn- n-- m- p-av- I-m Abm ]dp: cb I s t Am- p- - msX B-m- - - - n-v Rm km l h c [\ l\ s yw hln- pp!. Cu kzlm_n AXv]-n- - n- m c KW sX - hs\ h- n- - I-- A [ p fp.Cu hm {]hm- I N ()s ASp- se- n- -m Atlw Cu-{]- r bt h n-b-i-mbn FXn- Atm kzlm_n s a p. ]dp: AhsIm--p-av `b- - ps Ss X sIm- p NI -m- amWv As\ ]d- Xv. DS {]hm- - () a {X Xncnp tNmZnp:\o Ahs lrZbw shn- p-p d (14) t\mntbm? AXp-Imv Hcpa\p- ys hn- zm- - n- p s j i k e Ahn- zm- -a- Xv sNbvXn- -p-mbn am{Xw _- i ks If a s
ap- v- nwke (1/71)ssi- vJ A- m- n- p-S- cn-im- - -bm-p- q-n- p- - dlp_ \ b s ]- t [\t S I S b "iAJo-- p- lm- n- '- :Z Xz- h (\-70)3 J c (\-296),- kv- nw- :- D- m-- v- p4 ap- e (\-57)- k a_\ ssk-n- v1 Z \n(14) _p- m-n- :(13)

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Sp- m km[y-- . (15) Abm-psS lrZ- - nepXp a f b ambn _--p- Ww-Hcp A{I-n- - tbm ]m]ns S .a bpsSbp-Stbm I-tbm hy-n- m-n- - tbm lrZs s ` N c bpsSb n- p- Xv Adn- m \apv am- -f-- p-n- e b s m a AhcpsS lrZb- n- p- Xv \mhneq-S-]pdp h e s s- n- - m-X. Fm e s Ahs I-w- ewa aq- Ah icoAn\v FXncv{]- - npsh- v A- -\-t_m h hs [y--p- - w-A- - v-\mw ]dbpp:-Xos S W . XpsImbmbpw,-\o ico- - ns\ FXnp- - pw,A\p- A Ib kc W-Sv ImWn- p- - pw,]m]w sNp- bpw sNbvXnt Ib I cn- p- p''- m-\mw-H-n- - - C- -\-]-- .Fc epw- s dbpI bn: \o Ahn- znknpI- - aX{`- v-- m- p- bpw i bpwj S\ h I hs pdn lphn- S sNbvXn-npp A- -\-I- v-A- m- - t\m-vc t_m- n- n- m-a-- p-F-- n- - hy- -m- m[ m{Xas epw- a b e- m-X.-A- -\-h- m-Ckvem-n Adn- --p s s a bs S Cu hn[n Ahs Im-y- n hcpp:-Bsc- n c (16) epw aXw XyPn- m Ahs\ h[n- pI.
C-mw- _v- p- nw(- ]-- p-""H-p- N- w- -n- p- - cp- - ;- t- - na C- \ J)- d :- c hm- I D- c H- h D- i s-A-m- w-sIm-m,-A- - - p- r- -m- -I- ns-A-mhw-sIm-m-A` h t Xn- \ k Xa b \ a ` t ,Xp--- n- - X- m- - c- w- h- n- - v- Im- m-B- N- - - Ymas A- H- hn- X - ,- hm- I n- bs s -B- - w-D-- n- n-n- -A- -\- m-W- n-Ah-]-- - n\v-A- -I- ib t i .- s b s dX h W - t_m[n- - - n-h-n- .-C- m- v-A- m- p-Xs-Zq- - m-n- q-S-A- - -n- n- pnt c X W l X c e s h Xc A- -- Xw''- Av- m-p- h- - n- uhs a- C- e a ap- JvJ C (4/403)_p- m-n-A- v--v,- km- ,- an-n,- _q-m- q--"C- m-- eo'- :2471)J c ,- laZ \- C Xn- Z A- Z h Zv.- h D K(\Im(16) Wp- .I
(15)

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apkvenw `c- m- n- m-n- -f XIv^o sN- - p W [ I c Is b vX sIm- n-nphtcmSv Rm Fm- vtmgpw ]dbm c b dp Hcp Imcyapv:Cu `c- m- n- m-n- a- {`- v-W [I cI X jS cm- - hn- w-Ahn- zm- n- -m-Wv \n Btcm Ipw- [ i k If s ]npp. Ch-p-Ssbmw- fn Hcp `c- m[n- m cs apIW I cnbpspw\n k- n- p- p. Atm,X Cs\-bm-- - - n-Chv- fn- p- B- Wms chb ,apI- e `c[n- m-n- m- vI c b W ChnS- n-lpZqZv'(C- vem-nI in b " - k a ) \S- n- m-- Xv!!! A-\-b- n Cu `c e t s s Wm[n- m-n- aX- jvS-m- m am{XwAhn- zm- n- I cI {`- c I i kI fmWvFX-k- - n- m- sv- X X- \nv Fp- pK W-mWv A- v-sIm- v-e`n- p- v- \nv Fv a X X? sNm-km[npw? Ah A hem- v h _ A lZ Xb ]-bpIdmAv(ku- r-hpw i{Xp- - pw)F- v- d- - bmsWn \mw ]d- pp: A hem- v h _dmAv F b A Xv cv- c-p- v:- {X- -pw(aphmem- v) i{Xp X-a an- f fpw (ap- -m- v);- r-- - - {]hr- n- nepw; CXv BZ l Zbnepw b Hmtcm-p- -p-Sbpw Ignh\p- -n- m- v.AXp-Imv c c s kc W s A hem- v h _dmAv \S- - -a- n XIv^o A W s sNWsatm aX- Sv ap- - sc Adn- n- - {`jv h b W sa-m D- t Hcp \n_\bpan.adnv A hem Av h _dmAv Hcp _n-v- - - cs\ kw_n Z ApImpw Hcp ]m]nsb kw_- npw Hcp A- ansb kw {Isk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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_npw kw`- y-m- v. Rm P\- -fmSv ]d- p ha W t b p: apkvenw- -psS `qan ISnb B Ahn- zm- nIf i k Isf t\mq.]mm- m- tmsS ]d- - \mw A ] bs {I-- fmb PqX- m-m ^e- vXo- n \nv \oa nI c k \ s-n-n- c pp. \n-n Hcm, \n Ahn- zm- nf i k bmbn-I-- p- bpw A- -\-hn-n- - bpw sNp cpXI s f pI Cu-`-- m- nImcn- -- n-v-{]h- n- p- bpwcW [ I s Xc I sN- - X- sc- \apv Chtcm-v- Fv sNm- m p- phS \ Ipw? \n Cu hmKzmZw \nn- v b- m- h Y ap kvenw `c- - qSw m]n--pm\- ASn- -- WI s S pdbn \npw- pI- t- - v? B ASn- - {] XpSb th- X d hmN- ()- kp- v-]n- -- -- I s ]emWv.AXnt- mWv e {]hm- - s A- - c- m- em-n- --- pw hf NI \pN- ]cn- f s X n sbSp--- s Xpw. Hcp {]mhiyw Iq-nS \mw ]d- p- phopw ho b pw ]d- pp Ckvem-nI `cWw Xncnp sImpb a h-m- -apkvenw \mSp- -n am{X-- , temIw apgpc If a h \pw B- m- -m- n- {]hn- p- Hmtcm apkv a b enw Pam- pw Am- p- ns Cu- - - w-{i- nA lh h N\ s- Ah\mWv kmhpw kXy-- - p-mbn Xs :aXh a ZqXs\ Ab- . Fm aX-bpw AXv AXnh s P bnp- - m- m thn. _lp-sZ- - n- zm- n- X s hh i k I v AXv A\n- vS- --m- mepw icn.(Xu_:33). j Ica b
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Xo- mbpw Cu-h- - w-C- n- - bmYmyb N\ \ bpwamhpw F kZvhm Nne {]hm- I lZo- p- -n N k If (17) AS- n- n-p- v. b apkvenw- v Cu JpB hN- - pw, ssZ I \h ho- -hmKvZm- hpw i-n- m- c- n- - \S- nem- m I \ c b b o- bn- X hy-mb amhpwsXfn hgn- p-n- msX km a b a [n- bn- . Cu amw FXv Cu hI Bfp- pI- I hnizm- - mcy- -n Ahn- zmkw ImWn- p- Xv aq kI f i ew aX- jvS-m- m Al-m-Wv Ch Xs ] {`- c I c s dbp `cWm- n- m-n- -fmSv ]-- y-m- -Iem]w {] [ I c It c k a b nJym- n- - mtWm? A Xs! Cukwibw Am] e \m- v.-A-Xm-Sm- w-A- v-A- Ym- p--A_ W t s X b hw PUn- - p-mb kwi- -m- v. A- v-A- v-kweh a ba W h X _- -m- n- s- n- - sN- m- - I-n- - !! a b F- epw- \p- g hpanAXp-Imv,- FmWv alPv (coXn- imkv s {Xw),-FmWv amw? Am- p- ns {]hmNI lh ()Ncn- n-p- - mWv icn- mb amw F- - n c X b X kw(17)

C-mw- kv- nw- s- lo- n- :a ap- e X- kz- l (\-907)- -n- p- p-B- n- ()-]d- m- n2 D- c :- b i X b \n-h-- w- d- q- ]-- - m- n-Rm-tIp- ""em- - pw-D- - pw-B-m- n- t Z\ :- k ()- dX b : b b c [ s-p- - p-h-c-Zn- -m- -a-- p- - n- ''-A-m-Rm-tNmZnp-""Xn-p-q- S X s \c {Xdb Ib t :- c Z X sc- h- m- v- m- - pw- Xy-- - p-m- n- s- X-\- b- - -F- m- X"A- \ W k- Kh k- aXh a b X- Zq- s A- h .- as- pw-A- v-A- n- - n- p- - m- m-th- n.-_lp-sZ- -hn- zm- n- - v-Ab X X Pb X s h i kI Xv-A- n- v-- --m- m- pw-i-n'-F- -h- - w-Am- p-A- - -n- n -m-A- p\ jSIca b e c N\ l h Xc t X d :- l t i ]q- -m- n-F- m- v-Rm-I-p- n- - v!-At- w-]-- p-""A- m- p-D-- n- pa b W c X bX ''.- l _ c ke l l - n-\n- p--A- v-kw-- n- pw''- p-Jm-n-(9/126),-ap- v- nw-(8/57). A- z- o- X w X `h .(\-)- Wp- .:- Im- I 1

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i- -n- - CXv {]hm- - s A- - c- m-Hmtcm {] ba . NI \pN- w kw- - nepw ]d- n-pp Ghpw \ am--ap K c lZv \_n- - psS am- --- pp. (18) AXp-Imv ()b am I s Fm apnwIpw, {]tXy- nv apkvenw `c- m- nI W [ Im-n- v \n- -mb Imcyw apl- Zv \_n() cI a XpS- n-b-v hv XpS- pI F- mWv. CXmWv t S X kXy- - -mb cp- m- p- -n \mw Npcpn hn ka h If hcnXv-AXm- Xv "Xkv^n- v'-(hn-- o- -- w,]cn b b ae IcW ip- o- -- w) "X_n- v'(hn-ym-ym- w).-A-\ IcW - Z ` k s bmWv Cu Xo{h- mZnIvh Am- h- hyh- mX pw- ]n- - Xhpamb bmYmy- -n-ev Fp- . ta ] f t I d Iqv `c- m- n- m-n- sf ]c- y-mbn XIv W [I cI ka ^o sNm- - msX Hpw Adn- n- ,AXn\p tijw \ b Ahv Hpw- m- - sN- \n- .Ah Fm- v-mgpw `c bt - m- n- m-n- fpsS ta Npa- m- p "XIv^o-'-F W [I cI \ am- w- - n I- p - np- p. Ah-n {`-i pg\ c \nv Hpw ]- - c- . ]- - cpd- ph-pn- pd- ph-pXm- s I Ipgfpw A\- fpw am{X-!! w Cub-p Ime- mbn Dmb kw`- - -p S hf sS \nP- nXn ]-n-im- n- m- -n- mw-Ch-psS ^nXv c t [ ed b ,- c \ XpS- n- Xv a-b ]pWy-- - - n-\n- -b s `h\ m sW- v.]ns AXv CuPn- vXn-ev hym]np; kmZm] t
(18)

ap- v- nwke (3/11), A- v- -vlZ (3/381), \- m- k C (1/234), ss_- - nlJ (3/214).

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ns\ sIme-sN- vXp; Ah- m\w AXv kndnb- nb k b tev hym]np. Ctm CuPn]vXnepw APocnb bnepamWpXv.... A-\- wt I apnw- -psS c-am-pIf s g Ip- - mWvX CuI- - - pw AXym]- p- pw pg- I ImcWsa- v-Im- mw.-pcn- - fpw hnj-- fpw sIm W Z X a p- cp- Xpw AXp- -. Cu Bfp- J- B- h- Xs I p- \n epw kp- n- p-p ]e Imcy- fpw FXnm- p e a \ ImcW- - CXpX-- -Wv.hpws bm AXn Ghpw {it- ambXv Am- p- ns Cu h- - --- v:-Xob lh N\ a m W bmbpw \nv Am- p- ns ZqX- n D--m lh \ aa b amXr- - p- v. AXm- Xv Am- p-hbpw Ay-nIb b ls Z \-bpw {]Xo- n- p- n-n- p- - pw, Am- p s sIm- c Ib l sh [mcm--mbn Hmnp- bpw sNbvXp- -ph fa I hc v. (Alvkm_v21). AXpsImv Am- p- ns `cWw kXy-mbn lh a XsAkw`hyw F \ne- v- m]n- - -ab W s n,- Cu `c- m- nImcn- sf FXnmt\m Ah W [ I tcmSv bpw sNmt\m Ign- n- m \ Ahsc h XIv^o sNbvXp-Imv XpS-- - ptm?AtXm,s t X Am- p- ns ZqX XpS- nb A- n- m-y- - lh \ h c XI sImv- n- m- Xn-bm- \nv Am- p- ns XpS- b a- t ? lh {]hm- - \n D--m- r- - - v...- F- m- v- -NI aa X Ibp- W D- c sa- - n- i- -am- - .X kw- bs pansk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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A- m- p- ns dkq() G- psIm- mWv lh X XpSn- Xv? kXyw kzoI-n- m k- ps- v-Ab c \ t- - n- v- tXm- n- - Bfp- nSbn ZAvhv l \ b I \S- n- n-m- v X- n- -X- v-A-n- n- kuc`yw b W pS- bs dhs Bkz-np t\mn- np B- - hy- am- - .A Z b pw Ipwt- - ns ZAvhn\v At- - ns A- - c- m l l \pN- -Dcw \In-bv {]hm- - ()s "kod'- hs NI (PnNcn{Xw)b- \nv-a- - n- m- n\ e Ipp. ]noSv abn se apkvenw- v hf-c- - nIw {]bm- hpw hn]I s b[ k p- fpw t\cn-p- bpw AhnsS \nv "ln- v-'- emI SI Pd (]b- w)-t]m- - \- Am- p- ns I]\ e-n \ Iphm- plh ` pIbpw Amlp Ckvem-ns\ aZo\m ap\- -- n a db in--p- p- bpw sNbvXp. AhnsS \nmWv km s SI bp[ k-L-- w- n- - v.w \ XpS- bX AhnsS \npX-- s bm Wv Hcp `mKv Ahn- zm- n- -fmSpw asmcp `mK i k It v PqXm-cmSpw apkvenw- FXn-n-Sn h- v. t I ct X AXp-Imv,-\nw- bw,-\mw XpS-- Xv apls i t Zv \_n() sNbvXXv t]mse P\- v bYm Ckvemw ]Tn- np sImmbn-n- Ww. ]t C c s Ahbn \mw-]TnnXpsImv am{X-m a bn- . ImcWw,-Cv \mw ImWp aX- n,-Ckv emanenmX- A- - bn- _- -n- m- - - bpw- Xpama Xpam[m-m-w-\q- - mNm-- -I-- p-Iq-n- n-p- v. AXv c f X\ c S Sb Ckvem-ns al\obXv tImw hcpnbnpap- v. a
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AXpsImv, {]t_m- I {]h- Ckvem-n[ I a I-- - Sn- n-- \q- - m- m-- fn-\n- - Ckv SpIq- b p- X\ N c pwemans\- a- o- -n- v-Xkv^n- - v') sImv-XpShn-e Ic (" b Ww- Atm-CXmWv BZys-- Xzw:-"Xkv^nb . X v'. cma- XXz-mb "X_n- v' s a b (hnZym-ym` b t s Ckvem-ns a kw) F- - v- "Xkv^n- - n'-\m-Sm- wX sX-n- -]mX- n-apkvenw bphXsb A`yknn f b t Hm- v. GI-Ziw Hcp iXI-mbn \ne- n W t a \ p Ckvem-nI "PamA- p'-(]mn- )IfpsSa I bmYmyh- AhbpsS B-- - - {]m-bm- n- pw,Z ihpw- t K I co- n- -- ]T- - n-[- -m- n- m,- u H- mSpw _ X Ifpw- \h t ba b C l-hpw,-H-p C- v- m-n- -cm- v- B- - y-m-W- f c - e a I j {Sw- hi a s k Ah-- A- - m- - m-- - sImvcpsS- hI ih ZhpwAhtm ap- tm bmsXm-p- - m-hpw Dm- n-n Fvh c ]I c b \mwIs- - . ASn- m- c- n- -mb- u hm-- npw \ l Xa C Z eq-Ss [mcm-w-apkv- - cw Nnsnpv.Cu- m f enwb f- vpI- Hpw m]n- m- m- - p-n- . AXp-Imv \ bX a s X-- Jp- - n\pw- kp- - n\pw- hn-p- -m- - hn s B\ c a b izmk- ("A- m- -v'- \mw-C-m-pw-A- -n-\n J CZ )t g hc pwtIp-Im- n-n- p- p.s c Ch ico- - n\p \ncA m ASn- m- c- n- -m- Imcy- -n kZm-ap \ l Xa b f gp- n- n-n- p- - m-Wv {]tXyIw ]d-b- - ntm. I b c Ib s t X
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Ah- m- -mbn Rm ]d- p- p:k \a b Hcp {]t_m[ I {]hI \S- nb Hcm- zm- -pv Rm A l \a Xns\ ]nm- p- bpw B Blzm\w apdpsI ]nSnv I {]hn- p- bpw sNpp.AXv CXmWv: \nfp I sS lrZ- - n \n CkvemanI cmjv{Sw m b ]n- pI,- n Cu `qan- n \np thn A F b Xv m]nsSpw. AXn- m,\ Hcp apkvenan-- ns h X s X bX Am- p- ns lh izmkw Ipa-- m-W- nA- m- - v,{K- n-- pw kp- ns- pw ta- S- pbs b b ]-p--- msW- n Ah--Bcm- - I-Ip--s X s [\ a Xm- p-;-]cp-m- Ip-- m- p-;- -- m-I ws a a X I w CS] SpIIpa- m- p-. Fv-X-- -- mepw Zu`m- y- --av X Iw s bmb K Ics ]dbsCu \ {]kvXm- - b- - cn- v-C- -m-pwh\ \pk- hc c {]h- n- . Ah h-nsXn Ckvem-nI cmjv png a {Sw m]n- m apd- n-n- q-n-m-- n-n- p- p. hfI s t bc ]s Imcy-am- p-n- . Xo- mbpw IhnAm- ps a b l hm-W-Ah-c- -n ]-- - v- Xy--- vs s dX k- amW :tamam- n Ncn- vmsX A- n-e- v b Xt

t]mIm\m- p- pthm \o? \nbw \uI Nen{Kln- - n inem-q- n. (19) b `h

(19)

C-mw- ^n- p-S- Zy- n- p- - m- v-ap- - -v- _v-p- - wa im- b s ]- \n- X W.- lZ A- Z ap C AJ^m- n- p-S- cn-im- - -bm-p- - s- hm- 89)- nP b s ]- t [\t S X- Zo(t].- b .-

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H-- ]t Rm hn- -n- Xn,- o- n t_m- -p cp hc \X [a - - v-]cym- - - - Nn- m- q- y-AS- - p h ]vXhpw,- i \ v X amb hm- pI- s- n-b- mw-klmbw tNmZnI- t . --m Al- - p- - Amlp am{Xw. s S Xb h

*********

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]Z-kq-NnI
Bbv : (_- p- - \w=Bbm- v) ASbmfw. l hN JpB- \hN- w (l-okv F- ns _lp- - - w) \ Z X h N\ pw- c s Sp_n()bn-\n- - D- -n- --h- - - ,-{]hr- n- ,-Aw- o- m-N\ I KI c .hN\w Fw (hm- w klm- n- Fv) aZo bI \- n-enb a- msc klmbn bs m XymK- - ln- - . k- h Amlp- ns knwlm- \w h k aX- n-]p- p- mbn tN- G XX s Xv BNmchpw ZAvhbn Gs B, {]t_m- [ I Am- p- ns lh Ww. am- n-e- p t

Alm-okv : Z

Akm :

Aiv : _nZv- v : A ZmCu : ZAvh : ZnIv :

(_- p- - \w= AZvm) lrZbw l hN sImpw \mhp-Impw ssIIm- p- s eI


Page 277

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

fpsS {]hrn-sImpw Am- p- n lh s\ kvacn- mw. Cuam : ^mlniv : hnizmkw Xn kwkm-n- p- - m c b

^-v In- mb : Iqp- -- m-n- -p I- f ^ ch Z a Hcm A\pjvT- m Fm- cpsS n h bpw D-- mZnXzw Ignp.Cs- n ch samw kaqlw Ip- m. ^Xvh : ^nXv\ : lmI- n : na aX- --mb Xop- ] ca I apkvenw- - - n-- n- p I- - -I Sb e pg- fpw{]iv\- fpw X- fpw apw. knZv JpX- D]-bm- n Hcp hm p_v t K v. Atlw CXv D]-bm- n- Xv \nbt K a- nmW- n\v D Am- p- ns \ lh ]c-m- n- m-s kq- nn-\m- v. a [I c N m W \nbahncp- hpw hne- --Xpw s inns \mn \nv apkvenw \m n-ev A`bw tXSn- p bm{X. t b \nb-- --mb Hcp hn[na] ca Bcm- \;- m- p- ns\ Bcm- n- pI [ A lh [
Page 278

ldmw : lnPv- : d lpIvav: C_m-v : Z

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

CPvXnlmZv :

A[zm\w Hcp ]WvUn- Xs hn X thIap]tbmKnv bp-mb Xocp-m a a \w FSppI Am- p- ns hN\w Ghpw al lh --m- m- p A[zm- hpw {iahpw ca \ \ ka-- pw. ch (_- ph- \w=Jhm-n- v) Hscm- ]m]w l N cP sNbvXm Xs apkvenw Ahn- zmi kn- mIpw Fv {]Jym]n- . b h (_- p- - \w=Jpe- m) kXy l hN ^ {]Xn sNbvXv Ckvem-nI cmjv{S- - a e h- m- p B. \ I Ckvem-nI `c- - q-w, Ckvem-nI cm a WI S a jv{Sw (hyn=Im^n) aX- nse Ahn- zm i k- n\v ImcW-m- p {]hr- n. a I Hcp ]WvUn- s A`nX {]mbw A-s n-\ne- m-v- Ckvem-nI \nb- im ] S. a a kv{Xnse GsXn- p-amcp hnNmces [m-. c amw, co- n- m- vX i k{Xw.Page 279

PnlmZv :

JmcnPn :

Jeo^ :

Jnem^ : Ip^vdv : aZvl_v :

alPv :

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

aplm- n : P

Ahn- zm- n- -psS \mSv hnp-]mbn i k If t hnizmknIfpsS \mn A`bw tXSn b B. (apivcnIq):_lp-sZ- hn- zmkn.s h i Ckvem-ns Bhn`m- - n\p apv a h Atd- y- nse Ghpw henb hwi_b -n-emv. {]hmN- () CXnse fs I AwK-mbn-p- p. a c knZv JpX- ns XXz- m- v{X- n p_ i k hnizkn- p- - m b {]hm- - ()s Iqm-n- -psS t\sc NI f If tcmjhpw Akln- vWp- - pw ImWnj Xb p- - m b

apivcnIv: Jpssdin :

JpXp_o : dm^nZo :

kzlm- v : {]hm- - ()s\ t\cn Iv hniz_ NI kn- p- bpw hnizm- -m-p- qSn acnI kt SI p- bpw sNbvX- m. I b ke^v/ke- - `b-- n- -p- m- n-p- , apX- apd : ` If b c e m. ke^pkm- n- o apkvenwI el fpsS BZys aqp Xe-p--Wv ad m Cu t]cv-]d- p- - v. kzlm- n- fpw b X _I XpSv h cv Xe-p-- pw. a db ke^o : ke- ns ]mX ]nXpS-p- - m ^ c b
sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]
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kod : ico- v : A inv : kqdv : kpv :

{]hm- - s Poh- -n{Xw NI Nc Ckvem-nI \nbaw a Am- p- n\v- t\-n-m- A- m-X-bmlh ct s t ]m-nbm- f Jp- - nse A[ym- w. B\ b a-- r- - {]hm- - N-y- At- n mX I, NI c l s hm- p- fpw {]hr- n- fpw AwI I Ko- m-- I chpw. kpdq-n- FXv apl- Zv kpdq dI skbv\p B_n-o F- m-psS Z b f kzbw {]Jym- nX A\pbm- n- -m- v. ] b If W Ah kp- n \npw,_n-v- - n Z A \npw kzoIcn- p- p. (_- p- - \w=Xm_n-u) {]hm- l hN D NI s A\pbm- n- sf XpSv h A bI Sp Xeap-. d Jp- - hym- ym\w B J Am- p- - msX Bcm- n- --p l h [ s S Fpw (hymP-Z- - m) t h
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kpdq-nd :

Xm_nCu :

X^vko : XmKq- v :

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

XIv- - : ^o XuloZv : DlvZv :

Hcp apkven-ns\ aX- jvS- mbn {] a {`- \ Jym- np {]- r- n] h . Ckvem-nse- ssZ- - zw. a GI- hX aZo- - -p Hcp ]- w. Ckvem-n \ S X a I Ncn{Xnse Ghpw {][m\-mb a Hcp bpw \SXv CXns Xmgvhmcn shmWv. D, A, amXm- v. h k-- bw- sam- w-apkvenw- sf ] apZm- . I dbp t]cv. ASn- m\ XXz- . Am- p- ns Znhy-_m- \w ({]- mlh t [ h N- v e`np- - v.) I X

Dv : Dv: Dkq : hlvbv :

hl-- p : ssZhw Fm- nepw IpSn sImpp Z F hpPqZv hnizm- w. kq^n- v k I Cs\sbmcp hnizmk-p- m- n-pp a bc heo-v : a hnhm- - m-w. lk c

sk- vXw_ 11 Ckveman\p ]dbm\pXv ]

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