COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS Evolution Of Networking: ARPANET- The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

k (ARPANET), was the world's first

operational packet switching network and the core network of a set that came to compose the global Internet.

INTERNET- The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

INTERSPACE- Interspace is a client/server software program that allows multiple users to

communicate online with real-time audio, video and text chat in dynamic 3D environments. Interspace provides the most advanced form of communication available on the Internet today. The Interspace is a vision of what the Internet will become, where users cross-correlate information in multiple sources.

CLOUD COMPUTING- Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than
a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a metered service over a network (typically the Internet). Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage resource without requiring cloud users to know the location and other details of the computing infrastructure.

Different ways of sending data across the network : Circuit switching technique-Circuit switching technique
is a methodology of implementing

a telecommunications network in which two network nodes establish a dedicated communications channel (circuit) through the network before the nodes may communicate. The circuit guarantees the full bandwidth of the channel and remains connected for the duration of the communication session. The circuit functions as if the nodes were physically connected as with an electrical circuit.

Message switching technique- In telecommunications, message switching technique was the precursor
of packet switching, where messages were routed in their entirety, one hop at a time. It was first introduced by Leonard Kleinrock in 1961.

Packet switching technique-Packet switching technique is a digital networking communications method that
groups all transmitted data regardless of content, type, or structure into suitably sized blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams (sequences of packets) over a shared network.

Data Communication terminologies : Concept of Channel-refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over
amultiplexed medium such as a radio channel. A channel is used to convey an information signal, for example a digital bit stream, from one or several senders (or transmitters) to one or severalreceivers. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting information, often measured by itsbandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second.

Baud-baud or modulation rate) is the number of symbol changes (waveform changes or signalling events) made to the
transmission medium per second using a digitally modulated signal or a line code. The Symbol rate is measured

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS

in baud (Bd) or symbols/second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses/second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bits of data.

Bandwidth ( Hz , KHz, MHz)- Measure of available or consumed data communication resources expressed in
bits/second or multiples of it (kilobits/s, megabits/s etc.). Bandwidth refers to analog signal bandwidth measured in hertz the original meaning of the term.

Data transfer rate( bps , kbps , Mbps , Gbps , Tbps )

Transmission media : Twisted pair cable- Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return
conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling outelectromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources.

Coaxial cable- Or coax, has an inner conductor surrounded by a flexible, tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a
tubular conducting shield. is used as a transmission line for radio frequencysignals. Its applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, and distributing cable television signals.

Optical fiber- An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much
wider than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.
[1]

Infrared- Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light. Radio linkMicrowave link- Microwave transmission refers to the technology of transmitting information or energy by the use
of radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeters; these are called microwaves.

Satellite link- Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelengthallows
conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at the receiving antenna.

Network devices : Modem- A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital
information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from light emitting diodes to radio.

RJ45 connector- RJ45 is a registered jack standard for a modular connector using 8 conductors, which specifies the
physical male and female connectors as well as the pin assignments of the wires in a telephone cable.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS Ethernet Card- An Ethernet card is one kind of network adapter. These adapters support
theEthernet standard for high-speed network connections via cables. Ethernet cards are sometimes known as network interface cards (NICs).

Hub- is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making them act as a singlenetwork segment. A
network hub is an unsophisticated device in comparison with, for example, a switch. A hub does not examine or manage any of the traffic that comes through it: any packet entering any port is rebroadcast on all other ports

Switchnetwork node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols.

Gateway

A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide systeminteroperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.

Network Topologies and types :

Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer

BUS- In local area networks where bus topology is used, each node is connected to a single cable. Each computer or
server is connected to the single bus cable. A signal from the source travels in both directions to all machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the intended recipient. If the machine address does not match the intended address for the data, the machine ignores the data.

STAR- In local area networks with a star topology, each network host is connected to a central hub with a point-to-point
connection. The network does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on the network must be connected to one central device. All traffic that traverses the network passes through the central hub. The hub acts as a signal repeater. The star topology is considered the easiest topology to design and implement. An advantage of the star topology is the simplicity of adding additional nodes.

TREE- The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or
more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central 'root' node, while each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central 'root' node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy.

PANLAN WAN MAN

Network Protocol :

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS TCP/ IP- The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and routing datagrams (packets) from a source host
to the destination host across one or more IP networks. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines an addressing system that has two functions: identifying hosts and providing a logical location service. This is accomplished by defining standard datagrams and a standard addressing system.

File Transfer Protocol ( FTP)- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files
from one hostto another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a private development machine to a public web-hosting server. FTP is built on a clientserver architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server

PPP- n networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct
connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connectionauthentication, transmission encryption (using ECP, RFC 1968), and compression.

Remote Login ( Telnet )- Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a
bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol

Internet- The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardInternet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

Wireless/Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM- GSM is a cellular network, which means that cell phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate
vicinity.

CDMA- CDMA uses a spread-spectrum technique whereby electromagnetic energy is spread to allow for a
signal with a wider bandwidth. This allows multiple people on multiple cell phones to be multiplexed over the same channel to share a bandwidth of frequencies. With CDMA technology, data and voice packets are separated using codes and then transmitted using a wide frequency range. Since more space is often allocated for data with CDMA, this standard became attractive for 3G high-speed mobile Internet use.

GPRS- is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for
mobile communications (GSM).

WLLsee it urself.its huge. 1G- 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile telecommunications. These are
the analogtelecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.

2G- three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G
systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS 3G- generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.
[1]

Electronic mail protocols such as SMTP- MTP is a connection-oriented, text-based protocol in which a mail sender communicates with a mail receiver by
issuing command strings and supplying necessary data over a reliable ordered data stream channel, typically a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection.

POP3- In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local email clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internetstandard protocols for e-mail retrieval
[1]

Protocols for Chat and Video Conferening VoIP protocols such as Wi-Fi- Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary.
This is called ad hoc Wi-Fi transmission. This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS,Playstation Portable, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices.

WiMax- WiMAX is a wireless digital communications system, also known as IEEE 802.16, that is intended for wireless
"metropolitan area networks". WiMAX can provide broadband wireless access (BWA) up to 30 miles (50 km) for fixed stations, and 3 - 10 miles (5 - 15 km) for mobile stations. In contrast, the WiFi/802.11 wireless local area network standard is limited in most cases to only 100 - 300 feet (30 - 100m).

Network Security Concepts : Threats and prevention from Viruses Worms Trojan horse Spams

Use of cookies- also known as an HTTP cookie, web cookie, or browser cookie, is used for an origin website to send state
information to a user's browser and for the browser to return the state information to the origin site. [1] The state information can be used for authentication, identification of a user session, user's preferences, shopping cart contents, or anything else that can be accomplished through storing text data on the user's computer. Cookies cannot be programmed, cannot carry viruses, and cannot install malware on the host computer.[2]However, they can be used by spyware to track user's browsing activitiesa major privacy concern that prompted European and US law makers to take action.[3][4] Cookie data can also be illicitly disclosed byhackers to gain access to a victim's web account.[5]

Protection using Firewall India IT Act Cyber Law

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS IPR issues Hacking

WebServices : WWW Hyper Text Markup Language ( HTML) Extensible Markup Language ( XML) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) Domain Names URL Protocol Address Website Web browser Web Hosting Web Scripting Client side ( VB Script , Java Script , PHP) Server side ( ASP, JSP,PHP) Web 2.0(for social networking)

Open Source Concepts : Introduction to open standards Its advantage in development of inter-operable environment Proprietory-Proprietary software is computer software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder.
The licensee is given the right to use the software under certain conditions, while restricted from other uses, such as modification, further distribution, or reverse engineering.

Open Source Software-Open-source software (OSS) is computer software that is available in source code form:
thesource code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are provided under afree software license that permits users to study, change, improve and at times also to distribute the software.

Freeware-Freeware (portmanteau of "free" and "software") is software that is available for use at no cost or for an
optional fee, but usually with one or more restricted usage rights. Freeware is in contrast to commercial software, which is typically sold for profit, but might be distributed for a business or commercial purpose in the aim to expand the marketshare of a "premium" product. According to the FSF, "freeware" is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF says it must be distinguished from free software (libre). closed-source freeware include Adobe reader and Skype.
[4] [1] [2][3][4]

Popular examples of

Shareware-The term shareware (also known as trialware or demoware) is proprietary software that is provided to
users without payment on a trial basis and is often limited by any combination of functionality, availability
needed] [further explanation needed] [further explanation

, or convenience . Shareware is often offered as a download from an Internet website or as a compact disc included with a periodical such as a newspaper ormagazine. The rationale behind shareware is to give buyers the opportunity to use the program and judge its usefulness before purchasing a license for the full version of the

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS

software. Firms with superior software thus have an incentive to offer samples, except if their product is already well known, or if they do not want to be listed in direct competition with other products on shareware repositories.

FLOSS/FOSS-Free and open-source software (F/OSS, FOSS) or free/libre/open-source software (FLOSS) is software
that is both free and open source. It is liberally licensed to grant users the right to use, copy, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code.[citation needed] This approach has gained both momentum and acceptance as the potential benefits have been increasingly recognized by both individuals and corporations. [1][2] In the context of free and open-source software, free refers to the freedom to copy and re-use the software, rather than to the price of the software. The Free Software Foundation, an organization that advocates the free software model, suggests that, to understand the concept, one should "think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer"

GNU-Published software should be free software. To make it free software, you need to release it under
a free software license. We normally use theGNU General Public License (GNU GPL), but occasionally we use other free software licenses. We use only licenses that are compatible with the GNU GPL for GNU software. Documentation for free software should be free documentation, so that people can redistribute it and improve it along with the software it describes. To make it free documentation, you need to release it under a free documentation license. We normally use the GNU Free Documentation License (GNU FDL), but occasionally we use other free documentation licenses.

FSF-The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded byRichard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support
the free software movement, acopyleft-based movement which aims to promote the universal freedom to create, distribute and modify computer software. The FSF is incorporated inMassachusetts, USA.[2] From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project.

OSI-Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is an effort to standardize networking that was started in 1977[1] by
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),

W3C-The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide
Web (abbreviated WWW or W3). Founded by Tim Berners-Lee at MIT and currently headed by him,[2] the consortium is made up of member organizations which maintain full-time staff for the purpose of working together in the development of standards for the World Wide Web. As of 22 February 2012, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 344 members.[1] W3C also engages in education and outreach, develops software and serves as an open forumfor discussion about the Web.

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND OPEN SOURCE CONCEPTS