Halaman Nama Nim Exercises

: 219-222 : Siti Aminah : H111 10 026

Sketch the graph of each of the following equations. First examine the equation to find properties that are helpful in tracing the graph. Where the literal constant occurs, assign to it a convenient positive value. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 7.5 POLAR EQUATIONS OF LINES AND CIRCLES The equations of lines and circles can be obtained in polar equations by transforming the rectangular coordinate equations of these curves. The polar equations can also be derived 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

directly. We shall derive the polar equations of a line, and also of a circle, in general positions and in certain special positions.

A L

O FIGURE 7.23

In figure 7.23 the segment OR is drawn perpendicular to the line L. We denote the length of this segment by p and the angle that it makes with the polar axis by . The coordinates of a variable point on the line are . From the right triangle ORP, we have or . (7.6)

this equation holds for all points of the line. If p is chosen below OA, than the angle ROP is equal to we do have.

In a similar way, the equation could be derived for the line L in any other position and not passing through the origin. Equation (7.6) is called the polar normal form of the equation of a straight line. If we expand becomes. by the formula for the cosine of the difference of two angles, the equation

. For = 0o this equation becomes

(7.7) , and the corresponding line is perpendicular to the 1800, Eq.

polar axis and p units to the right of the origin (we assume that p is positive). If (7.7) becomes have theequation

. In this case the line is p units to the left of the origin. If = 900, we , and the line is parallel to the polar axis and p units below the axis.

So for these special cases we have the equation. . And . The graph of left of the origin. The graph of below the axis and 5 units below the axis. The -coo the origin.rdinate is constan for points on a line passing through the origin. Hance the equation of a line through the origin with inclination is . An equation of the form , with (7.10) and A and B both not equal to 0, can (7.9) is the line perpendicular to the polar axis and 4 units to the is the line parallel to the polar axis and 5 units (7.8)

be used to represent any line in the coordinate plane not passing through the origin. When expressed in polar form, the given equation may be reduced to

If the coefficients are assigned allowable values, the graph is a particular line. Any change in the coefficients would yield another line. For example, the equation

represents a particular line. Coordinates of points on the line may be determined b assigning values to and computing the corresponding values for r. Thus for and for , the value of r is 2, , the value of r is -1. So the points (2, 0o) and (-1, 90o) are on the line in

question, and the line may be drawn. We next write the equation of a circle of radius a and center at R (r1, 1). Observing Fig. 7.24 and applying the law of cosines to the tringle ORP, we get

P(r,) r

a R(r1,1) r1 1

0 FIGURE 7.24

the equation of the circle in the form (7.11) If the center is at (a, 0o), then . If the center is at . Example 1. Find the equation of the circle with center at Solution. Substituting in Eq. (7.11), we have and radius 3. , the equation becomes (7.13) and . The equation then reduces (7.12)

Exeries 1. Form a figure find the equation of a line perpendicular to the polar axis (a) 4 units to the right of the pole, (b) 4 units to the left of the pole. Compare your results with formula (7.8). 2. From a figure find the equation of the line parallel to the polar axis and (a) 4 units below the axis, (b) 4 units above the axis. Compare your results with formula (7.9).