Post Graduation Diploma in RF Engineering A strong understanding of RF engineering fundamentals is required to optimize the performance of cellular networks.

This course presents the fundamentals of RF engineering for new engineers who need to be grounded in the fundamentals and existing engineers who need to fill in any gaps they may have in their understanding. This course illustrates the network architecture and highlights the importance of several aspects of RF engineering. The RF propagation mechanisms that affect the RF signal path from the transmitter to the receiver are discussed. Coverage is discussed using the link budget examples for 2G and 3G systems. Traffic engineering is described from the perspective of Erlang-B and backhaul provisioning. Deployments of GSM and CDMA/WCDMA/EV-DO networks are considered. Finally, tools useful for network planning/design, deployment, and optimization are reviewed.

Course Highlights A strong understanding of RF engineering fundamentals RF 2G & RF 3G Sessions Exclusive sessions on 2G & 3G CDMA/ GSM and EV DO Technologies Extensive classroom training on RF survey report preparation and analysis Broad expertise in Network optimization and bench marking Practical and theoretical training in RF Planning and Optimization Thorough knowledge on Drive test tools TEMs Ericsson tool Practical Knowledge Duration 80-100 contact hours-Classroom Training 2 Months On Job Training (Optional) Certification ZTE University Certification Post Graduation Diploma in RF Engineering Certification Nature of Job RF Engineering services for all wireless networks such as GSM networks, CDMA Networks. To ensure that the network design meets the network performance objectives of the Customer, RF engineering specialists use state-of-the-art Design / Planning / Testing / Post Processing tools as follows:Planning Tools TEMS Cell Planner Universal (TCPU) Asset 3G TEMS Link Planner (TLP) Pathloss 4.0 Network Optimization Tools TEMS Investigation Agilent E6474A Neptune CDMA Air Interface Tester (CAIT) TEMS DeskCat

Actix Analyzer

CW Drive Tests & Model Tuning Nominal Cell Plan, using standard planning tools as TCPU and ASSET 3G for GSM and CDMA RF Site Surveys of Search Area, selection of suitable site candidates and evaluation Detailed RF Site Design including site configuration Site parameters setting Frequency planning Continuing Post-launch optimization to ensure optimum level performance of the network. Comparative Drive Tests to benchmark your network against competition.

Drive Test & Network Optimization

RF Optimization services for existing GSM and CDMA network operators. This is a continuous RF engineering activity that ensures optimum network performance that meets the set Quality of Service (QoS) targets such as:

Coverage of Service Area: Urban areas, In building, Suburban areas, Roads, Rural areas etc Call Success Rate Handover failure Rx quality

The benefits of RF Optimization service for the network operator are increased revenues and reduced costs.

Network quality is maintained resulting in higher speech quality index. Stronger competitiveness resulting in higher customer acquisitions. Satisfied customers resulting in low churn Efficient network utilization resulting in reduced investment costs.

RF Optimization services include the following:

Study of network performances through OMC Statistics, drive tests and customer Enquiry. Post-processing and analysis of the performance data to bench mark the network performance against the set QoS targets and identify eventual problems. Proposing an action plan for solving the problems. The proposed action plan may include parameter changes and/or network configuration changes and/or network Hardware elements changes. In close coordination with the customer, implementing the proposed action plan. Performance Verification to ensure that the optimization process has resulted in network performance improvements such that it meets the set

QoS targets.

Network KPI Analysis & Post Processing

Network Audit services that aim at gathering data on end-to-end characteristics of the Network. This Network Audit service aims to benchmark the Network performance with known standards. Also, this service intends to suggest possible courses of action to solve the identified problems. The objectives of the Network Audit and the related processes are:

Network characterization and assessment. Comparison of measured data with data on similar systems. Recommendation of possible courses of action and Network modifications, if any. Compilation of Network data, which can be useful for Network expansion, operation and maintenance. Conduct of the study in partnership with the customer and in a proactive spirit.

Network Audit service generally includes the following, but these are more dependant on the type of Network.

Terminal Equipment Interface Analysis Voice Quality Measurements Network Configuration Comparison Trouble Ticket Analysis

Professionals carry out audits, experiments and tests in the effervescent environment, construct empirical models from the collected statistical data, locate root causes and make suggestions wherever necessary. A detailed report of the findings of the audits and analysis of the data is compiled and presented to the customer's engineering team for initiating necessary corrective actions and proactive measures for future expansions.

Certification Name

Duration(Days) Location Hyderabad Hyderabad Bangalore Bangalore Delhi Delhi Pune Pune Delhi Delhi Mumbai Mumbai Hyderabad Hyderabad

MBA in Telecom Technology & Management (SOTL) 2 Years BBA in Telecom Technology & Management (SOTL) 2 Years ZTE Certification (RF) ZTE Certification (I&C) Huawei Certification (RF) Huawei Certification (I&C) Nokia Siemens Networks Certification (RF) Nokia Siemens Networks Certification (I&C) Erricsson Certification (RF) Erricsson Certification (I&C) Alcatel - Lucent Certification (RF) Alcatel - Lucent Certification (I&C) Motorola Certification (RF) Motorola Certification (I&C) 10 10 14 14 10 10 10 10 14 14 10 10

Course Outline
RF Engineering priciples

Fundamentals of RF Systems RF 101 History of RF Basic Building Blocks in Radio and Microwave Planning and Design RF Principles, Design, and Deployment RF Propagation, Fading, and Link Budget Analysis Intro to Radio Planning for Mobile and Fixed Networks RF Planning and Design for GSM, CDMA, UMTS, HSPA/HSPA+, LTE and WiMAX Networks RF Planning and Design for Satallite Communications and VSAT RF Planning and Design for 2-way Radio Communications RF Planning and Design for Radar and Jammers Path Survey RF Impairments Noise and Distortion Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Systems Filters Amplifiers Mixers

Transistor Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers Modulation Techniques Receiver Design Eb/No vs. SNR, BER vs. noise, Bandwidth Limitations Modulation Schemes and Bandwidth RF Technology Fundamentals Types of Modulation: AM, FM, FSK, QAM, PSK & QPSK RF Engineering Principals applied Cellular and Mobile RF (WiMAX, CDMA/CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS/W-CDMA, HSPA/HSPA+ , and LTE) Fixed Wireless RF (802.11, 802.16, HF, UHF, Microwave, Satellite, VSAT, Radar and GPS)

RF System Design Considerations

RF System Design Multiple Access Methods and Comparative Capacities Modulation, Bandwidth, Interference, Performance BER vs. Noise Bandwidth Limitations Noise Figure Eb/No vs. SNR Receiver Sensitivity Desensitization and Blocking Dynamic Range Intermodulation Distortion Power Output Spectral Efficiency and System Limitations Sample Link Budget Calculations Link Structure Design Engineering Performance Engineering Traffic Engineering System Noise Management Propagation Modes Scattering Parameter Analysis RF Regulatory Considerations

RF Propagation Principles

Estimating Path Loss VHF/UHF/Microwave Radio Propagation Physics and Propagation Mechanisms Propagation Models and Link Budgets Practical System Design Considerations The Physics of Propagation: Free Space, Reflection, Diffraction

Local Variability: Rayleigh fading and multipath cancellation Free Space Path Loss Area Propagation Models: Okumura, HATA, Cost 231 and others Point-to-Point Models: techniques and commercial software Analyzing measured data to produce models Reliability of Service Macro-cell Indoor Penetration Micro-cellular systems and techniques Propagation Prediction Tools and Measurement Tools Propagation Losses Refraction and Fresnel Zones Reflection and Scattering Loss Multipath Rayleigh Fading Models Noise and interference Polarization distortion Diversity implementation Link Budgets and High-Level System Design Link Budget Basics and Application Principles Traffic Considerations

Details Of Propagation Models And Their Uses

Free space, Okamura/HATA, Okamura with Knife Edge Diffraction, LongleyRice, and the proprietary BIBY-C Simple Analytical models General Area models Point-to-Point models Local Variability models The Okumura Model The Hata Model The EURO COST-231 Model Walfisch-Betroni/Walfisch-Ikegami Models Morphological Zones Commercial Propagation Prediction Software

RF Modulation

Fundamentals of analog transmission Quantization Pulse-code modulation Geometrical representations of waveforms Modulation techniques (QAM, PSK, QPSK, DPSK, FSK) The additive Gaussian noise channel Optimal detectors Performance analysis of digital receivers.

Antenna Theory & Design Principles

Principle of Antennas and Wave Propagation Antenna properties Impedance, directivity, radiation patterns, polarization Types of Antennas, Radiation Mechanism (Single Wire, Two-Wires, Dipole) Current Distribution on Thin Wire Antenna Radiation Pattern Gain Antenna types, composition and operational principles ERP and EIRP Antenna gains, patterns, and selection principles Antenna system testing Fundamental Parameters of Antennas Radiation Pattern and types Radiation Intensity and Power Density Directivity, Gain, Half Power Beamwidth Beam Efficiency, Antenna Efficiency Bandwidth, Polarization (Linear, Circular and Elliptical) Polarization Loss Factor Input Impedance Antenna Radiation Efficiency Effective Length, Friis Transmission Equation Antenna Temperature Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Region Separation Finite Length Dipole Half Wavelength Dipole Ground Effects Loop Antennas Small Circular Loop Circular Loop of Constant Current Circular Loop with Non-uniform Current Ground and Earth Curvature Effects Mobile Communication Systems Application Types of Antennas o Resonant antennas o Traveling wave antennas o Frequency Independent antennas o Aperture antennas o Phased arrays o Electrically small antennas o Circularly polarized antennas o Elementary Antenna Elements o Omnidirectional Antennas o Microstrip Antennas o Achieving circular polarization o The helix antenna

Electrically Small Antennas Fractal Antennas Ultra Wideband (UWB) Antennas Low Profile Antennas Linear Wire Antennas Monopole configurations Feed considerations Dipole configurations Ground plane considerations Bandwidth improvement techniques Antenna Arrays

o o o o o

VHF/UHF/Microwave Radio Propagation

Estimating Path Loss Free Space Propagation Path Loss on Line of Sight Links Diffraction and Fresnel Zones Ground Reflections Effects of Rain, Snow and Fog Path Loss on Non-Line of Sight Paths Diffraction Losses Attenuation from Trees and Forests General Non-LOS Propagation Models

RF Optimization Principles

Site Acquisition Design, analysis and optimization of wireless networks Verification of network deployments for wireless networks RF engineering principals Good quality network and services Network planning resources Link budgets, scheduling and resource allocation Preparation and Report generation Real-time coverage maps True-up RF modeling software

RF System Optimization

RF coverage and service performance measurements System Setting Initial optimization testing of installed networks Antenna and Transmission Line Considerations

System field-testing and parameter optimization Functional testing and optimization for implemented sites Test plan development System drive test and data analysis System parameter settings and interference control

Key RF Performance Indicators

FER, Mobile Receive Power, Ec/Io, Mobile Transmit Power System accessibility analysis Available radio resources and network trunking issues System parameter optimization Regression analysis to measure benefits Frequency/PN offset planning Self-generated system interference Cell site integration Construction coordination Equipment installation/antenna system verification RF parameter datafills Radio testing Initial drive testing Performance monitoring Site migration planning and testing ERP changes Orientation changes

RF Troubleshooting

Safety Basic troubleshooting steps Signal tracing Signal injection Lead dress Heat sinks

Labs and Calcualations

Wireless Network Link Analysis System Operating Margin (SOM) Free Space Loss Freznel Clearance Zone Latitude/Longitude Bearing Microwave Radio Path Analysis Line-of-Sight Path Analysis

Longley-Rice Path Loss Analysis United States Elevation Analysis Parabolic Reflector Gain and Focal Point Calculator Urban Area Path Loss Antenna Up/Down Tilt Calculator Distance & Bearing Calculator Omnidirectional Antenna Beamwidth Analysis Return Loss Calculator Knife Edge Diffraction Loss Calculator Scattering: gamma in/out from s-parameters Lumped Component Wilkinson Splitter / Combiner Designer Pi & Tee Network Resistive Attenuation Calculator RF Safety Compliance Calculation Microstripline Analysis & Design Calculating Phase Line Length 3-Pole Butterworth Characteristic Bandpass Filter Calculation RF Pi Network Design PLL 3rd Order Passive Loop Filter Calculation Antenna Isolation Calculator

Course Name: Deployment Options: Course Duration:

RF Training: Radio Frequency Training Overview Onsite - Instructor-Led Training

2-3 days depending on audience background and options

Related Courses

RF Systems: Fundamentals RF Systems: Optimization RF for Technicians RF Systems: Principles, Design, and Deployment RF Safety for the Wireless Industry (Including Real-Estate) Professionals RF Propagation, Fading, and Link Budget Analysis RF Design for WiMAX Networks RF - Intro to Radio Planning for Mobile Networks

Introduction: Wireless and mobility systems have become more pervasive in our community, and engineers with skills to address needs in this area are in demand. This course is designed for anyone needing a basic understanding of radio frequency (RF) engineering, and is the first of a multi course development program designed to build skills targeting developmental paths within RF engineering

Audience: Engineers new to the field of RF engineering, managers, or other personnel responsible for RF systems whether wireless, cellular/mobile, microwave, or other, will benefit from a comprehensive understanding of RF fundamentals. An electrical engineering degree or equivalent background is desired, but not required. Prerequisites: None Customize it: This 2-3-day RF course will be customized to your needs and specifications. Eno.com will assist you in identifying those needs and specifications. A word to the wise, there are many vendors of wireless training. They will typically have a broad and general course, one size fits all, already developed and just put your organization?s ame on the title slide. This minimizes their effort and time investment. At Eno.com, every course is made to your exact and exacting specifications. We help you ensure what you are getting is what you really need even if at the beginning you weren?t too sure of what that was. We fit the class to your needs. We never fit you into our ?standard?, one size fits all, class. Objectives: Provide a basic understanding of antenna design, antenna patterns, RF modulation, RF system design considerations, explain RF performance and optimization, understand propagation, and understand the evolution of standards. Course Outline Basics of RF

Principles of RF propagation Electromagnetic spectrum RF modulation fundamentals Reflection, refraction, diffraction Fundamentals of digital RF communication Propagation models: Okumura, HATA, Cost 231 Free space loss Reflection scatting loss, Rayleigh fading, multipath Multipath cancellation

Basics of Traffic Engineering

Trunks, circuits, overview of the T-Carrier System Erlang B, extended Erlang B, Erlang C Blocking probability, basic operational concepts towards grade of service (GoS) Stochastic modeling of unknown variables

Traffic simulation Using calculation tools

RF Design

Tools available for design Design considerations Propagation losses Link budget System degradation Eb/No, SNR, BER, Noise Limitations of bandwidth Receiver sensitivity Intermodulation distortion RF performance & optimization RF system management & KPIs Sample link budget calculations

RF Deployments

Project planning for RF deployments Process of RF deployments Successful/unsuccessful RF deployments Morphology zones Design engineering Traffic engineering Mixers RF regulatory considerations Call processing Mobility management Soft versus Hard hand over RF optimization & performance testing Indoor design considerations

Antennas

How antennas work Antenna gain Antenna radiation patterns Isotropic and dipole radiators Collinear vertical antennas Horizontal arrays, yagis, log-periodics Effective radiated power Testing and measurements Performance testing

ourse Name: Deployment Options:

RF Optimiz Training

Onsite - Ins

Led Trainin

Course Duration:

4-5 days de on audienc background options

Introduction:

This course is a four day intensive training and workshop designed to teach the fundamentals of optimization, data collection, root cause analysis, system trade off considerations in order to main and improve subscriber quality of service for both GSM based and CDMA based modulation technologies. Audience:

Engineers new to the field of RF engineering, managers, or other personnel responsible for RF s whether wireless, cellular/mobile, microwave, or other, will benefit from a comprehensive underst of RF optimization, spectrum utilization, spectrum planning and capacity and quality of service management for RF systems. An electrical engineering degree or equivalent background is desir not required. Prerequisites:

You should have some familiarity with communications engineering. If you have an understandin architecture of a mobile communications network and the limitations imposed by its air interface, be helpful but its not required. Customize it:

This 4-5-day RF Optimization course will be customized to your needs and specifications. Eno.co assist you in identifying those needs and specifications. A word to the wise, there are many vend wireless training. They will typically have a broad and general course, one size fits all, already de and just put your organizations name on the title slide. This minimizes their effort and time invest Eno.com, every course is made to your exact and exacting specifications. We help you ensure w are getting is what you really eed even if at the beginning you werent too sure of what that was. the class to your needs. We never fit you into our standard, one size fits all, class. Objectives:

Provide an understanding of RF performance degradation issues, testing and measurement tech data collection methodologies, post processing methodologies and tools, drive testing, model tun spectrum planning, hand off considerations, morphology analysis, cell splitting, antenna tilt azimu noise, SNR, BER, SIR, frequency planning, interference, in order to allow engineers and technica personnel to manage and maintain system performance of RF related systems. Course Outline RF Optimization

RF Overview

Performance characteristics RF engineering principles Testing & measurement Drive testing Performance counters and key performance indicators (KPIs) Data collection and post processing of data Root Cause Analysis (RCA) Spectrum utilization Dropped calls Poor coverage Hard hand over failures Soft hand over failures Overview of optimization process for FFR modulation technologies Overview of optimization process for CDMA modulation technologies

2. RF Operating Environment

Propagation models Link budget analysis Path loss Reflection Okamura/HATA Noise & interference Polarization distortion Diversity Raleyigh effect Detection of co-channel interference Coverage maps Site acquisition process in RF engineering Cell splitting process

3. Antennas a. Antenna properties, elements and performance characteristics

Impedance Radiation Polarization Gain Diversity Antenna noise temperature Dipole definition Bandwidth Radiation patterns Antenna materials Isotropic radiation theory Effect of ground Mutual impedance

Angle of incidence Refractive index Azimuth & downtilt

b. Antenna types

Yagi Slot Omnidirectoinal Dipoles & monopoles Microstrip Periodic/Resonant Reflector Loop, Slot, Spiral, Horn Microstrip patch or, patch antenna Half wave dipole Folded dipole Crossed dipole Quadrifilar Helix

c. Antenna Arrays

What is an array How can arrays help in capacity and performance? What are the trade offs of using antenna arrays? Antenna array types ---Log periodic dipole array ---Phased array ---Coliner ---Yagi-Uda ---Broadside

d. Smart Antennas

Operation Basic components of What are the trade offs of using smart antennas? Beamforming MIMO Direction of arrival (DOA) Switched beam Adaptive array

4. FFR modulation technologies

Frequency planning Interference matrices Neighbor planning GSM logical channels (BCCH, FCH, SCH, SACCH, TCH, RACH) Cell Tiering

Frequency hopping Congestion RF parameter datafills Picocells Femtocells Cell on wheels (COW) In building coverage Towertop Mounted Amplifiers (TMA) GPRS/EGRS Overview & interfaces GPRS attach process PDP context activation process Throughput measurements Impact of retransmissions on throughput LAC/RAC boundaries

5. CDMA modulation technologies

PN planning Soft hand over border planning FER Mobile assisted power control Ec/Io SIR Self generated system interference System parameter optimization Neighbor analysis and search window ERP changes Multicarrier optimization Multiband optimization Reverse link interference Orientation changes 1xRTT/1xEV-DO overview and interfaces Measurement of data throughput Towertop Mounted Amplifiers (TMA) Picocells Femtocells In building coverage RF parameter datafills

6. RF Optimization Process a. Setting the optimization criteria b. Optimization in CDMA networks (incl W-CDMA)

Sources of information Parameter investigation Analysis of the existing RF plan Performance of cell site audit Multi carrier and multi mode optimization Post processing and analysis of data

Corrective actions

c. Optimization in fractional frequency reuse networks

Sources of information Interference matrices Frequency reuse plan Parameter investigation Analysis of the existing RF plan Cell tiering Performance of cell site audit Post processing and analysis of data Corrective actions

d. Correlation of customer complaints to possible root cause (RCA)

Capacity and loading examples Dropped call, poor coverage Dropped call, system resources Dropped call, other

e. Mobile drive testing and data collection

Tools available Post processing, what does it mean Root cause analysis Tracking and benchmarking PN scanners and their capabilities

7. Workshop GSM/GPRS

Performance analysis Optimization process BCCH parameter optimization Cell selection & reselection Interference analysis GPRS Attach Routing area updates Measuring throughput Root cause analysis (RCA) Final recommendations

8. Workshop CDMA2000 and 1xEV-DO

a. Performance anlaysis b. Dropped calls ---Poor coverage ---Forward/Reverse link interference Specific neighbor list, search window and congestion Managing excessive soft handoff

Multicarrier optimization Intercarrier and intersystem troubleshooting 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO throughput measurement Overview of 1xRTT and 1xEV-DO ---Optimization principles of 1xRTT data and 1xEV-DO