ACTIVITY NO.

AIRPLANE ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Ailerons are hinged flight control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. The ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll, which results in a change in heading due to the tilting of the lift vector. The two ailerons are typically interconnected so that one goes down when the other goes up: the down-going aileron increases the lift on its wing while the up-going aileron reduces the lift on its wing, producing a rolling moment about the aircraft's longitudinal axis. Ailerons are usually situated near the wing tip, but may sometimes be situated nearer the wing root. The terms "outboard aileron" and "inboard aileron" are used to describe these positions respectively. The word aileron is French for "little wing".

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn a fuel to create heat which is then used to create motion. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others, such as wind-up toys use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors like myosins in muscles use chemical energy to create motion. An aircraft engine is the component of the propulsion system for an aircraft that generates mechanical power. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines or gas turbines. There are different kinds of airplane engines. Propeller engines turn propellers on the nose or on the wings. Propellers pull an airplane through the air. Jet engines suck air in. They heat the air and shoot it out of the back of the engine. Jet engines push the plane through the air. Turboprops are a combination, using the power of a jet engine to turn a propeller. The fuselage (pronounced /fjuzl/; from the French fusel "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo. In single-engine aircraft it will usually contain an engine, although in some amphibious aircraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in turn is used as a floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position control and stabilization surfaces in specific relationships to lifting surfaces, required for aircraft stability and maneuverability.

Elevators are flight control surfaces, usually at the rear of an aircraft, which control the aircraft's orientation by changing the pitch of the aircraft, and so also the angle of attack of the wing. In simplified terms, they make the aircraft nose-up or nose-down.[1] (Ascending and descending are more a function of the wingaircraft typically land nose up.) An increased wing angle of attack will cause a greater lift to be produced by the profile of the wing, and a slowing of the aircraft speed. A decrease in angle of attack will produce an increase in speed. The elevators may be the only pitch control surface present (and are then called a slab elevator or stabilator), or may be hinged to a fixed or adjustable surface called a tailplane or horizontalstabilizer.

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ACTIVITY NO. 4

AIRPLANE ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The horizontal stabilizer or tailplane is a fixed or adjustable surface from which an elevator may be hinged. In some aircraft models (mostly jets), the entire horizontal stabilizer rotates and functions as an elevator. This combination is often called a stabilator (see Cessna 177 or Piper Cherokee for light aircraft applications). Aircraft with an adjustable stabilizer have the stabilizer hinged so that its setting (angle of incidence) can be altered in flight (see McDonnell Douglas DC-9 for an airliner application; see Cessna 180 for a light aircraft application). The resulting stabilized speed is known as the trim speed, and the trim is used to set the desired speed without having to hold the elevator out of its trimmed or faired (trail) position. In aircraft with truly fixed stabilators, a trim tab on the trailing edge of the elevator is used to alter the aircraft's trim speed (see Douglas DC-3 for an airliner application; see Cessna 172 for a light aircraft application). The F-86 Sabre first used a fixed stabilizer and elevators with a trim tab, but later versions used a stabilator. A rudder is a device used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, aircraft or other conveyance that moves through a medium (generally air or water). On an aircraft the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the craft's stern, tail or after end. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller -- essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever armmay be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics

A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting rotational motion into thrust. A pressure difference is produced between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blade, and a fluid (such as air or water) is accelerated behind the blade. Propeller dynamics can be modeled by both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law. A propeller is often colloquially known as screw both in aviation and maritime. Aircraft propellers or airscrews convert rotary motion from piston engines or turboprops to provide propulsive force. They may be fixed or variable pitch. Early aircraft propellers were carved by hand from solid or laminated wood with later propellers being constructed from metal. The most modern propeller designs use high-technology composite materials. The propeller is usually attached to the crankshaft of a piston engine, either directly or through a reduction unit. Light aircraft engines often do not require the complexity of gearing but on larger engines and turboprop aircraft it is essential.

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ACTIVITY NO. 4

AIRPLANE ISOMETRIC DRAWING

The horizontal stabilizer or tailplane is a fixed or adjustable surface from which an elevator may be hinged. In some aircraft models (mostly jets), the entire horizontal stabilizer rotates and functions as an elevator. This combination is often called a stabilator (see Cessna 177 or Piper Cherokee for light aircraft applications). Aircraft with an adjustable stabilizer have the stabilizer hinged so that its setting (angle of incidence) can be altered in flight (see McDonnell Douglas DC-9 for an airliner application; see Cessna 180 for a light aircraft application). The resulting stabilized speed is known as the trim speed, and the trim is used to set the desired speed without having to hold the elevator out of its trimmed or faired (trail) position. In aircraft with truly fixed stabilators, a trim tab on the trailing edge of the elevator is used to alter the aircraft's trim speed (see Douglas DC-3 for an airliner application; see Cessna 172 for a light aircraft application). The F-86 Sabre first used a fixed stabilizer and elevators with a trim tab, but later versions used a stabilator. The undercarriage or landing gear in aviation, is the structure that supports an aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi, takeoff and land. Typically wheels are used, but skids, skis, floats or a combination of these and other elements can be deployed, depending on the surface. The vertical stabilizer or fin is fixed to the aircraft and supports the rudder. The fin nearly always employs a small fillet at its forward base, called a dorsal fin, which prevents a phenomenon called rudder lock. Rudder lock is where the force on a fully deflected rudder (in a steady sideslip) suddenly reverses as the rudder reaches its maximum travel.[1] The phenomenon is usually corrected by addition of a dorsal fin.

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