Chemical Resistance of Carbon and Graphite

Graphite Specialties

Broad Base. Best Solutions.

SGL Group The Carbon Company

We are SGL Group The Carbon Company, one of the worldwide leading manufacturers of carbon-based products. We have an in-depth materials, production, applications and engineering expertise, a comprehensive graphite and carbon fiberbased product portfolio, and an integrated value chain from carbon fibers to composites. We operate close to our customers through a global sales network and state-of-the-art production sites in Europe, North America and Asia. With this Broad Base, we offer Best Solutions to our customers with the help of our Company philosophy of SGL Excellence.

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Graphite Specialties Customized Products for Key Industries

The Business Line Graphite Specialties includes the four Business Segments Industrial Applications, Electronic Applications, High-Temperature Applications and Automotive & Mechanical Applications.

Industrial Applications

Electronic Applications Our comprehensive range of materials extends from isostatically molded, extruded, die-molded and vibration-molded graphite through to carbon and graphite felt and carbon fiber-reinforced carbon. We optimize them to the needs of our customers by drawing on our expertise in the planning, design and processing of complex components made from these materials. Finishing options such as coating, impregnation and purification complete our product portfolio.

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Chemical Resistance of Carbon and Graphite

Chemical properties Carbon is insoluble and does not melt. Chemically, it is one of the most resistant materials. Organic chemistry Carbon is resistant to nearly all organic media. This class includes the intermediate and final products of the following industries: Petrochemistry Coal purification Synthetics Paints and varnishes Cosmetics Foodstuffs Photochemicals Refrigerants Antifreezes

In the tables on pages 6 to 15, carbon materials are recommended with and without impregnation, depending on the medium. The chemical resistance data for resin-impregnated carbon material can be interpreted as applying to the resin-bonded carbon grades as well. But, unlike resin-impregnated material, a resin-bonded grade may be unsuitable for the intended function, since any chemical influence on the binder may reduce the strength of the carbon material. The tables show a fairly large number of organic and inorganic media to illustrate the broad chemical resistance of our carbon materials. The structural formulas used correspond to those given in the DAns Lax Taschenbuch fr Chemiker und Physiker (Handbook for Chemists and Physicists).

Inorganic chemistry Carbon is also resistant to most inorganic media, e.g. to most acids and alkalis, aqueous salt solutions and to most technical gases. Recommended materials and chemical resistance In practical applications, carbon is often used in an impregnated form. The impregnating agent, too, has an influence on chemical resistance.

No formulas are given for a number of media which are chemically considered as mixtures. They typically include fruit juices, beer, milk, oil and petroleum. These mixtures are marked a). Compounds with a cyclic or complex structure: These compounds are marked b).

Carbon is not resistant, or resistant only up to certain concentrations and temperatures, when in contact with some alkalis and halogens, as well as some highly oxidizing inorganic acids. Carbon is not resistant, either, to liquid sodium or potassium, which form intercalation compounds with carbon. These cause a marked increase in material volume, which in turn leads to the mechanical destruction of the carbon.

The tables on pages 16 to 19 show the media with limit temperatures and limit concentrations to which carbon is not resistant, or resistant only up to the stated values under statical test conditions. The data given refer to defined chemical compounds only. Media mixtures have been ignored because of the large number of possible combinations. However, as a general rule of thumb the resistance to acid mixtures is determined by the temperature and the resistance of the carbon material to the concentration of the individual constituents of the mixture.

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

A
Acetaldehyde Acetanhydride Acetic acid Acetic acid anhydride Acetic acid ethyl ester Acetic acid methyl ester Acetone Acetyl chloride Acetylene Acrolein Acrylonitrile Air Air Alcohols Aldehydes Alkacide solution Allyl acetone Allylamine Allyl chloride Aluminum acetate Aluminum chloride Aluminum fluoride Aluminum nitrate Aluminum sulfate Amines Amino acid Ammonium acetate (aqueous solution) Ammonium carbonate (aqueous solution) Ammonium chloride (aqueous solution) Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (gas) (liquid) CH3CHO (CH3CO)2O CH3CO2H see Acetanhydride CH3CO2C2H5 CH3CO2CH3 CH3COCH3 CH3COCI C2H2 CH2 = CHCHO CH2 = CHCN a) a) ROH RCHO a) CH2 = CHCH2CH2COCH3 CH2 = CHCH2NH2 CH2 = CHCH2CI AI(CH3CO2)3 AICI3 AIF3 AI(NO3)3 AI2(SO4)3 RNH2 RCH(NH2)CO2H NH4C2H3O2 (NH4)2CO3 NH4CI NH4NO3 (NH4)2SO4 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 200 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 250 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

A
Ammonium sulfide Ammonium sulfite Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol Aniline Argon Arsenic acid Arsenious acid (aqueous solution) Ammonium thiocyanate(aqueous solution) (NH4)2S (NH4)2SO3 NH4SCN CH3CO2C5H11 C5H11OH C6H5NH2 Ar H3AsO4 H3AsO3 (aqueous solution) BaCI2 a) C6H5CHO C6H6 C6H5SO3H C6H5CO2H C6H5CH2CI (aqueous) (aqueous solution) (gas) (gas) Na2B4O7 H3BO3 see Ethanol CH2 = CHCH = CH2 C4H10 C4H9OH a) CH3CO2C4H9 CH2 = CHCO2C4H9 b) (gas) C4H8 C3H7CO2H + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

B
Barium chloride Beer Benzaldehyde Benzene Benzene-sulfonic acid Benzoic acid Benzyl chloride Borax solution Boric acid Brandy Butadiene Butane Butanol Buttermilk Butyl acetate Butyl acrylate Butyl phosphate Butylene Butyric acid

+ resistant not resistant

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

C
Calcium bisulfite Calcium chloride Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium hydroxide Calcium nitrate Camphor Caprolactam Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Cellulose Chloroacetic acid Chloroacetyl Chlorobenzene Chlorocyan Chloronaphthalene Chloronitrobenzene Chromic alum Citric acid Cooking oil Copper acetate Creosote Cresols Croton aldehyde Crude oil Cupro-ammonia (Schweitzers reagent) Cyclohexamine Cyclohexane C6H11NH2 C6H12 + + + + + + + + (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (dispersion) (gas) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (solid, Mp 176 C) (solid, Mp 69 C) (gas) (liquid) CaHPO4 Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 b) b) CO2 CO2 CS2 CO CCI4 a) CICH2CO2H see Acetyl chloride C6H5CI CICN C10H9CI NO2C6H4CI KCr(SO4)2 b) a) Cu(CH3CO2)2 a) b) CH3CH = CHCHO a) [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 aq aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) Ca(HSO3)2 CaCI2 aq aq + + + + + + + +

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

D
Dichlorobenzene Dichlorobutane Dichloroethane Diesel oil Diethylamine Diethylaniline Dimethyl formamide Dioxane Diphenyl Diphenyl oxide (heat exchanger liquid) C6H4CI2 C4H8CI2 C2H4CI2 a) NH(C2H5)2 C6H5N(C2H5)2 HCON(CH3)2 b) C6H5C6H5 (C6H5)2O C2H6 C2H5OH see Acetic acid ethyl ester see Ethanol (C2H5)2O C2H5NH2 C2H4 see Dichloroethane (aqueous solution) C2H6O2 b) aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

E
Ethane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl ether Ethylamine Ethylene Ethylene chloride Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide

+ resistant not resistant

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

F
Fatty acid sulfonates Fatty acids Fatty alcohols Feed water Formaldehyde Formalin (= formaldehyde 40 % in water) Formic acid Fruit juices Furfurol HCO2H a) b) b) a) a) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) a) b) C3H8O3 see Ethylene glycol CH3CO2C2H5O2 He C6H6CI6 C6H14 H2 HCN C6H4(OH)2 a) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) FeSO4 FeCI3 C5H11OH CH3CO2C3H7 C3H7NH2 aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + b) CnH2n+1CO2H CnH2n+1OH H2O HCHO see Formaldehyde + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Gallic acid Gas oil Gasoline Gelatine Glucose Glycerine

Glycol Glycol acetate

Helium Hexachlorocyclohexane

Hexane Hydrogen Hydrogen cyanide Hydroquinone

Ink Iron(II) sulfate Iron(III) chloride Isoamyl alcohol Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine

10

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

L
Lactic acid Latex Lauric acid Linoleic acid Linseed oil (solid, Mp 44 C) (solid, Mp 18 C) CH3CH(OH)CO2H a) CH3(CH2)10CO2H b) a) (solution) (aqueous solution) (solid, Mp 130 C) MgCI2 MgSO4 HO2CCH = CHCO2H C4H2O3 MnCI2 MnSO4 C2H5SH Hg (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (Gas) HgCI2 Hg(NO3)2 CH4 CH3OH see Methanol CH3CI CH3NH2 CH2CI2 CH3NHC2H5 a) a) (aqueous solution) a) see Chloroacetic acid C6H5CI CH3CO2CH = CH2 aq aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

M
Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maleic acid

Maleic acid anhydride (solid, Mp 52 C) Manganese chloride (aqueous solution) Manganese sulfate Mercaptane Mercury Mercury-II-chloride Mercury-II-nitrate Methane Methanol Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Methylamine Methylene chloride Methylethylamine Milk Mineral oil Molasses Monochlorobenzene Monovinyl acetate Monochloroacetic acid (aqueous solution)

+ resistant not resistant

11

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

N
Nitrobenzene Nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrophenol (gas) (liquid) (solid) C6H5NO2 N2 N2 O2NC6H4OH C8H18 C8H17OH siehe Oktanol a) b) (aqueous solution) (gas) HO2CCO2H O2 aq + + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 200 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 250 C)

+ + + + + + + + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

O
Octane Octanol Octyl alcohol Oil Oleic acid Oxalic acid Oxygen

P
Palmitic acid Paraffines Paraldehyde Peristol Petroleum Petroleum ether Phenol Picric acid Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium fluoride Potassium nitrate Potassium oxalate (liquid) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (dye) (solid, Mp 62 C) (liquid) CH3(CH2)14CO2H CnH2n+2 see Acetaldehyde a) a) a) C6H5OH b) KAI(SO4)2 KBr K2CO3 KCI KF KNO3 K2C2O4 aq aq aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Phthalic acid anhydride (solid, Mp 130 C) b) Potassium aluminum sulfate (aq. solution) Potassium carbonate (aqueous solution)

12

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

P
Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfite Propane Propanol Propionic acid Propyl alcohol Propylene Pyridine (gas) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (gas) K2SO4 K2SO3 C3H8 C3H7OH C2H5CO2H see Propanol C3H6 C5H5N a) a) a) (solid, Mp 159 C) HOC6H4CO2H a) SiCI4 a) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) AgCN AgNO3 a) see Sodium carbonate NaCH3CO2 NaHCO3 NaHSO4 NaHSO3 NaBr Na2CO3 NaCI NaCN aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

R
Rapeseed oil Rayon Ricinus oil

S
Salicylic acid Sea water Silicon tetrachloride Silicone oil Silver cyanide Silver nitrate Soap solution Soda Sodium acetate Sodium bisulfate Sodium bisulfite (Digester liquor) Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium cyanide

Sodium bicarbonate (aqueous solution)

+ resistant not resistant

13

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

S
Sodium nitrate Sodium oxalate Sodium perborate Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium sulfide Sodium sulfite Sodium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate (Fixing salt) Spirit of wine Stearic acid Sugar solution Sulfate waste liquor Sulfite waste liquor Sulfonic acids (aqueous solution) (organic) (aqueous solution) (solid, Mp 69 C) see Ethanol CH3(CH2)16CO2H a) a) NaHSO3 RSO3H b) a) a) (aqueous solution)
HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H

(aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution) (aqueous solution)

NaNO3 Na2C2O4 NaBO3 Na3PO4 Na2SO4 Na2S Na2SO3 Na2C4H4O6 Na2S2O3

aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq aq

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

aq

+ + + + +

T
Tannic acid Tannic acids Tar oils Tartaric acid Tetrachloroethane Tin tetrachloride Titanium tetrachloride Toluene Trichloroacetic acid Trichloroethylene Turpentine (solid, Mp 57 C) (Tri)

aq

+ + + + + + +

CHCI2CHCI2 SnCI4 TiCI4 C6H5CH3 CCI3CO2H CCI2 = CHCI Na3PO4 a) aq

Trisodium phosphate (aqueous solution)

+ +

14

Chemical Resistance
Medium Formula Without impregnation With impregnation
Resin PTFE Metal

V
Vinyl chloride Vinyl ethyl ether C2H3CI C2H5OCH = CH2 H2O H2-, CO-, CO2-mixture H2O a) see Ethanol see Acetic acid C6H4(CH3)2 (aqueous solution) ZnCI2 aq + + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

+ + + + +
(Temperature: 200 C)

+ + + + +
(Temperature: 250 C)

+ + + + +
(Temperature: 350 C)

W
Water Water gas Water vapor/ Steam Whey Wine Wine vinegar

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

+ + + + +

X
Xylene

Z
Zinc chloride

+ resistant not resistant

15

Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration

Medium
Concentration %

Hard carbon
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Graphite
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Temperature K

Antimony

A
Acid mixture Amidosulfunic acid Ammonia (aqueous) Ammonia (gas) Aqua regia HCI/HNO3 = 3:1 380 100 + NH3 370 100 + + + + + + + HNO3/H2SO4 = 2:3 NH2SO3H NH4OH 370 320 40 25 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 290 100

B
Bleach liquor (concentrated) Bleach liquor (concentrated) Bleach liquor (diluted) Bleach liquor (diluted) Bleach liquor (diluted) Bleach liquor (diluted) Bleach liquor (diluted) Borofluoric acid Bromine (liquid) HBF4 Br2 370 290 NaOCI 370 NaOCI 320 NaOCI 370 NaOCI 320 NaOCI 290 NaOCI 320 NaOCI 290 300 g/l
^120 =

+ + + + +

+ +

+ + + + +

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

+ +

g CI2/I + + g CI2/I g CI2/I g CI2/I g CI2/I g CI2/I g CI2/I

300 g/l
^120 =

150 g/l
^ 60 =

150 g/l
^ 60 =

150 g/l
^ 60 =

75 g/l
^ 30 =

75 g/l
^ 30 =

all 100

16

Antimony +

Formula

without

without

PTFE

Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration

Medium
Concentration %

Hard carbon
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Graphite
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Temperature K

Antimony

C
Caustic potash sol. (concentrated) 370 Chlorinated lime (aqueous solution) Chlorine (gas) (dry) Chlorine (gas) (liquid) Chlorosulfonic acid CISO3H Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromic acid Chromic acid CrO3 aq CrO3 aq CrO3 aq CrO3 aq CrO3 aq CrO3 aq S2CI2 F2 290 290 370 290 370 290 370 290 290 100 20 20 40 40 60 60 100 100 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + CI2 290 100 + + + + + CI2 370 100 + + + + + Ca(CIO)CI 370 60 saturated + + + + + + + + KOH 290 60 + + + + + + +

D
Disulfur dichloride

F
Fluorine (gas)

H
Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) Hydrofluoric acid (concentrated) Hydrofluoric acid (concentrated) Hydrofluosilicic acid H2SiF6 290 all + + + + + + + HF 290 60 + + + + + HF 355 40 + + + + + HCI 370 36 + + + + +

+ resistant not resistant

Antimony
17

Formula

without

without

PTFE

Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration

Medium
Concentration %

Hard carbon
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Graphite
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Temperature K

Antimony

H
Hydrogen bromide (gas) Hydrogen chloride (gas) Hydrogen fluoride (gas) Hydrogen sulfide (gas) Hydrogen sulfide (aqueous) Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 H2S H2S up to 370 up to 320 320 380 320 360 390 290 290 30 38 65 65 65 100 100 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + up to 4 g/l + + + + + up to 100 + + + + + HF 320 100 + + + + + HCI 370 100 + + + + + + + HBr 370 100 + + + + + + +

N
Nitric acid (diluted) Nitric acid (diluted) Nitric acid (diluted) Nitric acid (diluted) Nitric acid (fuming) Nitrous gases HNO3 +NO, NO2 NO + NO2 HCIO4 H2O2 COCI2 H3PO4 H3PO4 HNO3 HNO3 HNO3 HNO3

P
Perchloric acid Perhydrol Phosgene Phosphoric acid (concentrated) 410 89 + + + + + should not come in contact with carbon materials explosion risk! see Hydrogen peroxide 290 320 all 89 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

18

Antimony

Formula

without

without

PTFE

Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration

Medium
Concentration %

Hard carbon
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Graphite
Impregnation Synthetic resin

Temperature K

Antimony

P
Phosphoryl chloride POCI3 Potassium perman. (aqueous) Potassium perman. (aqueous) KMnO4 370 50 + + + + + KMnO4 290 290 100 50 + + + + + + + + + + + +

S
Sodium (liquid) Sodium chlorite (aqueous) Sodium hypochlorite NaOCI Sulfur dioxide (gas) SO2 Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acid (concentrated) H2SO4 Sulfuric acid (diluted) Sulfuric acid (fuming, oleum) Sulfurous acid Sulfuryl chloride H2SO3 SO2CI2 SOCI2 370 340 345 all 100 100 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + H2SO4 + SO3 290 98 H2SO4 420 415 98 48 + + + + + + SO3 H2SO4 see Bleach liquor 370 370 370 100 > 50 98 + + + + + + + + + + NaCIO2 350 20 Na 370 100

T
Thionyl chloride

+ resistant not resistant

Antimony
19

Formula

without

without

PTFE

Trademarks of the SGL Group, Graphite Specialties

RIDURID Graphite-filled high-performance plastic RINGSDORFF Isostatically pressed and die-molded specialty graphites SIGRAFORM Extruded and vibration-molded specialty graphites SIGRAMENT Extruded specialty graphites for electric heating elements SIGRAMENT MNC Extruded tubular graphite heating elements SIGRASIC Carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC)

SIGRABOND Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite SIGRATHERM Carbon and graphite felts and carbon wool for thermal insulation SIGRAFLEX Graphite foils and laminated sheets SIGRAFIL D2-3K Carbon fiber-based carbon cord CRYSTA-SIL Crystalline silicon carbide coatings used on graphite products for semiconductor applications

registered trademarks of SGL Group companies

04 2010/1 1N Printed in Germany

This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should therefore not be construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described or their suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions of Sale.

Graphite Specialties SGL CARBON GmbH Drachenburgstrae 1 53170 Bonn/Germany Phone +49 228 841-496 Fax +49 228 841-546 ama@sglcarbon.de www.sglgroup.com