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Welding Metallurgy 2
Lesson Objectives When you finish this lesson you will understand: The various region of the weld where liquid does not form Mechanisms of structure and property changes associated with these regions
Learning Activities 1. View Slides; 2. Read Notes, 3. Listen to lecture 4. Do on-line workbook 5. Do homework
Keywords: Heat affected zone, Base metal, Solutionizing treatment, Aging, welding procedure, heat input, Hydrogen cracking, Carbon equivalent, Lamellar Tearing, Reheat Cracking, Knife-line attack,
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Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979
Welding Precipitation Hardened Alloys Without Allotropic Phase Changes Welded In: Full Hard Condition Solution Annealed Condition
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INTRODUCTORY WELDING METALLURGY, AWS
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INTRODUCTORY WELDING METALLURGY, AWS
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INTRODUCTORY WELDING METALLURGY, AWS
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INTRODUCTORY WELDING METALLURGY, AWS
Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): Precipitation hardened austenitic stainless steel is used for high strength applications like rocket components etc. Reviewing the various procedures for welding precipitation hardened steels, what procedure would you recommend? Does it make any difference that this is austenitic stainless steel and not just plain carbon steel?
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Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): As we saw, the cooling rate can depend upon the preheat and the heat input. Many codes actually specify the range of heat inputs that can be used to weld certain materials. We had an equation to determine the heat input before. What is it? What processes have the highest Heat Inputs? The lowest?
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CRACKING IN WELDS
HYDROGEN CRACKING
Hydrogen cracking, also called cold cracking, requires all three of these factors
Hydrogen Stress Susceptible microstructure (high hardness)
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WHY PREHEAT?
Preheat reduces the temperature differential between the weld region and the base metal
Reduces the cooling rate, which reduces the chance of forming martensite in steels Reduces distortion and shrinkage stress Reduces the danger of weld cracking Allows hydrogen to escape
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STEEL
If the base material is preheated, heat flows more slowly out of the weld region
Slower cooling rates avoid martensite formation
STEEL
Carbon equivalent (CE) measures ability to form martensite, which is necessary for hydrogen cracking
CE < 0.35 no preheat or post weld heat treatment 0.35 < CE < 0.55 preheat 0.55 < CE preheat and post weld heat treatment
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Steel
Residual stress is decreased by postweld heat treatment Rule of thumb: hold at temperature for 1 hour per inch of plate thickness; minimum hold of 30 minutes
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Cracking in Welds
Lamellar Tearing
Occurs in thick plate subjected to high transverse welding stress Related to elongated non-metallic inclusions, sulfides and silicates, lying parallel to plate surface and producing regions of reduced ductility Prevention by
Low sulfur steel Specify minimum ductility levels in transverse direction Avoid designs with heavy through-thickness direction stress
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Complex Microstructure
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Steel
Multipass Welds
Exhibit a range of microstructures Variation of mechanical properties across joint Postweld heat treatment tempers the structure
Reduces property variations across the joint
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Cracking in Welds
Reheat Cracking
Mo-V and Mo-B steels susceptible Due to high temperature embrittlement of the heat-affected zone and the presence of residual stress Coarse-grained region near fusion line most susceptible Prevention by Low heat input welding Intermediate stress relief of partially completed welds Design to avoid high restraint Restrict vanadium additions to 0.1% in steels
Dress the weld toe region to remove possible areas of stress concentration
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Stainless Steel
Weld
Knife-line attack
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