US-CGSC FT LEAVENdtfilMiASSISTAMC0E PDVISORY GROUP, Saigon, Vietnam

ARCHIVES

u . S. ARiLY SECTIOI

HiEiADJQUARTEPLS

VIETNAvi

ACCESSION NO . :~O REGIST.R iSDT'.01.RaI

' ! FOR: SEE. DI STRiIBUTION

SUBJECT:

Search Techniques Training

1. It has become apparzent that in the course of many recent operations, large num'bers of VC have hot been apprehended due in u.p-,:eciation by commannders of the large measure to the lack of irportance of, and the lac of -;;roop expertness in, the teciniques of search. i erusal of field- m.,iials and other training literature in the field discloses a dearth of material devoted to search. Subject Schedule, "Search Technique Training," attached 2. as Inclosure 1, is fcrTa.rded -for your use in increasing tle
effectiveness of VT comb.aI' forces training in search techniques.

This sube'ct schedule is designed to fill partially 'G'.he 3. Vietnamese, void mentioned abcv-.^ :t:- ont-ributers include in training centers with troops, American, and Als'trasliao officers and on staffs. 4. You are directed to take action to assist your coun-tepart in implementing sear":h technique training, and to monitor this date Cd;~.ring training, to be conducted at Utn earliest practicable SDC training CG and in-place training periods. Advisors to ARVNI, int'ecenters and service schools will consider this a directive to l st-, tdraining i;clcad, d hcirein into c.xi grate :ear.ch 'echniqu. of instruction in current POIs wherever the scopes of hour-blocks to be 'E raids and other attac p:roblems allow, and is not intendedi sci:-ools. a directive to chrange POI's ?at training centers and service 2rxperience developed by troop units and field advisory 5. detaclmen-ts is invaluable and should be made available to all units a-ad To further this end, conments, reco.mendations, to in Vietnram. problems conce rnnin-g search should be addressed solutions to this headquarters, AiTiT: O&T Division (Training Branch).

IA&AR-OT (TN) Search Techniques Training SUBJECT: 6. This material is intended for use in formulating trainirng programs snd lesson plans, and does not represent a statemiaen: of US doctrine.
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O:iGA'NIZiATION 1AND TRA1iNINGiDIVISITON, USASEC ?LZTLAR Y ASSI STAiNCE ADVISORY GROUP, VtTNI

TRjAINING BRA31NCi

Saigon, Vietnam

Di)SA
VIJLLAGE STCHLi

3 Nov 62

Section 1.

:$URIc 3Purpose Training Objective Scope of Instruction Training Notes Allotment of Hours

Pagraph i 2 4 4 5

Page 1 1 1 2 2
3

II.

SCHI.iDULE CHiR2Ti

iNTD LESSON OUTLINES

Organization for and conduct 6 of village search (5 lrs) Appendix. TEXYT RPIFERENCES, TRAIINIG AIDS, POCILITIES I(D EQUIPivjENT. Section
GENERAL

3 19

* Purpse. This subject schedule is issued to insure maximum uniforii'ty of traiining for combat in all components of It is a Ouide only for the instructor in preparing his RVNAF. lesson plans Gnd in scheduling periods of instruction.
1

To produce in ground tactical units 2. Tranling objective. the capability to effectively seize and thoroughly search villages. 3. Scope of instruction, Integrated conference, demonstraltions and practical exercises are designed to provide an introduction to a. b. c. d. control. f. Detection and avoidance of booby traps and mines. Objectives of village seizure and search. Technique of village seizure. Techniques of village clearing and search. Interrogation procedures.

e. Certain psychological warfare aspects of population

4. Training notes. In addition to pertinent general training policies already known to the inst-ructor the following suggestions are offered. a. The five hours here prescribed for this subject must be regarded as the absolute minimum. In addition to th-se 5 hours, it is considered desirable that a further 3 or 4 hours (possibly concurren- training) should be devoted to exercises in the followr2:in subjects: (1) Blocking or encircling forces. (2) Interrogation of prisoners of war. (5) Village control forces. (4) populated areas. (5) Psychological warfare relative to operations in Combat intelligence.

(6) Miethods of search of areas other than vill:ges. b. The procedures outlined here are to be used only as Since the various peoples and geographical areas of a guide. Vietnam vary so widely the problems and techniques will vary accordingly. Parts of the Delta area are surrounded by water, making the anphibious operation mandatory as a method of entr-, while in other areas helicopters or foot movement are required. apply. Whatever the problems, the principles will still Since the practical work portion of this problem must c. be conducted by small units, the size of the mock village bein- the limiting factor, concurrent training may be applied to units waiting to go through or having completed the village searc'portion of the exercise. Some appropriate subjects for concurrent training are listed in para 4a above. 5. lllotment of hours. This subject schedule is designed only to introduce the trainees to the subject of search. To develop proficiency in village search, this training must be integraited into other tactical problems and practiced constantly.

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Lesson outlines. (1) First period (1 hour): (a) INTRODUCTIONi 1.

2.

(5 min) To teach recommended methods

Objective:
Reason:

of seizing and searching friendly or neutral villages.

and search a village will result in the capture of more Viet Cong, reduce their effectiveness, and encourage the cooperation of the local population. 3. Standard:

The ability to effectively seize

of instruction, each student will be trained in m.ethods of capturing or killing Viet Cong in a friendly or neutral village without

Upon completion of this block

alienatinrg

or harming residents or damaging their property. (b) EGLANtTION: (40 min)

1.

activity in a local village, a unit may be given the mission to seize the village and conduct a search for the Viet Cong, their weapons, communications equipment, documents and supplies. With this in mind, I intend to discuss with you the proper methods and principles to be used in the event you receive such a mission. Keep in mind that troop leading procedures and requirements are much. the same regardless of the type of mission received. It is assuaed that a raid will be conducted against a known VC village and that the mission of a seizing and searching operation will change if a village is discovered to be other than Viet Cong. 2. Organization of unit: (1). Blocking force:
(a). (b). (2). Blocking element Security element

When intelligence has reported Viet Cong

Assault force: (a). (b). (c). (d). Recon team Search teams Civilian control and interrogation team POW teamn

(e). 4

Fire support team

3. There are three main steps in seizing and searching a village. a. The first step is isolation of the village. This is necessary to seal off all escape routes to prevent Viet Cong from leaving the village prior to its seizure. b. Lost isolation operations are a form of encircl emet. The number of troops utilized depends on the size of the villae and/or the number of Viet Cong susteoted to be present. The number of troops available may preclude use of desired force. Characteristics of isolation operations are: (1). destine base. (2). your home base. (3). approach march. (4_). (5). but rapid movements. light discipline are paramount. Secrecy, noise discipline and (6). Surprise is a must. Can be made by air. Is characterized by secure Can be launched after an Can be a quick thrust froa Usually launched from a cla_-

No movement into the line of (7). ready to move on toward the village. encirclement until you are (8). method of control. lovement to Line of Encirclement Release points are used as a

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The second main step is a.

seizing the village.

There are three methods of seisure: (1). Tightening encirclement: small

Used when area is (a). VC force is weak in relation to friendly forces. and (b). (c). variable terrain. (d). control. (e). many escape routes.

iinimizes escape of VC.

May leave gaps on Requires emphasis on Used where terrain affords

Encircling force develops (f). olase depth as the circle tighten to secure the cleared area, and to a break through in strength more difficult. TighteninB Encirclement

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Hammer and anvil (a). Utilizes blocking force

and mobile driving force. 6

(b). force move quickly through the area, the line of encirclement is

Driving forces ae LiV deptKTh.

(c). Lead elements of the driving bypassing pockets of resistance.

(d). Usually used when part of a natural barrier (River or cliff).

(e). A systematic reduction of VC forces and equipment is made by the hzaimer force.
Hammer and Anvil

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Hold line of encirclement and (a). Characterized by speed. Used when sections of Each penetrating uni Each section is encircled.

drive spearheads through.

the village are dispersed. is alert for aabush.

(b). (c). (d). b.

to encirclement include:

VC defense or counteraction measure (1). (2). (2). Early warning nets. Active defense of village. Attempts to ambush ARTVi units.

(4). (2).

Break out in strength. Escape measures

Spearheads PHASE I:
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5. The third main step is searching the

Once the village has been secured, (.). Search the assault force commander will assign areas for search. teams now-function. One system of search is the half (2). The aim is to systematically search each house and squad concept. the whole of the area - you do not seize points in the village y Uuj

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The village, depending upon size, is divided into lanes. or sectors. The size of the lane is dependent upon the capability of one squad; the larger the village, the more squads required. In this case we assume a small village of twenty houses and this becomes a task for two squads operating in each of two lanes. The squad takes up a fire position and half dispatched to search house No. 1. The remainder in a fire position ready to fire on houses 1 and 3, 4 and 5. They are prepared to fire, but only fires first. the squad is of the squad stays 2 and, if receEsary, fire if the VC

The group moving in makes use of any cover to mask the fire from the houses. When house No. 1 has been searched, the first group gives support to the second group which moves to house No. 2 to search. When the second house has been searched the squad leader signals to the platoon commander who in turn signals both groups by prearranged whistle to search No. 3; after No. 3 then No. 4. The platoon commander then orders the start of the next search by both squads of house No. 5. During the search it is essential that one squad does not get forward of the other. Control is essential and each squad must know the relative position of the other, otherwise there may be a firefight between them. (_). equipment, etc. (b). (c). Search for tunnels and cadres. Search for all likely areas.. (_). (_2). (n). (4). (5). (d). booby traps. (e). Close all tunnel entrances. Cattle pens. Wells. Haystacks Gardens. Fence lines. Duties of search teams. (a). Search for VC personnel,

Be constantly alert for

cT. reatmen

Of civilians*

Two methods are available to (1). the., commander to control the civilian population. central location. (a). Collect personnel in a This is used when the inhabitants appear hostile. (1). Advantage s. (a) iaximwum control.

(b) Facilitates search. (c) Denies enem:~y opportunity to conceal evidence. thorough searching and interrogation. (2). of personnel with dwellings difficult. (b) Encourages looting and hence, engenders adverse propaganda. (b). their own homes. (1). ment by civilian personnel. (b) Allows immediate association of personnel with dwellings. (c) Discourages looting. (2). and interrogation difficult. concealment of evidence and escape. (2). immediately. is completed. (k). Hold all personnel until search Disadvantages. (a) Makes control (b) Allows time for Question and search all personnel Advantages. (a) Prohibits !roveRestrict personnel to (_d) Allows more Disadvantages. (a) Mivakes association

10

(4).

Explain necessity of search.

d. Other requirements: Commanders must ragse provision for hcandling: (1). (2). Captured material and personnel. Dead and wounded.

(c)
a village are:

EVIEW:

(5 min)

1. Three main steps in seizing & searching a.

b.

Isolate.
Seize.

(1).

Three methods. (a). (b). (c). Tightening encirclement. Hammer and anvil. Spearhead.

(2).

VC defense against encirclement.

Closin statement: You will insure a 2. much more successful operation the next time you are on a seizing and searching mission if you apply the methods and principles learned today. (2) Second period (1 hour). (a) IiNTRODUCTiOi: (3 min)

1. Objctive: To give the student an opportunity to observe one method used in the seizing and search of a village. 2. Reason: village search techniques. To improve and standardize

3j. standard: You will be expected to conduct a similar operation at the conclusion of the demonstrations.
a. .i . h . .of . . . .

(b)

DLOISTIUTION:

(40

nin)

' NOTE: Demonstration platoont will' conduct an operation against the VC village mock-up. PI will narr'ate the movements and positioning of all elements (and will explain each (Annex A) phase and technique as, it occurs.

11

o) RIVISEW

(9 5min)

1. PI will critique the action, of the demonstration platoon briefly, emphasizing proper methods in all phases. 2. Closing statement- Now that you have observed an operation against a village, you will now have the opportunity to conduct one.

12

Annex to Secon

Period (. hour)

Villa e Seizin

and Searchi

Instructor, Narrative of Demonstration conducted by demonstration platoon. 1 PHASE 1: 'Isolation of the village.

In a. ' this phase you will see the various elements moving openly to their support and assault positions. This is don.e for demonstration purposes only, and in practice their routes would be concealed. b. The support squad moves to high ground overlooking all routes in and out of the village. It also acts as a blocking force. A fire team is located on each of two prominent mounds, and both teams will remiain there until the completion of the operation. c. The assault element, composed of two squads, using covered ground, moves to a half encircling position outside the fence on the west side of the village. The flanks and rear of this element can be covered by fire fromn the support squad. 2. PHAo 2: Seizure.

a. On a whistle signal from the platoon leaders, the two assault squads move out of their cover in skirmish line and enter the village, crossing the perimeter fence at as many points as possible. Note that troops do not use known gates and paths to
avoid booby traps and bear pits.

b. Once in the. village the assault troops fire only at "-' known targets, their object being to clear the village as quickly as possible. Houses are not entered at this stage, and the eastern perimeter fence is seized as soon as possible. Note that as '1he assault has moved through, BARs'have been assigned fire positions at each coner of the village, sighted along likely approaches for any counter attack. The support squad has covered all escape routes.. Dring the assault, each squad leader has positioned two men at each house or likely hide to prevent any VC movement or fire from inside. c. As soon as the village has been seized, the Platoon moves his Hq to the center of the village to organize the Leader detailed search. He also details the Platoon Sergeant to supervise: (1) Guarding of prisoners. (2) Storage of captured weapons. (3) Safety of captured documents.

do Squad leaders have secured their squad areas, Sand. have built up the team at each house or hide to three men (mininum size of a search team).

13

3.

PhaiSE 3:

The Search.

While many of the following search techniques would a. normally occur simultaneously, they will be demonstrated as isolated If the situations in order to highlight the teaching points. village were confirmed as VC, more violent methods (burning,

explosives) of search would be used. at each location.

Only one situation is shom-wn

(SITUATIJON 1: False roof underground bunker.) b. With Thompson at shoulder in firing position, No. 1 of the three man team covers the inside of the hut from outside t'e main door, No. 2 does the same from the second door. No. 3 en-ers and prods the roof with his M-l and bayonet. He reaches up, and, at one point where his bayonet meets resistance, pulls at the straw and finds a false roof in which a weapon is hidden. c. Attaching a long wire to a bed in the far corner of the hut, he and the other two team members move to a safe position outside the hut. He pulls the wire and a booby trap grenade unc(er one of the legs explodes. The team returns, with No. 2 entering the hut to cover No. 3 who prods his bayonet at loose dirt where
the bed has been. He uncovers a man hole cover.

He sees nothing,

and there being no response to his challenge he throws a grenace A VC appears from an underground bunker, now untenable. No. 2 in. The VC is covers the VC while No. 3 ensures there are no others. facing it an' escorted outside the hut mand forced to the ground, meters away with his weapon at the shoulder, aiming directly at the VC. No. 2 approaches the VO from behind, at right angles to the line of fire of No. 3. With weapon filmily in his hand, he
supporting his weight by his hands and toes. No. 3 kneels five

methodically searches the VC, items of equipment being thrown clear to No. 1 who secures them. The VC is called to his feet, aind takes control of the prisoner, positioning two sentries, weapons at the shoulder, ten meters away, who keep the prisoner in their sights. The sergeant carries out an immediate interrogation for information which will aid the search. Sentries insure that

ordered to stand one meter from the wall of the hut and to lean forward with his hands against the wall. The Platoon Sergeant then

prisoners do not converse with each other, or move.

(SITIUATION 2:. Underground weapon hide.)

d. Using rifles and bayonets and covered by No.. , No. 2 and 3 methodically prod the ground in the buffalo pen. Beneath a shed in one corner, a man hole cover is discovered. Using an-'ibooby trap techniques, the cover is removed to show a shallow hole concealing a VC home made rocket launcher. 3: (SITUAION: Kitchen hides.)

14

e. Covered by No. 1 and 2, No. 3 prods at the fireplace, detecting an unusual thickness of brick. Alert for booby traps, he removes bricks revealing a narrow, deep cavity hiding three rifles. In the next room, beneath a table leg, No. 3 finds a f. small hide containing a box of ammunition. g. Outside, No. I tiring of the search, reaches into a chicken pen to take an egg, activating a booby trap. (SITUTDION ,4: Surprise door and false wall.) h. Covered by Nos. 1 and 2, No. 3 lies on his stomach and. with an eight foot pole, prods at a closed door. It eventually opens, setting off a booby trap. No. 3 is about to go through the door, when he is i. warned.by No. 2., Prodding at the ground on the threshold, No. uncovers a small man trap which he breaks up. j. containing a A captured. and 3 reveal .river. 2

The normal methodical search reveals a false wall bavity'30 centimeters wide. A VC with weapon is further search (not normally demonstrated) by No. 2 a tunnel which leads from the false wall down -to the

(SIYjtlTIOTN 5: Feeding point for underground bunker occupants.) k. A team searching near the small temple finds a nine Recoinch pipe leading beneath the temple well into the ground. .gniszing this as a possible feeding point for occupants of an The team uniderground bunker, two grenades are dropped down. searches without success for a possible entrance. Other search teams are alerted, n'd the Platoon Commander studies the village streets and gardens for signs of underground tunnels. (SITUiATION 6: Garden hide.) 1. A team methodically searches a vegetable garden, A thick bamboo breathing tube alerts prodding deeper than normal. the team, which uncovers a man hole carefully concealed among the weeds. A VC surrenders himself. (SICTUALION 7: The VC body and the hay stack.) m. Lying beside the hay stack is a VO body; Covered by No. ., -No.. 2 attaches a rope to the leg of the body and moves 10 meters away. He drags the body about one meter. There is no .booby trap, but a carbine had been hidden underneath it. Approach-ing the body from the leg end, his weapon firmly in his free hand, and covered.by No. 1, No. 2 commences to search the body which starts to his feet, and is killed by No. 1. By his correct positioning, No. 2 was out of the line of fire.

15

All activities are carried out under the supervision of the PI and the control of the AI. (The Annex contains an operation order to be given to the platoon leader by the AI). IEVI.: (last ten minutes)

teaching points Briefly critique the exercise, emphasizint and brought out by the demonstration covered in the first hour platoon during the second hour.

sttement: The application of today's instructions Clos will aid you ana your commander in the struggle to crush the VOC

17

LAnnex to Third Period (3 hours) of Village Seizing and Searching

Practical Exercise 1. General situation:

After the Geneva accord, Vietnam was divided into t!wo parts: The Northern part above the 17th parallel was assigned to t.e Communists and the Southern part to the Republic of Vietneam. To comply with this accord, the Conumunists had to centralize tlc.ir army and political forces in the North. Nevertheless, they left here a number of regional cadres to perform sabotage missione:, and to wait here until their cause became well organized enou,to uipport military operations designed to conquer free Vietnam. *eir activities can be divided into three main phases: a. From 1955 to 1956 they secretly carried out propanga;da missions in 0 zer to attract people. They organized economic and o financial comlJit'ees to finance their movement. b. 1957 o 1959. After the Vietnamese unification atltempt failed, they begean disturbing the agrariean administrative orgaiization. They killed and kidnapped regional officials in remote areas, plundered plantations ambushed convoys and officials. d c. Prom 1960 until the present, their activities have increased. Raids against postshave occured more frequently. In short, the Communist military strength is increasing day by day. 2. Special situation: Platoon raid of a village.,

Encouraged by the aggressiveness and effectiveness of your company, residents of the area have begun to provide information concerning the VC and suspected VC activity. Beacause they are
no longer afraid of VC reprisals, manr

government agents.

villagers have become

One such agent has told us of the periodic visits of a stranger to the house of a disgruntled individual, Mao Te Tung. The stranger is sometimes accompanied by five or six men who always carry large bundles of bamboo. The description of the stranger fits other descriptions of a local VC political advisor. The agent, instructed to report the next visit, has just informed the company commander that the stranger and eight or ten men are again visiting Mao Te Tung.

18

APPENDIX
TEXT PREIPENCES, TRAINING AIDS,

FACILITIES AN DsQUIP"EiT 1. Te:xt references. a. b. Army Regulations (AR). Field Yimanuals (FM). 5-20 5-22 5-31 19-40 21-75 21-77 31-15 31-21 31-30 41-10 Camouflage, basic principles & field cariouflange. Camouflage materials. Use and installation of booby traps. Handling prisoners of war. Combat training of the individual soldier and patrolling. Evasion and escape. Operations against irregular forces. Guerrilla warfare and special forces. Jungle operations. Civil Affairs/Miilitary Government operations,

c. Other references. The Conduct of Anti-terrorist Operations in Mala'.a

(Malayn Hmndbook)

Inclosed reference annexes. Tactics and Techni ueg of CountLer-Jn Vietnam. AAGt (revised 10 Feb 62)
d, Training Films (TF)

ento

pt erations

A 10 mitute TP on villcage search is presently being processed by the USIS and will beco.ie available shortly. 2.~ Pac l4itesand Ecquipment. i Mock village (see annexes). Blackboard. Projector and Screen. TO&E equipme nt. Necessary additional facilitie and equipment to conduct on;u;_rent traininn on associated sub jects.

19

Reference Annex A - VILLAGE SEATRCHI & INTERROGATION

1. The type of operation we have in mind is one in which the aim is to detect and capture an insurgent minority who are sheltering in or near, or otherwise making use of, a non-combatant comlmunity
whose sympathies may or may not be with the insurgents.

in this paper

concerned with the attack upon a fortified vill3,e .

We are not,

2. Villages (or hamnlets) vary from place to place and the detail of procedure will vary, but certain principles remain constant. I shall describe one typical operation in Burma. SoMre of the procedures used will apply to any corresponding operation here, others will not, but the main outline will apply. (The word "village" here used would more properly be "hamlet" in Vietnamr.) 3. The principles are these: a. b. c. Be clear on your aim. Know your enemy. Know your villages and villagers.

d. Have a well rehearsed procedure. 4. a. R ason for the pratin The Aim

A village clearing operation must never be underta,:en for its own sake alone. It must derive from some specific aim. The aim may be Psywar, one of "showing the flag"; or it may be that of apprehending VC based on information received. It hap.esens, however, that patrols are sometimes sent into villages with vague, general orders, neither the patrol leader, nor his troops, nor the villagers themselves being clear on the precise aim of the intrusion. This results in a wide scale of effects, ranging from ineptitude and a laughing VC, to excesses an-d a village population driven to resentmn ent. Unless you know why you are entering a village, anud have planned aund ordered your action to meet your aim, keep out.
b. y Know-your _en_

Every enemy develops a behavior pattern which varies from district to district (mand even within districts), varies from time to time - often as a reaction to the methods of government troops. Knowledge of this behavior pattern is one of the most important weapons in the coimm,_ander's armory. He must study it, watch for variations and keep abreast of it constantly.

20

Regional. troops (CO and SDC) 'andpolice should be better informed than the wider ranging Amy tro0ps.. Army commanders must check this aspect on entering a new area. The office of the Province Chief should be the clearing house for this information. Typical questions are: (1) Where do enemy groups live - in the village? -on the edge of the village? the village? (2) If living in the village, do they disperse, or live concentrated? (3) If living concentrated, do they favor any particular location, e.g., near fringing jungle? (4)- How are they fed? Do they come together for meals? Do they eat. d'ispersed in individuai huts? Do they eat in relays? r. tak.ee food. out to a jiunle hide-out? Do vlllagee bodygyard? Does the command group live alone?(5) - - with the main body? (6). .Day/night, What are their alarm arrangements? with a

- 500-1000 yards outside

(7):. What are their security arrangements in depth? Track sentries? Runners?: Perimeter look-outs?

Dispersion. among villagers? -Escape individually or in small groups? Escape as a single group? Fight it out? (9) How are they armed?

(8.). .What. "get-away" techni'que do they favor?

(10):. What class of troops'are they - regular? regional? village militia?: c

The villaeSize - what. shape? -how many huts? - what would we need to handle it more? - one company?

Fortifications - where? - what type? -what do we do about them? Tunnels?

21

Location - open country? - hill top, hillside or valley bottom? - swamp? - coastal? Livestock - dogs, poultry, pigs, cows, buffaloes? d. The vilaerrs Number. Religion or religions. History of relations with VC. industry -rice, fishing, timber, etc. Where are the young men? Where do they normally hide weapons - in roof thatch? - in double walls?
- in pits? Ethnic group or groups. - jungle all around? - on edge of jungle?

- outside the house? in the fields? Are they sympathetic to VC, terrorized, apathetic? ire any elements pro-government?
An adequate Intelligence System at Province, or even District level should hold on permanent record in respect of each village continuously kept up to date the Answers to all these questions. It looks like a formidable list, but examination will show that it is the type of information that regional officials carry in their heads continuously, often not really conscious that they possess it.

To supplement topographical information, air photo recce would help. Add to this a proper system of frequent patrolling, in which the patrol simply passes throeigh or by a village earmarked for subsequent search and interrogation, gives invaluable detailed terrain familiarization to leaders who will be conducting the eventual operation. e. A Well Rehearsed Procedure

Search and Interrogation is an operation of war ancd, like any other such operation, requires planning and training. Again, like other operations, the final plan is a welding together of a number of familiar, well-known procedures. The plan will vary from place to place, the individual procedures will vary little. Attempts to improvise procedures on the spot will invite failure. A company must be trained for this operation, no less than for the attack, defense, advance or withdrawal. What follows is a description, in semi-narrative fashion, of a typical Search and Interrogation operation, which shows the application of the principles enumerated above. 22

An insurgent group of approximately one hundred was dispersed between four villages spread over an area approximately four miles by four miles. Their procedure at the time had been to base themselves outside the villages by day, at not less than 500 yards and not more than 800 yards radius from the village; two groups - a small command group of three or four, and the main body in. each case of. about twenty, camped some two hundred yards distant. By night, they slept in the villages, favouring huts located near adjacent jungle. Their meals were brought to points in the vicinity of the jungle camps by the villagers twice a day. The day warning system was a circumferential disposition of lookouts who were villagers at field work. On sighting an Arny patrol, they would run by a covered route to give the word. By night: they. relied on distant village personnel to run as couriers from one village to the next, passing the word of the strengti arnd direction of any Army patrol. entering the area. Villagers were insurgent sympathizers, but passive. Several young men were part-time insurgents. Favorite weapon hiding place was roof thatch. Tactics on approach of an Anmy patrol were: (1) If weak and/or careless - to ambush. (2) If strong but passing through - to draw. to a flank anid observe. (3) If strong and inquisitive - to move off to another area, temporarily. The village normally ran to about one hundred huts usually elliptical, about two hundred yards long and fifty yards wide. The method adopted to cope with this enemy procedure was: (1) Thorough map reconnaissance, with air photos where possible. (2) If time permitted, a routine patrol through the area three or four weeks beforehand. (These operations were planned in advance on a seasonal basis.) This is desirable but not essential. (3) This size village was a company task.

(4) Pour adjacent villages to be handled simultaneously a ballation task. (5) villag

Ehter the operational:

es..

area in darkness, away from

(6) Move across country (off tracks) to target villages.

23

(7) first light.

Be in positions at target villages just before

(8) Two platoons cordon village. One platoon enters village at first light. Company Hq controls operation. (9) In one case, the insurgent group, aroused by tle noise of the village entry, ran for it and were shot down by the waiting cordon. (10) In another case, they attempted dispersion nzong the villagers and were detected by interrogation procedures. (See below) (11) A third group fought it time, then surrendered. out in the village, for a

(12) The fourth group had apparently elected to reilmain in its jungle camp, and were flushed by the perimeter search (See below). The Cordon Two platoons - one on each semi-circumference of the village. In this organization, they were divided into sections, then into three groups per section, making nine groups for approximately 270 yards, i.e., thirty yards between groups, which gave a quite adequate ground coverage, and a reasonable concentration of fire at any one point. The cordon holds while the third platoon searches. The Search Two sections of the third platoon divide the village In this case, as is common, the main track provides between them. a suitable boundary. Pirst action is to order all villagers, without exception, into the main axis. There they are held under guard by the third section while a quick check is made of each house. Next, each household is checked against the household register. The villagers are then separated into three groups, men, women and children for individual interrogation. The third section provides the guards for these three groups while the original two sections proceed with a detailed search of each house and its vicinity.

24

As the interrogation proceeds, the original three groups become six, because those interrogated are not to return to those who wait. Search techniques will depend upon what is known of local They must be thorough. This -esans occasionally hiding practices. dismantling a house completely. The Interroati on The interrogator is This is not a job for just anyone. be a m.ember of the ba-ttalion the key man in the business. He should intelligence section or battalion Hq attached to the coimpany for the operation. There will be twelve interrogations proceeding simul-aneously in a ballation operation. Interrogators should be encoulraged to specialize as between men, women and children, The best results usually come from a point made during the interrogation of a child, and developed during the interrogation of its mother. Interroators They are a -team. Each interrogator should have must collaborate. amplify if he wishes. a standard form of interrogation which he ca? Alswers should be writtben and cross-checked against other relevent answers to catch the forgetful liar. All interrogation is in private. JMy one person may be interrogated several times, This phase will tale several hours. Thlze Periaeter Se arch
the task of searching for possible external jungle camps.

House search and interrogation completed, there remains

The three platoons acting on previous orders, now divi.de the perimeter into three sections. Company Hq remains in the village in radio contact with platoons and battalions. Each platoon now sweeps its alloted section, in this case, again as normal, by a two-leg -traverse on the broadest possible This required the platoon to search two front. (See Inclosure 1). 1,000 yd legs on a frontage of some 300 yds. If the country had been close, the frontage will need to have been reduced, and tG.e sweep repeated, i.e. four legs. ContaEct was made with an outlying insurgent group of about :.platoon strength. rhich had been s-eating out the Army visitation.
: The pltoon

commande.r: decided. to. engage-i'th

fire

,ctd call

the remaining two platoons to co'npany Hq at the double, and also a guide from the contact platoon. The guide led the assembled .balance of 'the company at :t he double, back to the contact area, .1 ,compan0 y attack, using the contact where they were 'able to launch a 25

for company help.

Radio report,

and the sound of firing,

bro.ht

Time from fist! oentakc! pla'oon na a fir'e base. remainder of company was 10 minutes.

o arsrivaL of

The foregoing describes a typical search and interrogation action. The application of the principles first enunciated c-an be They are repeated here: discerned. 1. 2. 3.
4.

Be clear on your aim. Know your enemy. Know your villages and villagers.
Have a well-rehearsed procedure.

1 Inci as

P. P. SERONG Colonel, Australian Army

Special Advisor

26

3drp

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27

Reference Annex B from JUNGLE W.ARFARE SCHOOL H SEARCHING A BUILT-UP AREA OR VILLAGE 1. The large scale search of a built-up area or village is normally a combined police and military operation. If possible, it should be pre-planned in detail and rehearsed. In the event of t-he Army having to undertake any form of search at short notice without police assistance, it should be conducted in the sare way and the same principles should be observed, as far as they are applicable and practicable. 2. When undertaking a search everything possible must be .one to maintain secrecy in order to achieve surprise. Reconnaissance of the area should be avoided and the information needed about the ground obtainc-d from air photographs. For success, the plan needs to be simple and capable of rapid implementation. Methods and techniques also need to be constantly varied.

3. If sufficient troops and police are available, the following parties should be organized for a search a. Cordon troops. Troops required to surround the area to be searched to prevent anyone inside from getting out. b. Outer cordon troops. Troops required to be located some distance from the main cordon at strategic points, to prevent an attack or interference from outside the isolated area. c. Search parties. Parties of police and troops to undertake the search of houses and inhabitants in the isolated area. d. Cage troops. Troops required to erect and guard cages for holding persons awaiting interrogation. e. Screening teams. suspects and wanted persons. Parties of civil police to identify

f.. Escort troops. Parties of troops with transport to escort wanted persons to a place of detention after interrogation. g. Road blocks. Parties of troops/police on roads to stop traffic trying to enter the isolate area. h. Reserve. Troops required at all levels to deal with the unexpected. It may be necessary to use some of the reserves:(1) To enforce a curfew and operate loudspecaerss (2) To maintain an OP on a building in order to observe rooftops; (3) To watch the reactions of persons being searcl>ed (similar to the psychological approach used by customs officers).
28

PP ROAC

4. The aim must be to try and surround an area before the it is to be inhabitants located inside realize what is happening. r remembered that almy vehicles are noisy, barking dogs will aise some local inhabitants may be in a dangerous mood. the alarm and Sometimes it will be correct to drive right into the area; on off. The. other occasions it will be better to dismountt some way O on the available approaches, exists and -tce decision will depend local situatioxn. Normally the quickest way is always the bes-t. CORDOIN TROOPS 5. Cordon troops should approach by as mlany different routes and as silently as possible. When close to their line, theyr si-ould double time to their final positions. A cordon estajblished in darkness needs to be as continuous as possible, but it can be thinned out after daylight and maintained by a chain of observa.tion posts with gaps covered by patrols, etc. Normally, it will be impossible to maintain a continuous cordon for any length of tiirqe due to the large number of troops required. if necessary, cordon troops should dig in, take advantage of natural cover and use wire to help maintain their line.
OUTER COPLDOI TROOPS

6. If there is a chance that hostile elements from outside may attempt to interfere with the search, it will be necessary to have an outer cordon of troops to prevent their approach to''ard the main cordon. At all costs, such persons must be prevented from joining the inhabitants of an area under search. In air observation post can assist by giving early warning of any lar:e scale movement outside the isolated area* SEARCH PARTIEiS 7. As soon as a cordon is in position, the officer in coinaa:nd of the operation must make known, either by banner, loudspe.eakers or though the leader of the community that:a. The area is to be searched. b. A house curfew is in force and all inhabitants are to remain indoors, or all inhabit-ats are to rally forthwith at a central point for searching. *8. If possible, every search party should consist of at The task of the latter least one policeman and a protective escort. those who are actually underti.,ng is to concentrate on guarding If the searching of individuals and to prevent anyone escaping. also include a trained civilian available, every party should woman searcher to search females and to help detect any man disguised as a woman. In no circunstances must wormen be exempt froLn sea-c*..

29

If there is a shortage of civilian women searchers, women should be concentrated in an enclosure so as to make the best use of those available. In the event, however, no civilian women searchers are available, it may be necessary to employ specially selected members of the WiIiAC or of the nursing service. If members of these services cannot be provided, the only acceptable alternative is to use a medical officer. These latter methods are undesirable for a number of reasons and will only be adopted as a last resort. 9. When searching a building with inhabitants inside, the first action required is to get everyone into one room. The police are the best persons to give the necessary orders and then to do the actual searching. The object of this search is to give everyone a preliminary screening and to send only suspected persons to the cage for high level interrogation. 10. Buildings are best searched from bottom to top. Arms, etc., may be hidden anywhere, particularly in such places as be:hind walls, under floors, in cattle stalls, down wells and in female clothing. When searching, imagination is needed but every effort must be made to avoid causing wanton and unnecessary damage. F'or arms detection, mine detectors are invaluable. 11. When a house has been searched, it must be marked accordingly. Persons awaiting search must not be able to move into a building marked as searched. This can be prevented by the in;:er cordon closing in to exclude from the isolated area the houses that have been searched. 12. In the absence of occupants or in cases of resistance, it may be necessary to force entry into a house. After the search of a house containing property but whose occupants are away, it must be nailed up and a sentry placed outside to prevent lootings Before troops depart, the house should be handed over to the leader of the community to arrange its protection until the occupan.ts return. 13. When it is decided to search inhabitants all together in one central area, it will be necessary to order one person to remain in every house so that he or she can be present when the house itself is searched. If this is not done, the owner will be in a position to deny knowledge of anything incriminating that is found and to claim that it has been planted by the security forces. 14. A great problem in all search operations is the accusation of theft and looting which is often made against the troops. In snall searches it may be possible to obtain a signed certificate from individual house holders that nothing has been stolen, but in a large search this is likely to be impossible. In order to answer accusations of theft, it may be necessary to line up all searchers and have them searched in the presence of witnesses to prove that nothing is being taken away.

30

CAGD TROOPS

15* Cage troops are responsible for erecting any cages recuired and guarding persons inside. If possible cages should be sited in the shade and on: ground which is clean and. free of stones. If s1-iad.e is impossible, it may be .necessary to erect tents for woren.

-k-- F h i It.8E Sft

-~~~~~~~11_ . Ni

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.
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F Ir rUt

16. Separate cages must be provided for rmen, women and ;sul- ects, if poss'ible ,all out'of sight of each other. Children must not be regarded au'toratically as being innocent, since they ,lay have been trained to be hostile byparents .nd,.teachers. -..if under 12 yseas of age, they should be kept with the women.

31

17. Proper latrines W-ith toilet paper must be available for both males and females and the cage staff should include a medical officer and an interpreter. 18. A suitable layout for a cage is shown in Figure 1.

SCRELNING 'EVlAiiS 19. There are two types of screenings-

a. Low level. This is done during the search and aims to eliminate persons of good character and to pick out suspects for high level screening at the central cage. This screening should be done by local police or representatives of the CID. b. High level. This is done by police at the central cage. Their task is to interrogate all suspected persons picked out during the search and to decide who should be detained. 20. iAthough the actual function of screening is the responsibility of the police, the military will be required to assist by escorting suspected persons to the central cage and keeping them under observation while awaiting their turn for interrogation. During this period, it is important that suspected persons are prevented from communicating with other persons or disposing of incriminating papers, etc. 21. The collection of documents and the issue of detention certificates for suspected persons is the task of the police. ESCORT TROOPS 22. Wanted persons must be evacuated as soon as possible after screening has been completed. Soldiers will normally be required to undertake this task and therefore escort parties with transport must be detailed in advance. Vehicles used to carry wanted persons should have a wired off compartment to make it impossible for them to jump out and to segregate them from their guards. Reference Annex C: The following is an extract of a guidance paper prepared by a US advisor in the field for his counterpart. It illustrates the need for search training and command emphasis on search operations.
"... Some coanmpany conumLanders havi developed

techniques for searching houses and villages; on the other hand, some rarely require their platoons to do any searching at all. Since the Viet Cong rely on the laziness of their enemies to assist them in keeping their hiding places secret, it follows that company commanders must develop thorough and aggressive teckhniques if they are to locate Viet Cong hideouts. Following are some suggestions on search techniques, some of which are alreadbeing employed by some company commanders: 32

some excellent

1l

To locate Viet Cong hiding places: a. Check the newer, better house, first.

b. Check all bamboo thickets for possible entrances and eScape routes. c. Check the banks of aill ponds and rice paddies.

d. Have one or more soldiers wade through each pond and paddy, checking for entrances below water level. e. Check all ground around every house and pagoda.

f.; Check bushes, straw stacks and gardens inside and outside villages. 2. Possible locations for entrances to hiding places:

in water buffalo or cattle shed, part-ia. Under litter cularly if the animals are bad-tempered. b. Under paddy crushers which have lids.

c. In gardens, especially under fertilizer buckets or piles of dirt and other refuse. d. In the center of apparently inaccessible bamboo thickets. Entrance may be covered by a lid of beaten earth or dry leaves over a plank or wire net. e. In a paddy storage bin with a false bottom. contents may have to be removed to get to the entrance. f. Under piles of brick or tile. g. Under ashes in a fireplace. h. Under false latrines. i. In a double wall between two houses. checked from the roof and by removing tiles. j. In hollow trees. This should be

Il

3, The corners of every house should be checked by driving a metal rod into the ground in several places. 4.. liine detectors are available on request. Before til.s technique is discarded as too cumbersome, I suggest that i't be tried on the next operation that the Battalion conducts in an area thought to be a Viet Cong headquarters or training center. Those instruxlents might be very useful in finding hidden weapons..."

33

Reference Annex D -

Viae

Search for

(Summary)

1. When considering an operation of that nature we must consider the following points: a. The operation must be thoroughly planned so that all participating units know exactly what they are required to do. b. The operation must be done with the greatest of secrecy until all the participating units are in position and the trap is to be sprung. c. The village must be surrounded by a cordon of troops to prevent the escape of the VC. This cordon must also be responsible for preventing any VC from attemrpting to reinforce he village. d. There must be a system of control for all the vill.agers. That can be done in two ways. (1) Impose a curfew and all villagers will move to their own homes and stay there. (2) ill villagers will be ordered into a control point and will be guearded by soldiers or police. Women and children and the men are separated. e. There must be a system of search whereby every house is thoroughly searched for any hiding place - hidden weapons, entrances to underground tunnels, etc. In addition the searching team must be supported by a fire unit which will give supportinfire when required. However it must be remembered that the bulk of the villagers will be at least neutral and because of this there must be no indiscriminate firing. The policy must be you fire only when you are fired upon. f. Interrogation is of greatest import-ance but this imstbe regarded as a specialist task. You must have a well-trained team with each village search group. If these people are not available in South Vietnam at present, then very positive steps should be ta'ien to train them and this project should be given the highest priority. g. When considering interrogation we must consider two different aspects. (1) The interrogation of the captured VC.

This can be broken down into the immediate in-lerrogation and the long term interrogation. With the immediate T.e need to find out any details about hiding places in the villeae; where the remainder of his group is hidden, his particular unit etc. After this immediate interrogation he should be moved under escort to the nearest headquarters where he can be questioned

34

regarding future plans of his unit, state of morGale, where recrits are collected, etc. Skilled i nte rr.a S in erropation of vyillers: (2) he V valueble info r,:ation fro this source. If can gain much operating in the village, then it is obvious that the vi -i are Vie cause, o 'the or at least. so:me of then, are siympathetic with bein_ black-mailed into cooperation they are tr
:..s,

Am example of the teclhnique of interrogation fo llows: h. Thle villagers eae broken into groups of men, women, acd childr en First, one in'.,erroaor Then the int-er.rogation is dcone in private. while one of the parents of the child is will question a child ton r the interfafter questioned by another inter.rogator. there is a marked di'fference in the evidence, notes are compar.ed, iEven the most practiced li ar are raske. e_ then fur/ther cues;t ions up. will eventuJally slip
If and, if
que stioning.
' the evidence indicates that there a.re further hidi n

necessary,

Larters for fiurther -taken to a hiher hea.dq

an escort is r-equ-ired to have calptured VC and i. -Finally, any suspected vill.-ers removed safety from the area. aep et of th-lis tygpe of operation is to lmake 2. Ano-ther impiortanncertain th'at the behavior of ARTVIT troops, 0- or SDC troops i` above with courtesy aMd consiThey must treat the villaers reproach. There must be no indiscriminate -firing and above all, deration. taken ing to suspects being: g el tiosesbelootinses there must be no awJay from the village must be boarded up anCd handed over to -te i-.e certain i rst that e 'knows Vill.ae Chief for safe keeping. the asse:-bled has not been looted and require him to tell the place such is the case. villagers that Whenever possible, isywar -ea.s should accompany 'troops Remeiber, we are a liberating force for 'the in t]hese operations. us act that way and not as butichering soldiers. Let vill-agers.
3.

e d. A-dditi.onal squipmen t and Facilitit e s Requi e Search Operations:

for Vi lage

a..."b. c. d. e.

lashlights for se a-rching, hamlets.

Prodders, when hil bayonets are not available. Wire rope on line for hooking trap removal. CCivilian clothes for. cover agents. Steel plated boots for ma-n
village entramnces

and spike tr'a-ps on .traps

footpaths and atJ

35

f,

liine detectors for detecting buried objects.

g. Shaped charge explosive for confirming presence of suspected tunnels. h. Type of grenades - care should grenade to be used on various targets - the or stun personnel and not destroy evidence. the use of certain type grenades (WP, Smoke) inaccessible. be taken on the type of objective is to kill In tunnels or bunkers mlke these areas

iedical Treatment - After ARVN personnel have been treated, available facilities should be used to treat villagers. Air Support - Once the operation has been disclosed, observation aircraft can be used effectively by the commander in control and pursuit.

Reference Annex i -

Search opeations in noal -,oulated areas

1. Pro.m t'ime to time it is necessary to conduct thorough searches of rural areas. While this Subject Schedule is oriet-ed prirnarily 'toward methods of search in "villages", one must no' lose sight of the rnecessity for, and the techniques of, search o )eati ons in other than popuula-ed areas. r 2. The techniques described in the followin, paragrap.5s -y be employed to provide unit security or deliberaty to clear areas The choice of techniques lmusts be suspected of containing the VO. based upon cons.id.erationo oft a. b.
c, d.

Proximity of non-combatants. Type of terrain.

Forces available. Time available.

e. Per;issable degree of crop, dwelling, and livestock. destruction. f. Lnery capabilities. Inundjted areas. The principles of searching by fire can be applied in these areas. The employment of syrstermatic ar ea searches by fire can provide added security for marching colm-lns by insuring the VO is not lying beneath the surface of the wa;t,-er, in paddy dike caves, or in other hiding places. Weapons iz-;ic can be used to search areas include lartillery, ortars, ssmall al 5s,

3.

machine gun&s and heand and rifle grenades.

can be used effectively provided there are no non-combatan' s wit-in ricochet distance.

Flat trajectory weos:Os

TracL:ed amphibious vehicles can be used to clear arc.'s using the crushingS action of their tIracks. Platoons or troops in line are capable of covering wide swaths of paddy land. arching along routes which ?ass Defiles and corridors through defilee and areas wh'ich afford close-in conceailoent, search by automatic teapCons fire is an effective means of deterring ambushes. hcl; and. rifle grenades employed along the flanks aicd to the immediate front of marching columnns can prevent the VC from attacking from trailside sites.

inure .theatL use of th' proc eo.r.es us8t: .be exercised: 0: -jo Ler, Eecr'... Pre'ation will no.t- comPromi se mareh :: .d'ese.ribe.::ierein' , $.-dor ae Cn'..s sci-aba .o: iZnjure - not .bet-lalen to- unneceasgiaily ;.u."it'c.are

:th e.i'r:

pe.rty* ro ,

37

Since march secrecy is rarely attainable in Vietnam, tbis consideration is seldom a deterrent to using search by fire. Once military formations gain the reputation for using search-by-fire methods, non-combatants will adapt quickly to the requirement of staying clear of militarily sensitive areas such as road side thickets, drainage ditches and the like.

38

Reference Annex P TraLnin& Phase: ian n:

Translation of VN Search Lesson Plan

iAdvanced IndividualI Training

Light InfCntry Time required: 4 hours

SubSect:

Tactics 48 hours 19 hours Squad advances into a village, action anid sea.xc.

Totcal 1jQr: H t trs

aodLt:

Lesson obtectbive: Location:

Training area near the edge of a village. To teach the students' he basic principles of a squad adva-ncing into a village, action and search. ed: ( P o r 30 students)

Lessonoetive: _Pacilities reir Personnel:

1 Instructor.. 1 ;Assistanmt inst ructor. 5 :COs. 1 ige.ssor. squad eqluipped with regular weapOn & eo.il'.ment Blackboard, chalk, pointer.
2 chlarts

guipment:

3 red flags, 3 blue flags, 6 yellow f1 ags.

2 radios Ai-PitC-6 for the ins-tructor ca be able lto keep contact with the aggressor squad. 600 blank cartridges and 12 training. grenades, 10 .ooden iines snd grenades. Trcansrtationn: Students: 1 1/4 ton truck.

Battle uniforra - Regular weapons and equipment. Lesson Presen'tation I. II. III. IV. Introductiion Explanation Practice Critique and summary 01' 69' 120' 10'

On facing a weak resistance on the route of advance, t.e squad must apply. fire and maneuver to adv:ance. The judgement about the enemy can be able to divide into 2 cases.

39

If -the enemy fires sparsely and withdraws imroedia telI ; e can be able to guess that they already had a good defense insie the edge of the village. The squad must strickly take advance of the terrain and be careful on advancing.
If thL enemy fires heavily and resists, we can be able to e ,guess clearly .:hat they do not have a good defense at the ed.e of

the villacge. The squad must use fire power to overcome the ene..:y and advance rapidly into the edge of the village. IMoreover tlhe.-e are other cases which depend on the situabtion on the battlefiel!..

- What does the squad do when encountering a strong resistance of the enemy? When countering a strong resistance of the enemy the scuiad must stop and deploy as well as report -and issue orders. - iWhat does the squad leader do when the squad having advanced in the edge of the village? When the squad having advanced in the edge of a villa e, the squad leader orders the squad to deploy immediately, as well as to report and issue orders. Technioue of vi 1age figting1 (20')

A squad cannot be able to fight alone in the village, but ;eere you study only the basic principles of a squad attacking on the

village.

- dhen the squad has already advanced in the edge o- a village, if it has to advance deeper, how does it maneuver? - Lfter having a-dvanced in the edge of a village, i-f ihas to advanced deeper, the squad must apply fire and manreuver for
the advance of the troops. - The cross-roads, brid-es, churches, pagodas ... main points which the squad must control first. are the

facing with the islands of resistance, what does the squad must do?

- In case the enemy guard carefully a house or in case of

- in case of facing with the enemy who guard carefull\r in a house or of facing with the island of resistance, the squad .sist use fire element and grenade launcher to support the maneuver element to advance from the back of the enemy in order to overcome them by grenade and fire power and takce possession of that position.
- Wh-at does the squad must do if it has to enter a house?

If it has to enter a house, fire element must support the riflemen the reconnaissance. Affter that, riflemen have to apl. tle

40

lesson "3mnan cellt. One rifleman must advance ahead, reconnoiter the outside of the house, if he sees nothing to be doubtful, he makes a si'.al to reconnoiter. - While entlering a house, riflemen rmust b.e careful in order to prevet .?ines and booby traps of the enemy it is bett- to use a er long stick to push open nthe door rather tlhaln to use hands. - tte does the squad must do in order to advance in.to a groups of houses, one after another? - In order to advance in a. group of houses, one after another, riflemen must uce the house whiclh has just been reconinoiter for concea3Llent in order to observe the next house before en-trinn., If there is nothing to be doubtful the squad can continue to enter the nerxt one. mission? - What does the squad do after having accomplished its

halving accomplished its missions, the squad nu.st hater deploy and report.s arlnla'iion lScuad searchinl a vil " (20')

How many merthods of searching a village are there? i There are two methods: a) b)
.-. .

Se arching

u.-amnarily.

Searching carefully. .'hen does. the squnad ep3ply a summary search?

, . .

The squad applies a sumlmaRry search when opening t:he i out-e of advanced for the rear unit by only discoveri n, the ener; at thel doubtful points on that route of advance in order to rvoid - r..r.s t and sudden attack.

In this case, the squad need to apply fire and ?maneuver and rapid action in cadence with the friendly reinforcements. point? -zhat-Docs the squad do in order to reconnoiter a doubtf-ul

In order to reconnoiter a doubtful point, the fire po;:Yer element mus- dleploy to support t.e maneuver element, the latter' s mission is to reconnoiter -,and f'ire sparsely to that doubtful point-, at the sae tie, to take a look wheer there is enemy. If t.ere is. not.ahing, the maneuver element makes a si4gn to the fire powrer elemren-t to advance and continue to advance as previously.

41

,hen does the squad apply a careful search?

A careful search is applied when the squad has an order-: 'to take possession of an area which the front unit has already' searched. - The squad must search carefully the whole area in its zone of action and designate the zone of action to two teams. - w'hat does the squad do to reconnoiter carefully a holse? Bjif must be disposed and point at the direction the ene:my could appear. Riflemen must advance rapidly to a house and stayclose to the outer wall in order to observe and infiltrate into a house. It is required to stand close to the wall when opening- the door as well as when entering a house in order to avoid traps. Seeing nothing doubtful inside the house, one rifleman infiltrates into a house, stands close to the wall and stands up-on the defensive iad ready to open fire. If nothing happens, he tells another rifleman to walk in atnd search from one room to another. Wlhen the riflemen having searched and takren possession of a house, BIR squad can move inside and occupy this place for sett-ing the weapon in order to protect the riflemen in searching and occupy other houses. NOTE: Never move the furniture in the house during the searchiin,,, because it can have traps. :If we want to displace the furniture, it is required to conceal oneself. Then using string to draw o:-t or stick to push. - What does the squad do in order to discover an under ground hiding place? - In order to discover an underground hiding place oie use an iron stick to pierce into the ground. If empty, it is sure that there is a underground hiding place. ADD: Underground hiding place are usually at unexpected places such as: under the kitchen, under the bed, under the altar, in -the poultry house, cattle pouse, under the water etc.. - How does the squad do while investigating a secret uLi.erground hiding place? - While investigating the squad must: a) If seeing the enemy in the hiding place. -calling them to surrender - forcing them to lay down all the weapons - going out one by one, and raising their hands rp. 42

b)

If they are not surrendered - Throwing grenades in the hiding place - firing it - finding out the ventilator and digging the hiding place etc..

Practical j:ork (120')

- The instructor

- During the practical work the squad in conducted bo a NC0. - The squad advances into a village, raid in the village and reconnoiter all the adjacent villages. - Conducts the demonstration squad to be the aggressor squad
to accomplislh the following missions.

- Resistance unit on the a.xis of advance.

- Pesisting by t strong fire power in the village.

Laying the obstacles (picket traps) on the axis of advance.

- The ,ggressor squad leader commands his members di? erse on all the different positions (in the village, bush, behind a fonco, along a road etc.) - The aggressor squad creates obstacles in houses while the students reconnoiter them. The NCOs - Being the squad leader to conduct the students in the practical work. - Controlling and correcting the student's errors.

Cri-tiue and jumrary (10')

After practical work the instructor cals the students together ad let them know all the NCOs observations, then make a general critique and emphasizes all the main points.

43

44

LLIGEND TIIO 2KETCH OF VO VILUIGE

1* This document is a diagram of the mock Viet Cong villa.je used for instructional purposes at a Training Center, in Vietnaa. 2. The following legend applies:

a. Home made of strtaw approximately 4 by 7 meters. There is a double roof allowing small arms and documents to be stored or hidden between the layers. The small rectangular block inside the home represents a hole hidden under a bed, and leading through a short passage to an underground room holding seven or eight persons. The air vent is concealed in a bamboo thicket outside the villa,:e perimeter fence. The small rectangular block outside the fence represents a man trap placed at one of the three entrances t-o tjle village. b. Cattle pen complete with water buffalo. Hidden hole in the cover is large enough for one man, small arms, 60mm mortar, or documnents. ment and fireplace in the other. Rectangle represents oblong hole directly beneath fireplace used to hide weapons. Ammunition cac'he has recently been placed beneath the table.
c. Seven by four meter shelter with table in one co:?art-

meer d. Seven by four m r mud house with a man trap 't tle entrance and a false wall in the far end. Tunnel leads from comipartrenit made by false wall to the stream bank fifty meters naway. Comrpartment is entered from room by pushing on movable straw: portion of wall near roof. 3 e. Biuddhist Pagoda through which is passed food, docurt-.ents, or smnall aras. Also acts as air vent for a concrete block underground room housing comimunications equipment and serving as a radio room. Underground roomr also serves as weapons hiding and storage place, and as Viet Cong hiding place. One tunnel is used as an The other tunnel comes escape route and leads to the stream bank. a house and serves as an entrance. from f. Flower and vegetable garden in which one man, weapons or documents canl be hidden underground by having a small portion of the flowers or garden growing in a hidden wooden box which covers the entrance to the hiding place. g. Haystack covering a small underground hiding place.

h. Eight by four meter shelter with fireplace, table, bed, Wlater barrel covers entrance to the underground Mad water barrel. communication room. A s.mall documents hiding place is concealed iunderground in the middle of the floor, Nothing: but dirt covers it. i. j. h'antrap just beyond entrance gate to the village. Outline of anothler house to be constructed.

45

Reference Annex

Construction of VCO Ivoc C

Vill age

The inclosed sketch and photographs illustrate a mock VC

village built .Sith troop labor using local materials. It incorporates the VC hiding techniques described in the 2nd period of this subject schedule and provides excellent practice for trainee sciuads in search techniques. The village situations should be varied from time to prevent "G-2 ing" the problem and to keep interest alive. One method of producing varied situations and a spirit of competition between units would be to allow one unit to booby trap the village while the unit scheduled to deactivate it is in concurrent training. The process could be repeated for eachl unit, the one tripping th]-e
fewest booby traps during the day being suitably rewarded at the end of the training period. Village construction could be considered search technique training for the units involved in building it. The planning

effort could be included in instruction at a unit officer or iCOO school. Villages should reflect the type of construction found in the
unit's projected operational area, eg., stilt villages for the

delta, and villages more of the nature described here for other areas. Also, the search techniques employed should be approprite
to the unique features of the hiding techniques employed by the VCO

46

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UNITED.. ST'TS SRMY

MILITJRY .;aS ISTANCE ADVISORY GROUP II Corps, Ploiku, Vietnam XGT1MT-IIC Vol 1, Nr:2 11 Nov 1962

The GRAPEVINE is growing. So far it is too early to toll whether or not it will bear fruit. Remember, this is >a papor for II Corps people and II Corps situations. Tho things that worked well in your area will most likely work any place in the Corps zone. Don't be bashful send in your contributions, A;lso, if you have successfully used ann of the tips from the GRAPEViNE, lot us know so that we can pass it on to the source. This is another way to boost morale and thank someone for a job well done. OP"ERATIONS
1. FUNMDAMENTALT TACTIC L RNUJLES FOR FIGHTING THE VIET CO\.G

The following basic t-ctical rules ore particularly applicable to the present counter-insurgency war. (a) Every tactical unit of company size or larger must maintain a reserve and commit it before requesting aid from higher headquarters. (b) security. (c) :Every mobile element will maintain point, flank and rear The Viot Cong must be pursued aftor each encounter.

(d) A mobile encounter with the VC will not be broken off unless 1/3 of the unit become casualtios. (e) Each static position must maintain at least 1/3 'of its strength ol patrol at all t1irM(s. (f) A defensive'position will not be surrendered until the last round of ammunition has been expended and the men are no longer'able to fight. These fundamental rules were formulated by the senior Australian officer in Vietnam,who has had a greet deal o.f experience in operations against Irregular Forces.
2. AMBUSH AND BOOBY TRAPS.

Looking for new idens?* Here's one that worked for one of the outposts up in the 40th Rsgt. The nightly patrols had boon sotting-up an ambush along one of the trails in the vicinity of the outpost and meeting with little success. No matter. which trail was anbushed, the VC seemed to sense or know where the nmbush site was nnd avoided.hthat trail. In order to outfox the VC, someone came up with the idea of using booby traps on the unguarded trails. Sites were proselected and plans made to cover them with mortar fire. One night, on its way to set up an ambush site, the patrol placed booby traps on two of the trails. Sure onough, the VC did stumble into one of the booby traps and fire was placed on the area. An inspection

of the site revealed that more than 100 VC had been in the area, to attack the outpost. There was evidence of casualties.

probably

There is some danger in this action, The booby traps must be removed before any local inhabitants use the trails in the morning, This means the patrol must retrace its stops and could be ambushed in turn. 3VC DEAD

As everyone knows, the VC will always attempt to remove the dead and wounded from the battle area, The 40th Regt is starting a campaign which might take advantage of this knowledge. In each squad, one man is designated to cover the spot where a VC was soon to have fallen. It's like baiting a trap or using decoys. Surce it means one man out of the fire fight, but then it may be worth the effort. 4. USE OF AIRCRAFT

Is your unit getting good use from aircraft for observation, control and fire adjustment? VTAF and L-19s are available from Division. In a pinch the L-19s from the helicopter companies can be used. Remember the unit must request aircraft. Helicopter support for deep patrols is another area to explore. The unit could be taken out by chopper and work its way back on foot. Resupply can be effected by helicopters. We're not trying to imply that air should be relied upon for every thing, but there are many instances where immediate reaction is necessary and success can be assured only through timely use of air supnort. 5. ARTILLERY PUNCH

The Infantry is Queen of Battle and Artillery is the King. Down in Ninh Thuan province, the Artillery is lord over all it surveys. Artillery is never in reserve and must be ready to shoot from whatever position it occupies. There is only one platoon of 105mm howitzers in Ninh Thuan province, but due to the efforts of Captain Nguyen Van The, CO, 23d Arty in and Lt Col Nguyen Kir Ihanh, Chief of Province, these two guns do the work of many. When the artillery is not engaged on operational missicns it is emplaced in a central location under sector control. It just so happens that from this one location it can protect 70% of the population. At least two men from each village were trained in the rudiments of adjusting artillery fire. A simple azimuth board was emplaced in each village, By merely turning the arrow of the board in the direction of the VC attack, and estimating the distance, the villagers can bring fire on the VC force. Villagers have been encourage to measure ranges to terrain objects to aid in range estimation. Communications have been established from the platoon to the province communication center. This center is connected directly to many villages and also to the Combined Studios 'nd Special Forces communications systems. Thus any village which is tied to a communications system can request artillery fire. Survey of the area is almost complete. 2

Concentrations are fired and all fired data is recorded at the gun position so that it can be refired if necessary. The system has been tested and does work. This certainly is one of the most efficient uses of artillery over devised, (Major S. W. Lawrence, 23d Div Arty Advisor)

6.

AIRLIFT!D _RTILLERY' 4

When you need artillery on an operation, and there are no roads to the area you might copy a page from the book of the 23d ID Arty. On 30 Oct, one battery of artillery (105mni How) was airlifted from Bat Me Thuot Ench to an area along the boundary of Darlac and Tuyen Duc Provinces. howitzer was dismantled into three loads and transported by VN\F H-34s and H-21s from the 81st Helicopter Company. As far as we know this is the first time this has hnpponed in II Corps and perhaps the first time that a battery has been airlifted in a tactical situation* (Captain H.I.Huntor,Jr, Bn advisor). TR J4 ING IN 7. TRJATTING MISTiLKES Here are some of the training mistakes observed by GEN TIMMES (a) aggressors should art like VCs. and proceed by stealth. They should practice security

'RVNT units have a tendancy to "bunch" when conducting smell (b) This practice can be fatal if unit is subjected to unit exercises. artillery or mortar fire. In this counter insurgency war, "bunching" will subject a unit to excessive casualties if ambushed.
When on the move small units must ,lwnys provide for point, (c) flank and rear security. (d) Where blank ammunition is used, the rifle should be aimed, except at close ranges where safety is involved. Evening classes should be scheduled for officers and attendance (e) Officer schools will increase the professional knowledge made mandatory. of all leaders. Every battalion (f) Unit advisors must emphasize fundamentals. Is advisor should have a copy of FM 7-10 and FM 7-2t in his possession. these FMss there a shortage of ADVISORS MUST MAKE EVERY EFFORT TO HAVE OBV:IOUS MISTA.',KES CORRECTED.

8.

MRKSMSIAN2J

HIP

Captain Harry Hall at the Tuy Hoa SDC Training Center has found a way to assist the VN in sight alinement training*. -11 it entails is to They paint that part of the front sight paint the front sight blade red.

blade which is visible when looking through the rear sight. wonders there-it might work for you.

Seems to work

9.

COuT\TTERP AMBUSH TRNIT

Tf7 G

In countering ambushes and in sucessfully defeating VC contacts on operations, there is no substitute for a heavy volume of smell arms fire Training of combat units immedi'tely delivered in the direction of contact. Captain must stress weapons training and aggressive smrll unit tnctics. J. i.Leighton reports that this train'ing has p3id high dividends in the lst Pn, 44th Rogt. When on operations, the companies are organized with a On forward element, deployed and ready for combat, and mrncuver elements. contact the fo.rward elem-;nt immediately ongages the VC with a volume of fire The maneuver olements move to envelop the VC force. and maintains contact. TRVJ Score during three weeles of operation and 5 engagemonts was: no casualties, sevoerl VC killed or wounded and weapons captured. 10.. INTELLIGEN\CE

From the Cloak and Dagger boys comes this mossage (and plea). WtE ARE NOT GETTING STOTGTH GOOD INTELLiGENCE ..ND SOMEONE SITS TOO LONG ON Somc of you may not realize the value of what MUCH OF WHEJ4T WE DO RECEIVE. the you see end hear, yt it may be just the pieco needed to complote Remomber that intelligence must be timely, so ploase don't delay puzzle. it. If in doubt-write it up and let the next higher level docide on the Seo that reports come thru both ,RVN end importance of the informetion. If your stuff Don't worry about being another TJ:mes Bond. MAAG channels. answers who, when, whet, where, how 'nd why, it will be good. LOG I TICS 11. OR7A';.NCE FUZES

On 30 Aug A;RVN O.C.O. issued o change to Memo 2220/TTOM/4/TL/TK, changing the accounting procedure for Fuze, 'iine, Combination, M10 or ?i01. Par 11 of subject memo rends, "Fz, Mine, Comb, M10 or Y!lO^l is for Mine, T.ils paragraph should be deleted and the Practice, M8 (expendable item). following substituted: "Fz, Mine&, Comb, M10 or Ml;1 is for Mine, M8 (NONITEY). Advisors to units haring this item should insure that EA: El-SiBL accounting procedures are changed.

12.

G- 5 .OTE
From his own little corner of the world, the G-5 came screaming,

WELLS3

." '"Well, what," says we.

"Wells, that's what," says he, and with that started a long one sided conversation on the necessity of starting a program of digging wells After a while we realized in the hamlets and villages around the CTZ. n worthy project on which to devote that it did make sense and would be -s you know, each Infantry Battrlion sronsors one Strategic some effort.

Hamlot. Insuring that the hamlet has a g0ood, clean source of water would be o worthy project. The Engineer ddvisors would be delighted to help-and TI 5-297, dated 1 uug 57 has a lot on the subject.
13

ADM
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I$TP.TR_' IONT T

If you over hear that another detachmont is living a bit better than your own, don't just sit and bitch about it. Have you A3KED for those items needed' It has been noticed on inspections that many detachments are short items that are available in Saigon and could make life somewhat more beorablo. It may merely be n case of "isk and you sh-ll receive." Submit requests through proper channels, then drop a note to Captain Longino, II Corps LnO in Saigon, so that he can follow-up from that end. 14, LOST 4 .\D FOU\TD

Although we do not ijntend to have such - department, we hnve found something and this seemsr g;ood way to find the owner. During July someone left a set of auxiliary lens for a I'otri Cnmera at NTha Trang. Owner can identify and collect the itm-is :from the .;dmin Officer at II Corps, FROM TiE rHIL03SOFERP ' PITS

Each advisor has a damned big job to do here regardless of the location, grade, or activity, How effectively you're nconmlishing your job exactly equals your contribution to the overall advisory effort. All of us have problems - big problems that prevent us from getting the job done swiftly and effectively in the old U.S. style. Someti.mes advisorp stare at their problems so long they lose sight of their opportunities. How rabout reexamining your own situntion. Start a program of chipping away at your problems or, better still, think up some ways around the problems that may be holding you up. This job is oi to get done. It'll be a heap better if you do it rather than your replacement.

"The height of great men reached and kept, Was not attained by sudden flight, But they while their companions slept, Were toiling upwards in the night (Hey:: VWho's snoring??)
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A P P E A L

OF
THE POPULAR FRONT OF LIBERATIOTN TO THE SOUTH VIETNAM
.... oo....

Take enemy weapons to kill Dear fellow citizens !

the eneiy !

In all the revolutionary struggles, the armed struggle must go along with Only if the armed st.:ruggle the political struggle and support this latter. would be strong and winning could the political stri.uggle develop and gain success. The Revolution, in this. Armed struggle must need weapons and anmmunitions. present critical situation and shortages, has cleverly solved this problem by WEAPONS TO TrITT., T-I7E EiMIY ! the motto TAKE ErYT Recognizing the gread and glorious mission in regard with the Enancipating Revolution to the South Vietnam, our patriotist fellow citizens had previously cooperated closely with our Liberators and the Popular Front of Liberation To The South Vietnam in realizing the motto TAKE I'I:I:Y IWEAPONS TY KILL: TTE ENMY. Therefore, all the weapons and rounds of ammunition that the Revolution is using now, are part taken by our patriotist citizens and Liberators from the CivilGuards and the SDC's. Nowadays, due to the military increase of the U.S & DI3-I bunch, our Liberators And in this must have been facing valiantly with the unexpected difficulties. situation, more than 50% of all the weapons and ammunitions of the Liberators have been wasted away. Meanwhile their Civil-Cuards and SDC's have been trained new tactics and new technics, and also because of our revolutionary people have ENEiY, been too indifferent with the mission of TAKI.NG E'rEY iA'..PONS TO KILL MTHEI therefore the amount of weapons and arm-aunition that our Liberators have waste'd This problem, if it will away in the recent engagements have not been. replaced. rmore difficulty to the Revolution. not be solved soon, will cause Dear fellow citizens ! Paralell with the fact that our Liberators having received instructions to You ought to positively save weapons and ammunition and preserve our troops. overcome difficulties in accordance stand for the Revolution with all y-our hearts, PIKY". with the motto "TAKE ENEMirY -?E'APONS TO KIIL THE Try to persuade the Civil--uards and. SDC and hamlet protecting young men to stand for the Revolution by supplying weapons and armunition.

At this moment the motto "TAKlE FNY iiA O'NS TO KILL, THiE" needs to be anlsered by patriotric citizens so that the emancOpators and the Front lopular L..iberation to Stand for the Revolution to the bitter South Vietnam can accomplish their missions. Remember that one cartr-idge is now equivalent to one rifle. end. -NTE\M1Y W7A'C`LPONS TO LTaL rITHE I;TIY" if: ansi,rwexred by all The motto #TAKE will help the Revolution bring Glory and Freedom to South Vietnam.
POPULAR FPROT CF' I-.T'B-.>TIO: SOUTHtI TITO VIET<NA. of you

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TO STA ND FOR THE HilROIC COMBAT OF THIE .OUTH}Ef N USA NC:IP ATORS!

Our Dear People!

During the last few months the "Hunting dog Southern Army", CivilGuard and SDC have been armed ani trained (New techniques and tactics), by the American kp>ire, so they have giied a number of temporary vic-

tories.*

In the battle-fields they have used the most brutal measures in order to eliminate our emancipators and "Idolized Revolution of the Southern people". Because of not being able to prepare, our emancip>ators have faced with some difficulties and got some failures in the battle-fields. Though Diem ani the American Empire have propagandizedized and praised for their victories and distorted facts, our failures are just temporary
losses.

Our people! Hold yo;ur belief in the Southern liberating Movement and talents our esancipators. Turn your deaf ear to and American Empire! They are trying to

clear-sighted guidance of the of the commanding cadres of the propaganda-argumntL of Diem gain your conviction.

Although our rnancipators recently had to hinder from the moppingup operations of the enemies or to get some temporary failures, but ours still believe in the combat-tradition and train uninterruptedly and wait for the time to rise up, eliminate Diem and the American Empire and complete the giant revolution to liberate the people. Hold your conviction and continue standing for the righteous combat of the Southern liberating movementr - Knock-down Diem and the Amw rican Empire. - Long live the heroic combat of the emancipators! - Stand for the heroic combat of the emancipators.

SOUTHR

LBEATIrNG MOVEM2mr