PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the text of your paper.

This allows the reader to see immediately where your information comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes. The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation. Any high school teachers will require students to use MLA Style for their papers. You should check with the instructor for information about line spacing, margins, and a title page, since teachers may have their own preferences. Your teacher will probably provide a style guide of some sort to address these parts of the paper. As you write your paper in MLA style, you will be talking about things you found in your research. Therefore, you will have to indicate in your text exactly where you found the information. This can be done with parenthetical citations. When you make reference to someone else's idea, either through paraphrasing or quoting them directly, you provide the authors name and the page number of the work in the text of your paper. This is the parenthetical citation, and it is the alternative to using footnotes (like you will do if you use other styles found elsewhere on this site). Here is an example of parenthetical citations: Even today, many children are born outside the safety of hospitals (Kasserman 182). This indicates that you are using information found in a book by somebody named Kasserman (last name) and it was found on page 182. You may also give the same information in another way, if you want to name the author in your sentence. You might want to do this to add variety to your paper: According to Laura Kasserman, many children today do not benefit from the sanitary conditions which are available in modern facilities (182). Many children are born outside the safety of hospitals. Be sure to use quotation marks when quoting someone directly. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography (from Greek , bibliographia, literally "book writing"), as a practice, is the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology[1] (from Greek -, -logia). On the whole, bibliography is not concerned with the literary content of books, but rather the sources of books how they were designed, edited, printed, circulated, reprinted and collected.[2] A bibliography, the product of the practice of bibliography, is a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles. Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of books and articles to complete, independent publications. As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as those shown on the right, or computerised bibliographic databases. A

library catalog, while not referred to as a "bibliography," is bibliographic in nature. Bibliographical works are almost always considered to be tertiary sources. Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending on the purpose, and can be generally divided into two categories: enumerative bibliography (also called compilative, reference or systematic), which results in an overview of publications in a particular category, and analytical, or critical, bibliography, which studies the production of books.[3][4] In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books. Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other formats including recordings, motion pictures and videos, graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs[5] and websites. Enumerative bibliography A bibliography is a list of writings that share a common factor: this may be a topic, a language, a period, or some other theme. The list may be comprehensive or selective. One particular instance of this is the list of sources used or considered in preparing a work, sometimes called a reference list. Citation formats vary, but an entry for a book in a bibliography usually contains the following information:

author(s) title publisher date of publication

An entry for a journal or periodical article usually contains:

author(s) article title journal title volume pages date of publication

A bibliography may be arranged by author, topic, or some other scheme. Annotated bibliographies give descriptions about how each source is useful to an author in constructing a paper or argument. These descriptions, usually a few sentences long, provide a summary of the source and describe its relevance. Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required. Bibliographies differ from library catalogs by including only relevant items rather than all items present in a particular library. However, the catalogs of some national libraries effectively serve as national bibliographies, as the national libraries own almost all their countries' publications.