The Issue

Is it migration lead to tourism ?

Yes, Migration itself can lead to tourism , it due to three situation : _______ either friends and relatives to make visits, or migrants themselves to make return visits to their country of origin, perhaps even returning as entrepreneurs or retirees (both)

2nd Issue
Tourism is certainly ____ temporary in its effects,it can make a dramatic and permanent impacts.
changing the rural to urban and bringing about equally route worthy changes in the attitudes of residents towards visitors . that mass tourism could eventually lead residents to displays on antagonism residents adopt a more professional, distant and unaffected approach to tourist pluralistic integration the normative basis for inter-personal relationships may also be changed

3rd issued
What this means for tourist destination areas in LDCs ? On the relationship of repeats visitors with first-time visitors with first-time visitors ? How different types of visitors interact with members of the host society? What is evident, though , is that repeat visitors are crucial to the survival of a tourism business, and it is at least possible that their social and cultural impact differs that of first-time visitors.

4th issues
The impact of second home and retiree tourism on destination areas
Indicating that long established migrants do not always welcome more recent arrivals ( Mayle, 1989 ; Martin , 1992) The community describe is socially betwixt and between two cultures Status is claimed and awarded on the basis of the length of time spent in the community In Mallorca, increasing number of immigrants have led to a polarization between insiders and outsiders

Issues in LDCs
Relatively little is unknown about the role of holiday and retirement homes in LDCs, it because :
i. In the former Eastern bloc where, even under socialist regimes in the 1960s, ownership of second home was widespread, often for recreational and holiday purposes, but also to facilitate the production of fresh food for household consumption ( Hall, 1991 : 86-87) In LDCs in the southern hemisphere , second homes are purchased or rented only in terrorists with adequate health facilities and relatively good international communication. (Tyagi, 1991 : 60-88) In some former colonies, settlers and administration made temporary visits to more congenial places when the climate at their normal residence was deemed oppressive, as to the hill stations of India (Tyagi, 1991 : 60-88)

ii.

iii.

Issues in LDCs
How far second-home ownership and retiree tourism are developing in other LDCs depends on numerous factors such as :
i. Has potential, if with the most liberal regulatory environment for foreign ownership, the most sophisticated financial markets, the highest number of tourist arrivals, and extremely vibrant economy fuelled by foreign investment Has least , if the most restrictive ownership regulations, the least sophisticated financial markets, the fewest tourist arrivals and arguably the most uncertain economy Local systems of land tenure clearly affect the ability of foreign to build holiday or retirement homes In Fiji, holiday and retirements homes are uncommon and largely restricted to isolated pockets of freehold land (even more rarely) because 80 % of the land is communally held by indigenous Fijians

ii.

iii. iv.

Issues in LDCs
v. Uncommon time sharing agreements in LDCs. vi. Tourism is at the beginning of the process, and second home ownership, retirement and migration are at the end.

Issues in LDCs
In LDCs ,the dynamic contribution of returned migrants was found that only a small proportion intended to return permanently to their country of origin, it because :
i.

Financial and cultural provided to village are less and the opportunties was unavailable By contrast, a study of Tongans and Samoans in Australia found that only a small propotation intended to return permanently to their country of origin and that those in this category had not accumulated more cultural and financial capital than those who had no intention to remigrate (Ahlburg and Brown, 1998) Increasingly blurred distinction separating migrants , tourist and returnee in Carrabbean

Issues in LDCs
The tourism development in LDCs may : i. Attract a substantial labour force from the surrounding region ii. The importance of tourist-workers, who work in tourist destination areas to finance their own tourist activites (Adler, 1985) iii. LDCs may continue to depend on the managerial and technical experience of migrant labour from developed countries

Issues in LDCs
Increasingly blurred distinction separating migrants , tourist and returnee in Carrabbean & Greek Island ,and also happen in (South) Cyprus with this 2 different situation treatment by government : i. Return Migration government encourages return migration by offering such incentives as tax-free importation of cars and capital to returning migrants, who make up an important category of entrepreneurs and tourism (and other) business. ii. Nevertheless, expatriates complain of being made to feel the outsiders in their own home country

Commodization
Cultural was paid by the pound , it can describe as:
i.
ii.

iii.
iv. v.

A craft souvenir authentic encourage the tourism attraction and wider tourism development Marketing authentic in 3rd World Country ( attention also moved to the role played by marketing and advertising in publicizing and/ or constructing images of place and people in tourist destination region The Iconography ( indigenously produced arts and crafts that was gain as artistic value The evolution of tourist arts Carving of tourism

So, tourisms links with authenticity , tradition and commoditization are now considered more dynamic and complicated than was felt in the 1960s and 1970s.

The Development of Capitalism

McDonalization Consumer culture Capitalist Production

To standardize the product and the apparently countervailing need to market it as distinctive

 Prior colonial association and exposure capitalism , as well as geographical propinquity, are important features of tourism in many LDCs :
i. ii. Few countries with little or no history of colonialism existed in a world dominated by colonial powers Allegiances and links dating back to colonialism still condition travel to many LDCs

i. ii. iii. iv.

Conditioned the growth and specific characteristic of tourism in LDCs

Increased independence of the young and of women from patriarchal authority Spread of the cash economy, and movement from rural to urban areas No isolated phenomenon but a well-established feature of capitalist development. Tourist destination areas in LDCs clearly have very different histories , cultures and social structures that attract tourist to visit.

Issues
The issue when Colonial domination over an extended period, starting in the 15th century : i. Strongly correlated to racial categories. - Issues of race and black power were dominant and sensitive topics in period of domestic unrest ( Smith, 1965; Oxaal, 1971) - In CarIbbean, where social inequality was strongly correlated with racial difference

Issues
It has probably been the norm for international tourism to be finances and operated by outsiders in LDCs with a poorly developed infrastructed , whether or not they had a colonial background. Tourisms critics commonly bewail the lack of local expertise in hospitality management and condemn the tourism industry for employing locals primarily as bell boys and chamber maids-tending to forget that such jobs usually provide more money and better working conditions than agriculture The success of such policies depends on several factors , which critics frequently ignore. i. It takes time in LDCs, if want workers in the tourism industry must have some familiarity with the tourists cultural background and (more so) with hotel culture. ii. Operating a hotel to international standards requires financial as well as cultural capital, and in many LDCs both are in short supply.

Issues
The issues of tourism entrepreneurs characteristics in LDCs :
i. ii. iii. The predominance of settler capital The role of marginal ethnic groups In sub-Saharan Africa, level of economic development are relatively low, evidence suggests that international tourist are more likely to patronize hotels owned or operated by international chains.

The role of transnational corporations in global tourism in a wider perspective -hotel, air transport, tour operators ( in some market sector transnational companies clearly exercise considarable influence) -Dominant role played by a few outbound tour operators -Such dominance has ramifications for the tourism industry in some destination area ( so local need to enhance the service)