1

Equipment alarms (Physical)

Internal alarms

Card Fail

Line alarms (Logical)

Which are the 1664 SM Switch Units Missing Card Units without Power Supply Units Card Not RespondingController ? Card Card Mismatch The alarms listed above are common to all the Units. All the Units provided with a Card Controller have in addition another alarm, that is: Software Mismatch All the Synchronous Units are supposed to manage LAPD channels. That is why they are able to arise the following alarm: MS/RS LAPD FAIL NURG
3

The severity of the internal alarms is selectable

Equipment Configuration Alarm Criterion Tables Not Urgent Craft Terminal Disabled except of LAP-D Fail Card Fail

Urgent

This selection establishes the severity of these alarm as they should be considered by the affected Units

If an internal alarm or a Card fail event occur to a unit that is protected by a spare one, the severity shown in the alarm synthesis is set to

Not Urgent

 Card Missing
Card Not Responding Card Fail Card Mismatch Software Mismatch LAP-D Fail
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In order to understand how to manage these alarms it is useful to describe how the detection of a Unit is performed. The type of each card is defined by a hardware setting
performed by Alcatel

Exercise

The Card Controller interprets the hardware setting and send this information to the SMEC

The SMEC receives the Card Type from each Card Controller and sends it to the Craft Terminal and to any other Administrative device
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It means:

In this slot a Unit has been declared to exist but no Unit is present

Action :

Insert in the Subrack the Unit declared in the Application Equipment Configuration Subrack Configuration table or delete the declaration

It means:

In the corresponding slot a Unit has been declared to exist but SMEC is not able to dialogue with it

Action :

Plug out and plug in the Unit. Reset SMEC. If the problem persists replace the unit following the Unit Replacement Procedure described in the Maintenance Chapter of the Operators Handbook
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It means:

Hardware Failure of the Unit

Front Panel indication warning light Red

Action :

Replace the unit following the Unit Replacement Procedure described in the Maintenance Chapter of the Operators Handbook
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It means:

In this slot a Unit has been declared but it is different from the one that is actually present

Action :

Replace the unit with the one declared in the Application Equipment Configuration Subrack Configuration table or modify the declaration

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It means:

The software version loaded on this Unit is different from the one loaded on the SMEC

Action :

Download the updated software version following the Software Download procedures described in the General Procedures Chapter of the Operators Handbook

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It means: The Data Channels between this Unit and the remote connected Units are down
It makes sense if : The Unit involved is a synchronous device, that is to say an aggregate unit or a synchronous tributary unit LAPD Fail alarm is present

What appears on the remote connected Unit:

You can have two types of LAPD KO alarm

The Data Channels related to the Multiplexer Section is down

The Data Channels related to the Regenerator Section is down

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Severity:

Not Urgent

Action :

A)Check the LAPD settings in the Application Local Configuration LAPD Configuration and Local Configuration table B)Check the status of the SMEC C)Check the Pointer Justification Status

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Card Identificatio n

1. Remove the Card Controller from a Unit. Which alarm do you expect to see? Card Mismatch Card Fail Software Mismatch All the previous

2. In which of the following conditions the LAPD Fail alarm is present ?

The NSAP is not unique

The Remote SMEC is not working

CRU A is out of service

Ex BER

3. Replace a bitributary unit with a spare one. The software version of the spare unit is different from the software version of the equipment. Which alarm do you expect to se Card not Responding Card Fail and Software Mismatch Software Mismatch Software Mismatch and Card not Responding
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The most common are

LOS Loss of Signal LOF Loss Of Frame EXBER Excessive Bit Error Rate

AU - AIS Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal MS - AIS Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal RDI (FERF) Remote Defect Indication MS - RDI (MS - FERF) Unavailable Path

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Example

It means: The Unit that reveals this alarms expects to receive a signal but it receives nothing.

Severity:

Urgent

Action :

Check the incoming line (connectors, fibers, cables) and the transmitters
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This Alarm hides:

18

With this terminology they point to two different indications in accordance with the signal hierarchy to which you refer

In fact you have

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When a serious problem occur to a PDH signal at a certain point along its path, AIS is arisen and sent forward. In this way all the equipment involved in the transmission of the signal affected by this problem and located downstream with respect to the faulty point are alerted.

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When a serious problem occur to an SDH signal at a certain point along its path, AIS is arisen and sent forward. In this way all the equipment involved in the transmission of the signal affected by this problem and located downstream with respect to the faulty point are alerted.
SDH Signal
Tributary The Tributary in Rome detects a serious problem As a consequence the East Aggregate in Rome sends downstream an AIS message Tributary

Tributary

W Roma

W Firenze E

W Venezia E
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SDH Signal
Tributary Tributary Tributary

W 1664 SM E

Roma

W 1664 SM E

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Venezia

Now the question is: does the problem indicated above affect all the signals transmitted between Rome and Florence, or between Rome and Venice? The answer is definitely NOT. That is why the AIS sent forward by the East Aggregate in Rome must refer only to the corrupted signal, so as to say to a specific AU4 . For this reason this type of AIS is called

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AU4 - AIS is generated setting all the Administrative Unit 4 bits to 1

111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111

11111111 11111111

Example

AU4 - AIS is detected if at least 3 consequent frames have all the AU4 pointers bits set to 1

3x

11111111 11111111

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MULTIPLEX SECTION

1 2 ... n 10 ... 16

AU4 AIS - ALL Bytes equal to one

AU4 Signals

Only the bytes related to the AU4 connected to the corrupted signal are charged to transmit AIS. All the other ones continue to carry the normal traffic.
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In the drawing below all the alarms detected by the various Units are listed
SDH Signal
Tributary

This Alarm will be explained later on Tributary Tributary

W 1664 SM E
Firenze AU - AIS

W 1664 SM E

Roma

AU - AIS

W 1664 SM E

Venezia

Tributary

LOS No Alarms

AU4 AIS

AU4 AIS

No Alarms

Tributary

Unavailable AU Path25

1.

The Tributary that detects a serious alarm on the receiving side forces an AU4 AIS downstream

2.

An Aggregate that detects an AU4 AIS on its receiving side, reveals this alarm. PAY ATTENTION! Do not mix up the signals received and transmitted by an equipment, with the signals internally exchanged among the various Units of the equipment itself.

3.

If the AU4 in which the Aggregate detects AU4 AIS is connected to a tributary port, the Tributary Unit shows an UNAVAILABLE PATH ALARM. If not, the AU4 AIS is put in pass through and sent downstream.
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Example

It means:

Within the SAME Multiplex Section in which MS-AIS arises, a specific alarm has been detected.
LOS or LOF
Tributary

This means that ONLY a Regenerator is licensed to send an MS AIS

Signal
Tributary

Regenerator

W 1664 SM E
RS

Roma

MS AIS

W 1664 SM E

Firenze

RS

MULTIPLEX SECTION 27

This indication is generated as a consequence of

on the receiving side of a regenerator element

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The Payload and MSOH bytes are set to 1

111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111 111111111111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111

MS - AIS is detected when the MST function observes the pattern 111 in bits 6, 7, 8 of byte K2 in at least three consecutive frames 1 1 1 K2 byte
K2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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MS AIS ?

SDH Port

W 1664 SM E
SDH Port

W 1664 SM E

Line Cut

NO ! The faulty point is NOT into this Multiplex Section

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1.In the situation below, which alarm do you expect to see on the tributary unit in Venezia? SDH Unavailable MS AIS Signal Path
SDH Port SDH Port

Firenze W 1664 SM E

Line Cut

Venezia W 1664 SM E

AU4 AIS

No Alarms

2.Referring to the same situation, what do you expect to see on the Aggregate W in Venezia ? MS - AIS All the 16 AU4 with AU4 AIS LOS Only the AU4 used to carry a channel with AU4 AIS

3.Is the situation described below for a 1664 SM correct?

SDH Port

W 1664 SM E

All the Channels are in pass through Aggregate W detects AU4#15 AIS Aggregate E detects AU4#15 AIS

Yes

No
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STM 1 SDH Port AU4 # 15 SDH Port SDH Port AU4 # 15

AU4 # 15

AU4 # 15

W 1664 SM E
AU4 # 15

Firenze

W 1664 SM E
AU4 # 15

Roma

W 1664 SM E
AU4 # 15

Napoli

AU4 #15 AIS

AU4 #15 AIS

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1.Is the following drawing correct ? Yes No If You say No please explain why
The LOS alarm hides the MS LAPD indication
NO ALARMS DETECTED

1664 SM

1664 SM 1664 SM

MS LAPD KO LOS

MS LAPD KO LOS
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Severity: Urgent

It is revealed exclusively by tributary Units - both PDH and SDH It means: The AU to which the Tributary is connected on the Multiplex section side (Aggregate) is not available. It may occur when the AU in question carries an AU-AIS or when the signal is not recognized (LOS,EXBER, LOF)

Action:

Check the Connection Configurations. In fact it can be the result of a misconnection. Otherwise it is the result of a line or far-end problem.
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Line SPI RST MST MSP MSA HPC

Aggregate
MSA
MST

Unavailable path detection

RST

T R I B U T A R Y

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When a POH sink termination function block detects an all ones signal or a Signal Label Mismatch indication, it sends to the corresponding POH source termination function an RDI message.
POH
G1

1
1 2 3 4

6 7 8 Example 36

This Alarm will be explained later on

PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s

Aggregate E MS - RDI Tributary

W 1664 SM E
Tributary Aggregate E LOS Tributary Unavailable Path

Bologna

Tributary

W 1664 SM E

Milano

W 1664 SM E
Tributary RDI

Roma

Automatic Laser Shutdown disabled over all spans

AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s 37

When a Multiplex Termination Function receives an SDH signal affected by a serious problem (LOS,EXBER, LOF, LOP), or detects MS-AIS, it sends to the opposite direction an MS-RDI indication
The SDH Tributary in Rome detects a serious problem on the incoming signal As a consequence it sends an MS-FERF message backward

SDH Signal corrupted

Tributary

Tributary

Tributary

W Roma E

AU-AIS

W Firenze E

AU-AIS

W Venezia E
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LOF
1666 SR

Tributary

Tributary

W Roma E

W Venezia E

Though the regenerator is the only NE allowed to send an MS-AIS, it is not licensed to arise the MS-FERF indication.
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MS - FERF is detected when the MST function observes the pattern 110 in bits 6,7,8 of byte K2 in at least three consecutive frames 1 1 0 K2 byte
K2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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LOS
PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1 MS RDI

AU AIS MS AIS Tributary Tributary Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG East AU AIS

Firenze

W 1664 SM E
TRIBUTARY LOS

Roma

W 1664 SM E

Milano

RDI

Reg. A

Reg. B

AGG E - AU AIS TRIB - UN PATH

E 1664 SM W
Tributary

Bologna

AU AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

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LOS AIS MS AIS RDI Tributary Tributary Tributary

PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s

Differences
W 1664 SM E
Milano

W 1664 SM E

Firenze

W 1664 SM E
TRIBUTARY LOS

Roma

NO AIS

Reg. A

Reg. B

NO AIS

E 1664 SM W
Tributary

Bologna

PDH AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s

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PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1 PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s PDH AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER 140 Mbit/s

Tributary

Tributary

Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG W MS - RDI

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Roma

W 1664 SM E
AGG E - AU AIS TRIB - UN PATH

Milano

Reg. A

Reg. B

AGG E - MS AIS TRIB - UN PATH

E 1664 SM W
Tributary

Bologna

From East to West Loss Of Frame

AU AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

43

Lets go to page 42. The tributary unit in Bologna transmits an AIS toward the pattern analyser. In spite of this the tributary unit in Bologna does not show the Unavailable Path indication

Now lets go to page 43. The tributary unit in Milano transmits an AIS toward the pattern analyser. So the situation shown in this example is similar to the situation described above. But in this case the tributary unit in Milano shows an Unavailable Path indication.

Why ?
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PAGE 42 Bologna Tributary HPC/PPS Unit

VC4 P O H C4 P O H

VC4 C4

HPC/PPS

PAGE 43 Milano Tributary Unit

HPT

HPT

LPA

LPA

PPI

PPI

All ones
LINE LINE 45

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

RDI

Automatic Laser Shutdown implemented over all spans

Tributary

Tributary

Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG W MS - RDI

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Roma

W 1664 SM E

Milano

Reg. A

Reg. B

AGG E - MS AIS TRIB - UN PATH

E 1664 SM W
Tributary
EW - LOS WE MS - RDI WE MS - RDI

Bologna

AU AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

46

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

RDI

Tributary

Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG W MS - RDI

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Roma

The Line Cut has affected a path that is terminated in Rome. RDI should be detected there and not Tributary sent forward. Milano Moreover we have ALS enabled W 1664 SM E in the span where the fault occurred.

Reg. A

Reg. B

AGG E - MS AIS TRIB - UN PATH

E 1664 SM W
Tributary
EW - LOS WE MS - RDI WE MS - RDI

Bologna

AU AIS

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

47

PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

Tributary

Tributary

Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG W AGG W MS - RDI LOS

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Roma

W 1664 SM E

Milano

Reg. A

Along this Regenerator SectionAIS AGG E - MS Reg. B cut is present. TRIB - UN PATH a line As a consequence Automatic Laser Bologna Shutdown is performed. E 1664 SM That is why we have a LOS indication Tributary on the Aggregate West in Firenze

EW - LOS WE MS - RDI WE MS - RDI PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

AU AIS

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PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

Tributary

Tributary

Tributary

W 1664 SM E
AGG W MS LOS RDI

Firenze

W 1664 SM E

Roma

W 1664 SM E

Milano

Reg. A

Reg. B The Regenerator is not licensed TRIB - UN PATH to detect an MS - RDI indication

AGG E - MS AIS

E 1664 SM W
Tributary
EW - LOS WE MS - RDI WE MS - RDI PATTERN ANALYSER STM - 1

Bologna

AU AIS

49