Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Interlaced monitor scans every other line until it reaches the bottom, returns to the top and scans all other lines. Non-interlaced has less flicker
Raster Scan
Beam directed in lines (scan lines) across screen. Dots are created by turning the beam on & off. During retrace, the beam is off. Horizontal retrace is when beam returns to left edge Vertical retrace is when beam returns to upper left corner.
Active lines Retrace lines
Raster line horizontal line of video information that is displayed on screen 640x480 display has 480 raster lines, 640 pixels per line. Pixel is smallest subdivision on line.
15.75 Khz
Horizontal amplifier
CRT
Vertical Sync
Vertical oscillator
Vertical amplifier
60 hz
Video amplifier
Video Input
Video Monitor
Clarity determined by several factors:
Dot pitch distance between adjacent pixels
.26 average higher numbers >more distance Horizontal and vertical frequencies the speed at which horizontal lines are drawn and the time it takes to draw all lines on the screen.
Analog RGB - three analog lines, each driven by 8bit DAC - gives 256 * 256 * 256 = 2 24 colors
659
755
Horizontal retrace
659
755
Left Border
Display
Right Border
Next Line
800 dot times per line Counter can be used to keep track of horizontal screen position.
493
494
Vertical retrace
493
494
Top Border
Display
Bottom Border
Next Screen
525 line times per screen Counter can be used to keep track of vertical screen position.
Video Resolution
Set by software Limited by the capacity of the video graphics adapter and the amount of video memory. Expressed as the number of horizontal pixels, followed by the number of vertical pixels.
640 x 480 (standard VGA) 800 x 600 (super VGA) 1024 x 768 (extended VGA) 1152 x 864 1280 x 1024
800 x 600
Other resolutions
1024 x 768
Dot clock 64.142 Mhz Horizontal Sync 48.3 Khz Vertical Sync 60 hz
Allow about 20% of horizontal trace time for borders, retrace 6% to 8% of vertical trace time for borders, retrace
Video Resolution
Resolution determines amount of memory required for the video interface card.
640 x 480 x256 colors(8-bits per pixel)
640x480 bytes or 307,200 bytes required
The memory that defines the screen contents is called the display memory or frame buffer.
Memory Calculations
800x 600 x 24 bit color how much memory? 800 x 600 x 24 bits/pixel = 11520000 bits = 1440000 bytes = 1406 Kbytes = 1.4 Mbytes 2 Mb video card fine for this resolution/color 1280 x 1024 x 24 bits = 3.75 Mbytes Need 4 Mbyte Video card
Can use either SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM or specialty graphics memory to implement the graphics memory. Graphics memory usually on same board as rest of video logic
Memory Access
Video Card
CPU Write Mostly, Random Access Video Controller
Video Memory
CRT
Video controller must arbitrate between its accesses and CPU accesses. CPU connection to card can either be via system bus (I.e. PCI bus) or dedicated connection (Advanced Graphics Port).
Video Memory
The PC has a memory-mapped video display. Each screen position occupies a separate memory address. The video memory is special high speed VRAM (video RAM). In color text mode, VRAM is at B8000 In color graphics mode, VRAM is at A0000. DOS applications typically write text and graphics directly to video display buffer much faster than using built-in DOS subroutines. Windows applications do not use direct video memory access because it corrupts the built-in redrawing of the screen by Windows directly.
Memory choice today is Synchronous DRAM since 3D graphics cards need 16 Mbytes and up
Some 3D cards performance is limited by speed of DRAM even DDR-DRAM not fast enough.
Video RAM
VRAM most video adapters (can be a separate board plugged into an expansion slot, or it may be integrated on the motherboard)
4-8MB standard Optimized for storing color pixels Dual-ported
One port can continuously refresh the display while the other port writes data to the display. Results in lower eye strain than with DRAM
2D Graphics
2D graphics operations are very simple
2D graphics operations required by window type Graphic User Interfaces
Block Fills (fill rectangular area on screen) Hardware support for cursor operation
As cursor moves over screen pixels under cursor are not damaged
Animation
To produce animation on a screen, successive frames are displayed in which screen objects are in slightly different positions in each frame. The area of memory that the video controller is currently displaying on screen is the active Frame Buffer.
Most cards support two frame buffers. The CPU writes to the 2nd frame buffer to prepare the next frame. When the next frame is ready, the 2nd frame buffer becomes the active Frame buffer and the 1st frame buffer is used to create the next frame.
The rate at which new frames are produced is called the Frame Rate (not the same as Video
Windows RAM
Optimized for video graphics displays. Generally outperforms VRAM, allowing screen to be refreshed more quickly.
Video Palettes
Video generation circuit is used to generate VGA video. Each color is generated with an 18-bit digital code (6 bits red, 6 bits green,6 bits blue) 18 bit code is applied to the DAC. The address input selects one of the 256 colors stored as 18-bit binary codes. Thus 256 colors out of a possible 256K colors are allowed to be displayed at one time. 18-bit code stored in video display RAM VRAM is used to specify a color