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RENU EDUCATIONAL GROUP

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Morphology of fruits A mature or ripened ovary formed after fertilization is called fruit.
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Parts of Fruits

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Types of Fruits
1. True fruits Ovary of the flowers grows

into the fruit. 1. Peudocarp (false fruits) It is often found that other floral parts such as thalamus, receptacle or calyx, may grow and form a part of fruit.
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True Fruits & False Fruits

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Fruits

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Types of the fruits


If the ovules dont get

fertilized, the seedless fruits are formed. Depending upon the number of carpels present in the flowers, the classification of fruits are as follows.
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Simple fruits
One fruit from single

ovary Depending upon mesocarp, they are dry or fleshy. Mesocarp we eat.
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Dry fruit

3 types 1.Dehiscent 2.Indehiscent 3.Schiozocarpic


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Dehiscent Dry Fruits


Split open when ripe Burst to liberate the seeds. Dry fruits which at maturity open

by definite natural beans to shed the contained seeds.

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Types of Dehiscent Fruits


i. Legume- A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1 carpel and at maturity splitting along both the dorsal and ventral sutures. (beans,peas). ii. Follicle- A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1 carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture. (larkspur, columbine) iii. Capsule- A dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels.
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LEGUME
The legume splits along two lines of

dehiscence following maturation and drying. The legume type fruit is derived from a simple ovary (one carpel) with two rows of ovules. This type of fruit structure is characteristic of peas, beans and peanuts. The peanut is one of the few legumes that does not split open when ripe. This is probably because the fruit of the peanut develops in the soil rather than in the air.
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Legume/pod
Legume/pod
Dry monocarpellary, burst from both

sutures e.g. Pea

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CAPSULE
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from

several carpels. Unlike the legume, the capsule is composed of more than one carpel. Fruits like the lily split length-wise into sections corresponding to the number of carpels.

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Capsule
Capsule
Dry more chambered fruit e.g.

Ladys finger

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FOLLICLE
A dry dehiscent fruit developed from 1

carpel and at maturity splitting along only one suture. (larkspur, columbine) Columbine and milkweed plants produce fruit that is known as a follicle. Fruit of the Follicle type develop from a single ripened ovary and split once to release their seeds. The split is always lengthwise, along one edge of the carpel. Legumes you remember split along two edges of the carpel.

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Follicle
Follicle
Dry monocarpellary, burst from one suture

e.g. Anise & magnolia

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Siliqua
Siliqua
Bicarpellary, burst by two margins. e.g.

Radish A special long slender capsule of 2 carpels.

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Siliqua

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Dry fruit: Indehiscent


Single carpel Does not split when ripe
Dry fruits which do not open

when mature to shed theirseeds. Many of this group are one seeded fruits
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Dry fruit: Indehiscent


TYPES OF INDEHISCENT FRUITS
a.Achene b.Nut c.Samara
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d. grain e. Schizocarp

Dry fruit: Indehiscent


ACHENE A one-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit; the one seed is attached to the fruit wall at a single point. (buttercups, dandelion, sunflower). one seed which is free of the pericarp (fruit wall)
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Achene
Achene
monocarpellary, free from pericarp Cannabis (bhang), rose.

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Dry fruit: Indehiscent


NUT
A dry, indehiscent, one seeded fruit

similar to an achene but with the wall greatly thickened and hardened. (beech, chestnut, oak, hazel; walnut and hickory - note: because of extrafloral bracts, or "husk", the latter two fruits are sometimes called www.raeces.org "drupes").

Nut
Nut
Bi or polycarpellary Enclosed by pericarp (leathery in chestnut, woody in

walnut)

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Caryopsis
Caryopsis
Monocarpellary ovary. one seed which has the seed coat fused to the

pericarp Pericarp Fused with seed coat. Rice, maize

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Cypsela
Cypsela
Bicarpellary, free pericarp and seed coat free Sunflower, cosmos.

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Dry fruit: Indehiscent


SAMARA
Tricarpellary, one /two seeded fruit

flattened wing like out growth Dioscorea.,chilbil. A one- or two-seeded dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows out into a wing. (elm, maple, ash). an achene with a wing for wind dispersal

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Samara

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Schizocarpic/splitting fruits
Intermediate between dehiscent and

indehiscent Bi or polycarpellary ovary Hard and woody pericarp

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Lomentum
Lomentum
No. of One seeded compartments e.g. Ground

nut,Mimosa(chuimui),Babool

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Cremocarp
Cremocarp
Two chambered fruit e.g. Fennel,Coriander,Carrot

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Double Samara
Double Samara
Two samaras splits into wing and seed e.g.

Maple,Hiptage

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A fruit in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures.

Fleshy fruits

1. Drupe 2. Berry 3. Pome 4. Pepo 5. Hesperidium 6. Balausta


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Fleshy fruit: Drupes


One seeded or more seeded Seed within stony endocarp

A one-seeded simple fruit developed from a

superior ovary the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, the outermost part (exocarp) becomes a relatively thin skin, the middle portion between the skin and the stone (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous. (cherry)

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Fleshy fruit: Drupes


One seeded or more seeded Seed within stony endocarp

If a fruit is fleshy and it has a hard stony

pit containing a seed it is classified as a drupe. Drupes are covered by a thin skin derived from the outer tissue layer of the ovary. The soft fleshy tissue below the skin is derived from the middle layer of the ovary and the hard stony pit is derived from the inner tissue layer of the ovary. Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an ovule contained within the ovary of the flower. Coconuts have fibrous walls instead of the fleshy walls found in most drupes. www.raeces.org

Fleshy fruit: Drupes


One seeded or more seeded Seed within stony endocarp

Peach, plum, apricot, cherry Skin = exocarp Eat mesocarp


Pit = endocarp

Almond
Mesocarp dries and separates Endocarp is hard to soft Eat seed

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Fleshy fruit: Berries


One pistil (carpel) One or many seed

A simple fruit in which the ovary wall

or at least its inner portions become enlarged and usually juicy. (grape, banana, gooseberry).Two special types of berry-like fruits may be singled out for special consideration.

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Fleshy fruit: Berries


One pistil (carpel) One or many seed

Four fused carpels Tomato, brinjal, grapes

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Fleshy fruit: Pomes


Leathery carpels Edible portion is receptacle

Two or more carpellary with inferior ovary a pome (after the French name for an apple : pomme) An accessory fleshy fruit formed by a group of carpels more or less firmly united with each other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle. (apple, pear, mountain ash). consists of tissue derived from the ovary and from the perianth.For this reason it is often called an accessory fruit A pome is an accessory fruit composed of www.raeces.org

Fleshy fruit: Pomes


Leathery carpels Edible portion is receptacle

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Fleshy fruit: Pepo


Inferior flower, > 1 carpel Receptacle surrounds pericarp to

form rind Berry with a relatively hard rind. Watermelon Cucumber Squash Pumpkin
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Fleshy fruit: Pepo

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Fleshy fruit: Pepo

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Fleshy fruit: Pepo

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Fleshy fruit: Balausta


Many chambered, many seeded Tough pericarp with red or white seed Pomegranate

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Fleshy fruit: Hesperidium


Many carpellary with superiour ovary Fused mesocarp This is a special type of berry in

which a leathery rind forms the interior of the fruit divided by septa, indicating the number of carpels. Orange, lemon
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Fleshy fruit: Hesperidium

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Fleshy fruit: Hesperidium

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Aggregate fruit

Collection of simple fruit developed

from a flower having no. of free carpels, ripen toghter, less maturity called aggregate fruit. Known as Etaerioor aggregate fruit.

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Etaerio of drupes
Etaerio of drupes e.g. raspberry

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Etaerio of achenes
Etaerio of achenes e.g. Strawberry

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Etaerio of follicle
Etaerio of follicle e.g. Calotropis (madar),Catharanthus (sadabhar)

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Etaerio of berries
Etaerio of berries e.g. custard-apple (saripha)

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Multiple/composite fruit
Composed

of a number of closely associated flowers aggregate together is called multiple fruit.

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Sorosis
Sorosis
Developing from spike in which flowers

fused by sepals and becomes woody. Pineapple

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Syconus

Syconus

Developing from hypanthodium, pear-

shaped which encloses number of minute male and female flowers. Banyan, peepul, fig.

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False fruits
Sometimes, a part from the ovary, the

other floral parts like thalamus, receptacle or calyx grow and form the part of the fruit and such as fruits is known as false fruit or pseudocarp. E.g. I. Strawberry-thalamus II. Cashew nut-peduncle and thalamus III.Apple-thalamus IV.Marking nut-peduncle V.Rose-thalamus
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Morphology of seeds
After fertilization a series of changes takes place in the ovule and as a result the seed is formed.

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Seeds
Structures

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A Dicotyledons seeds
Parts of exalbuminous seeds
E.g. Gram, Pea, Country bean, Gourd,

Tamarid, Mango, etc.


Seed coat: inner layer is tegmen and

outlayer is testa The embryo lying within which are provided with hilum, micropyle and raphe. an axil and two consists of fleshy cotyledons laden with food materil. Hypocotyl gives rise to root. Epicotyl gives rise to shoot. www.raeces.org

A Monocotyledonous seed
Parts of albumious seeds
E.g. wheat, rice, maize, onion, palm etc.

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BY VIJAY SIR.

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BY :Vijay K Verma (9235776124)

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