Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 1 10/03/2002

FILTRATION
Packing density/solidity
Fiber filter
Reading: Chap 6
porosity - 1
volume total
me fiber volu

For fiber filter, < 0.1
For woven filter, ~ 0.3
Q: Do filters function simply as sieves (to
collect particles larger than the sieve spacing)?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 2 10/03/2002
Theodore &
Buonicore,
Air Pollution
Control
Equipment,
CRC Press,
1988.
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 3 10/03/2002
Shaker Baghouse
Theodore & Buonicore,
Air Pollution Control Equipment,
CRC Press, 1988.
Frequency Several cycles/s
Motion type Simple harmonic
or sinusoidal
Peak
acceleration
- gravity 111
Amplitude Fraction to a few
inches
Mode Off-stream
Duration - cycles, 11111 11
s to a few minutes
Common
bag diameter
, , in 1111
Shaker Cleaning Parameters
Q: What are the common
problems encountered?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 4 10/03/2002
Reverse-Air
Q: Pros and Cons?
Cleaning dust on baghouse
walls by traditional sledge-
hammering
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 5 10/03/2002
Reverse-Air Cleaning Parameters
Reverse-Jet
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Pulse-Jet
Q: How can the blown-away particles by the on-line cleaning process be collected?
Q: Felted fabric or woven fabric?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 7 10/03/2002
Air/Cloth Ratio
A
Q
V
Filtration velocity
(average velocity)
Q: If thicker fabric is needed
to sustain the high force, is its
operating cost higher?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 8 10/03/2002
Filtration Mechanisms

Diffusion (Lee & Liu, 1982)

E
Ku
Pe
Pe
d U
D
Ku
D
f

2 58
1
1
2
3
4 4
2 3
0
2
.
ln
/

Peclet number
Kuwaba ra hydrody namic fact or
Lee, K.W. & Liu, B.Y.H., Aerosol Sci. Technol.,
1:47-61, 1982
Q: How does efficiency change wrt d
p
?
Q: How to increase efficiency by diffusion?
http://aerosol.ees.ufl.edu/respiratory/section04.html
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 9 10/03/2002

Impaction (Yeh & Liu, 1974)

E
Stk J
Ku
Stk
U
d
d C U
d
J R R R
I
f
p p c
f

<
( )
( . ) . .
. .
2
18
29 6 28 27 5 0 4
2
0
2
0
0 62 2 2 8

for
f
p
d
d
R
Yeh. H.C. & Liu, B.Y.H., J. Aerosol Sci.,
5:191-217, 1974
Q: How to increase impaction efficiency?
Q: How does efficiency change wrt dp?
(J = 2 for
R > 0.4)
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 10 10/03/2002

Interception (Krish & Stechkina, 1978)

1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+ + +
+

2
2
) 1 (
2
)
2
1 (
1
1
1 ) 1 ln( 2
2
1
R
R
R
Ku
R
E
R

Krish, A. A. & Stechkina, I. B., The theory of Aerosol Filtration with Fibrous Filters,
in Fundamentals of Aerosol Science, Ed. Shaw, D. T., Wiley, 1978.
Q: How to increase interception efficiency?
Fat Mans Misery,
Mammoth Cave NP
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 11 10/03/2002

Gravitational Settling

Total Single Fiber Efficiency

Total Filter Efficiency

E G R
G
V
U
d C g
U
G
TS
p p c
+

( ) 1
18
0
2
0
for U and V in the same direction
0 TS

G R I D
G R I D
E E E E
E E E E E
+ + +

) 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( 1
( )

,
_

E S
d
H E
P E
f
f
exp 1
) 1 (
4
exp 1 1

S
f
: Solidarity factor
Q: How does the filter efficiency change wrt particle size?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 12 10/03/2002
H = 1mm

= 0.05
d
f
= 2m
U
0
=10 cm/s
Q: Should we increase or decrease flow velocity in order to increase
collection efficiency for (a) tobacco smoke, (b) cement dust?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 13 10/03/2002

Problem
Filter is made of fibers with diameter of 10 um, density of
2.35 g/m3 and solidity of 5%
Filter must collect 0.5 um particles with 90% eff.
Air velocity is 10 ft/min
Question: How thick must the filter be?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 14 10/03/2002
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Parallel
Flow
Operatio
n
Q: How do you determine when to clean?
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Pressure Drop (Filter Drag
Model)
( )
s p f
P P P P + +
( )V LVt K V K
2 1
+
Areal Dust Density
LVt W
Filter drag
V
P
S

W K K S
2 1
+
K
2
K
1
K
1
& K
2
to be determined empirically
P
f
: fabric pressure drop
P
f
: particle layer pressure drop
P
s
: structure pressure drop
Time (min) P, Pa
0 150
5 380
10 505
20 610
30 690
60 990
Q: What is the pressure drop after 100 minutes of operation?
L = 5 g/m
3
and V = 0.9 m/min.
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 17 10/03/2002
Time to clean
c c r f
t t t N t + ) (
N
Q
Q
N

Flow rate
1
1

N
Q
Q
N
Filtering velocity
C C
N
N
NA
Q
A
Q
V
C C
N
N
A N
Q
A
Q
V
) 1 (
1
1

Q: What are the parameters that

affect our decision on the number
of compartments to be used?
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 18 10/03/2002
Areal dust density
) )( 1 (
1 c N r N j
Lt V Lt V N W

+
Filter drag
j j
W K K S
2 1
+
Actual filtering velocity
1

N N j
V f V
Pressure drop
j j m j
V S P P
N
1
/

N f N
V V f
3 0.87
4 0.8
5 0.76
7 0.71
10 0.67
12 0.65
15 0.64
20 0.62
20
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 19 10/03/2002
Ex. Calculate the max pressure drop that must be supplied
for the following baghouse for a filtration time of 60
minutes: K
1
= 1 inch H
2
O-min/ft, K
2
= 0.003 inch H
2
O-
min-ft/grain, t
c
= 4 min, 5 compartments, L = 10 grain/ft
3
,
Q = 40000 ft
3
/min, A
c
= 4000 ft
2
/compartment.
Other factors to be considered for selecting a filter?

Temperature & Humidity

Chemical nature of gas

Fire/Explosion

Bag/arrangement

Dust handling

Fan location
Aerosol & Particulate Research Lab 20 10/03/2002

Advantages:

Disadvantages:
Advantages & Disadvantages of a Baghouse