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PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

Getting Started

Personality Development in Childhood and Adolescence

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PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

Getting Started

Topics
What Is Personality Development? Do Infants Have Personality? How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop? What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood? What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Is Personality Development?

Stage Theories
Erik H. Eriksons Stage Theory of Development Development is psychosocial: The person develops along paths expected by society
Early development is in the home. Development as a youth must meet the expectations of schools and community groups Later development in community, at work, with newly formed family

Eight Stages of Development


Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Is Personality Development?

Stage Theories
Stages 1-3 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Personal Social Family Family TrustBasic Mistrust Infant explores securely or feels Infancy insecure and unsafe AutonomyShame and Doubt Ages 2-3 InitiativeGuilt 5-7 years Toddler begins to control things around him/her, toilet training, feeding, etc. Develop plans and goals within the and outside the family; integrated within right and wrong

Family

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Is Personality Development?

Stage Theories
Stages 4 and 5 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: IndustryInferiority Middle School Age Personal Becoming competent vs. feeling inertia Social Grade School

Identity--Role Confusion Puberty

Choosing school; friends; majors; Senior Year vs. unable to choose High School College

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Is Personality Development?

Stage Theories
Stages 6 through 8 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthod Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood Personal Forming intimate relationships versus existing alone and in isolation Creation of a new family; contributing to society vs. repeating life on a day-to-day basis with little growth and giving Positive sense of self as giving, productive vs. inability to accept his or her life Social Occupations; organizations Occupation; family

Ego Integrity vs. Despair Maturity


Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Family; occupation; institutions

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

Do Infants Have a Personality?

The Infants Challenge


Buzzing, blooming confusion? Not hardly Facial recognition virtually from birth 6-10 weeks: Social smile 15-18 months: Self-recognition in mirror

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

Do Infants Have a Personality?

Infant Temperament
Easy Child
Rhythmic in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion Positive approach to others Low or mild intensity of reactions Positive mood Irregular in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion Withdrawal from others High intensity of reactions Negative mood
Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

Difficult Child

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

Do Infants Have a Personality?

Attachment Patterns
Secure Attachment
Mother accurate and sympathetic about infant feeling Infants enjoy mother; tolerate her absence Mother is comforting, dependable figure

Anxious Resistant Attachment


Mothers attend inconsistently to infant Infants have difficulty tolerating being apart from mother Infants are tentative at reunion; unsure Mothers (and others) are unpredictable and not always comforting

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
Mothers seem uninterested in their infants, and rebuff them consistently Infant does not seek out caretaker Deny importance of contact

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?

Self Concept
2 - 5 years Infantile amnesia lifts
Children have no cognitive organization of memories before about 3 years of age Now, sustained memories are laid down that form the basis of the persons life story

3, 4, & 5 year-olds were ushered from a daycare center when a popcorn maker caught fire (Pillemer, Picariello & Pruett (1995).
7 years later, 4 & 5-year-olds clearly remembered the event 3 years old mistakenly recalled where they were

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?

Changes in Temperament
In Infancy, a Big Three of temperament are:
Positivity Negativity, and Cuddliness

In Young Children, Self-Control replaces Cuddliness


Important in social interactions, meal-time, having friends, toilet training
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?

Parents and the Family Context


Styles of Parenting
(modified from Maccoby & Martin, 1983)

Nurturance
Responsive, child-centered Rejecting, Parent-centered Authoritarian

Control

Demanding, High on control Undemanding, Low on control

Authoritative

Permissive

Uninvolved

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?

Birth Order
Sulloway (1996)
First-born children may identify most closely with parents As they grow, tend to be more conservative and to uphold society as it stands In one study:
83 scientist siblings (brothers, sisters, or brothers and sisters), Both on record regarding an innovative scientific theory First-borns supported innovation 50% of the time Later-borns supported innovation 85% of the time

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop?

The Gendered World


Sex and Gender
Sexual development diverges for the male and female fetus at 9 weeks Upon birth, most children can be identified as one or the other sex Social understandings of gender also come into play

Children were studied in 90 nations on an International Survey.


Example; One of these people is emotional. They cry when something good happens as well as when everything goes wrong. Which is the emotional person? The pointed to male or female figure Children indicate women more than men in response to the question by 5-years

By Five Years of Age


Children play in same sex groups (through to adolescence) Children take care to choose toys and television shows preferred by other members of their sex

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?

Self Concept
The child increasing focuses on life tasks
Doing well in school
If industry fails, individual may feel inferior

Making friends
If relationships fail, child may be victimized

Begins thinking about adult relationships and occupations

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?

From Temperament to the Big Five Traits


Dimensions of Temperament Surgency Neg. Affect Sensitivity Paying attention The Big Five Traits

Extrav.
.59 -.16 .19 .09

Neurot.
-.08 .49 .19 -.34

Open
.40 -.17 .54 .21

Consc.
.10 -.16 .15 .44

Agree.
.30 .03 .20 -.04

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood?

Friendship Patterns
Children rely very much on their friendships
Some children are far more socially skilled and have more successful relationships Other children gradually become isolated

This can be teased out in the entry situation, in which children are asked to join a dyad of children already at play. What will they do?
Skilled children take on roles relevant to the dyad: Oh, you are superman and batman? Ill be spiderman Unskilled children speak in unrelated terms: Oh, okay, my mom is taking me to a restaurant today.
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Sex and Gender


Adolescence begins with the sexual maturation of puberty
For girls,
vagina, uterus, and ovaries mature menarche, the first menstrual cycle, occurs Assume a more rounded appearance; breasts mature

For boys,
testes and penis mature Shoulders broaden Facial hair grows; Childhood fat tissue change to muscle
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Sex and Gender


With rapid physical maturation:
The child now looks much different Often feels all eyes are on her or him Reconcile inner and outer self A new sense of identity emerges

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Sex and Gender


Adolescent Women, Men, and Sexual Desire
Men
Peer groups Often encourage sexual experimentation; often positive attitudes toward casual sex

Women
Often concerned with image among friends; often try to restrain one anothers sexual activity

Desired Sexual Partners

Average men desire 18 Average women desire 4 to 5 or more sexual partners sexual partners over their over their lives lives Struggle with thoughts, but not as badly as men

Thoughts Struggle with thoughts, of sex often distracted, disturbed.


Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Sex and Gender


Adolescent Women, Men, and Personality Traits Men
Aggression

Women

Are higher than women Are lower than men in self-rated in self-rated aggression aggression and lower in and aggressive aggressive behavior behavior Are Thing oriented: cars, electronics, houses Rates of depression are similar to women before puberty
Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

Thing versus Person Depression

Are People oriented: relationships, connections Rates of depression rise relative to men after puberty

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Establishing Identity
Identity
Who one is Group memberships Beliefs that guide life

Identity Crisis (Erik H. Erikson)


Inability to assemble an identity Drifting Possible serious psychological crisis

Concept further developed by Marcia


Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Marcias Concept of Identity Status


Commitment
Low High Achievement: Finding a right Identity Foreclosure: Influenced by someone else

SelfExploration

High

Moratorium: Prolonged exploration Diffusion: Unfocussed, Unconcerned

Low

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Case of Identity Diffusion


Kathy moved from her home in Ohio to the University of Chicago (Littwin, 1986, p. 49, 61-62). Unfortunately during her first years there, her financial aid was cut off. To make ends meet, she took three jobs: a research assistant to a professor, a departmental assistant in the philosophy department, and a cashier in a near by health food restaurant. It was the latter of the three jobs she enjoyed the most as it enabled her to deal with people in an off-campus environment. As time went on, she became focused on matters other than school and dropped out in her fifth year without a degree She felt tired and depressed concerning her experiences, and decided to move to New York. By coincidence, the professor she worked with at the University of Chicago was starting a business in New York, and he hired her to assist with the organizations computers. (cont.)
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Case of Identity Diffusion (Cont.)


She did well at this, despite a lack of training, and began to earn a respectable salary. At the same time, she didnt like the values of the Wall Street firm, or what she was doing, so, after a supervisor commented negatively on her informal dress, she quit, and collected unemployment for five months. By now, Kathy was 25 years old, she appeared drawn, uncertainly, toward a number of different possible futures, including finishing school and entering a Ph.D. program in history, doing New Age dance therapy, writing, public policy research, and yet, was uncertain about doing any of them. Kathy seemed less involved in exploring than in a somewhat chaotic maneuvering among a variety of uncertain possibilities.

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

Establishing Identity
Outcomes
Little is known, really Josselson (1996)
Among 30 women, those with identity achievement
Were able to move ahead in 30s and 40s in a clearer fashion Better sense of meaning Better coping with setbacks

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

PART 4: PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 11: PERSONALITY DEV

What Are Adolescents Doing?

~end of Chapter 11~

Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon

Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach

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