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Getting Started
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Getting Started
Topics
What Is Personality Development? Do Infants Have Personality? How Does the Young Childs Personality Develop? What Are the Challenges of Middle Childhood? What Are Adolescents Doing?
Copyright 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Stage Theories
Erik H. Eriksons Stage Theory of Development Development is psychosocial: The person develops along paths expected by society
Early development is in the home. Development as a youth must meet the expectations of schools and community groups Later development in community, at work, with newly formed family
Stage Theories
Stages 1-3 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Personal Social Family Family TrustBasic Mistrust Infant explores securely or feels Infancy insecure and unsafe AutonomyShame and Doubt Ages 2-3 InitiativeGuilt 5-7 years Toddler begins to control things around him/her, toilet training, feeding, etc. Develop plans and goals within the and outside the family; integrated within right and wrong
Family
Stage Theories
Stages 4 and 5 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: IndustryInferiority Middle School Age Personal Becoming competent vs. feeling inertia Social Grade School
Choosing school; friends; majors; Senior Year vs. unable to choose High School College
Stage Theories
Stages 6 through 8 of Eriksons Eight Stages
Stage and Age: Intimacy vs. Isolation Young Adulthod Generativity vs. Stagnation Adulthood Personal Forming intimate relationships versus existing alone and in isolation Creation of a new family; contributing to society vs. repeating life on a day-to-day basis with little growth and giving Positive sense of self as giving, productive vs. inability to accept his or her life Social Occupations; organizations Occupation; family
Infant Temperament
Easy Child
Rhythmic in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion Positive approach to others Low or mild intensity of reactions Positive mood Irregular in hunger, sleep-wake, excretion Withdrawal from others High intensity of reactions Negative mood
Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Difficult Child
Attachment Patterns
Secure Attachment
Mother accurate and sympathetic about infant feeling Infants enjoy mother; tolerate her absence Mother is comforting, dependable figure
Anxious-Avoidant Attachment
Mothers seem uninterested in their infants, and rebuff them consistently Infant does not seek out caretaker Deny importance of contact
Self Concept
2 - 5 years Infantile amnesia lifts
Children have no cognitive organization of memories before about 3 years of age Now, sustained memories are laid down that form the basis of the persons life story
3, 4, & 5 year-olds were ushered from a daycare center when a popcorn maker caught fire (Pillemer, Picariello & Pruett (1995).
7 years later, 4 & 5-year-olds clearly remembered the event 3 years old mistakenly recalled where they were
Changes in Temperament
In Infancy, a Big Three of temperament are:
Positivity Negativity, and Cuddliness
Nurturance
Responsive, child-centered Rejecting, Parent-centered Authoritarian
Control
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved
Birth Order
Sulloway (1996)
First-born children may identify most closely with parents As they grow, tend to be more conservative and to uphold society as it stands In one study:
83 scientist siblings (brothers, sisters, or brothers and sisters), Both on record regarding an innovative scientific theory First-borns supported innovation 50% of the time Later-borns supported innovation 85% of the time
Self Concept
The child increasing focuses on life tasks
Doing well in school
If industry fails, individual may feel inferior
Making friends
If relationships fail, child may be victimized
Extrav.
.59 -.16 .19 .09
Neurot.
-.08 .49 .19 -.34
Open
.40 -.17 .54 .21
Consc.
.10 -.16 .15 .44
Agree.
.30 .03 .20 -.04
Friendship Patterns
Children rely very much on their friendships
Some children are far more socially skilled and have more successful relationships Other children gradually become isolated
This can be teased out in the entry situation, in which children are asked to join a dyad of children already at play. What will they do?
Skilled children take on roles relevant to the dyad: Oh, you are superman and batman? Ill be spiderman Unskilled children speak in unrelated terms: Oh, okay, my mom is taking me to a restaurant today.
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
For boys,
testes and penis mature Shoulders broaden Facial hair grows; Childhood fat tissue change to muscle
Copyright 2006 Allyn & Bacon Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Women
Often concerned with image among friends; often try to restrain one anothers sexual activity
Average men desire 18 Average women desire 4 to 5 or more sexual partners sexual partners over their over their lives lives Struggle with thoughts, but not as badly as men
Women
Are higher than women Are lower than men in self-rated in self-rated aggression aggression and lower in and aggressive aggressive behavior behavior Are Thing oriented: cars, electronics, houses Rates of depression are similar to women before puberty
Mayers Personality: A Systems Approach
Are People oriented: relationships, connections Rates of depression rise relative to men after puberty
Establishing Identity
Identity
Who one is Group memberships Beliefs that guide life
SelfExploration
High
Low
Establishing Identity
Outcomes
Little is known, really Josselson (1996)
Among 30 women, those with identity achievement
Were able to move ahead in 30s and 40s in a clearer fashion Better sense of meaning Better coping with setbacks