Dr.

Cristina Laureta

SPEECH
medium of oral communication that employs

a linguistic code (language);

through which one can express thoughts,

feelings, & understand those of others who employ the same code communication through verbal symbols motor act of verbal expression

COMMUNICATION
process of exchange of meanings between

individuals through a system of symbols

any means by which an individual relates

experiences, ideas, knowledge, & feelings to another

includes :

(a) speech (simplest) (b) writing (c) gestures (d) sign language

VOICE
sound produced by the vibration of the vocal

folds & modified by resonators

CEREBRATION
ultimate center of all neural activity &

controlling system of articulation.

neurologic network functions synergistically

to mediate all aspects of oral communication.

any problems with interconnections, timing of

motor impulses, or sensory feedback to brain can be detrimental to articulation / speech.

Neurologic Systems for Articulation

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

CNS - main PNS - main

Autonomic nervous system ANS - assistance

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

brain & spinal cord control voluntary & involuntary overlapping

movements of the articulators

BRAIN cortex - billions of highly specialized ceils & many pathways which interconnects the 2 hemispheres

of the brain & traverse deeper structures (brain stem & cerebellum)
excitation of nerve cells provides innervation to

articulators necessary for speech production

3 oral communication centers :

anterior; posterior: supplemental

1)POSTERIOR comm. center - receives & interprets oral communication lesion - causes problems in auditory processing or in WERNICKEs APHASIA 2)ANTERIOR comm. center - formulates & programs motor speech movements & expressive language lesion - results in VERBAL DYSPRAXIA, or in BROCKAs APHASIA 3)SUPPLEMENTAL comm. center - assists ANT. comm. center in carrying out it's expressive, motoric speech &
language functions

Arcuate Fasciculus - connects ANT. & POST.

comm. centers
Arcuate fasciculus tracking is displayed in dark blue

Left - controls speech Right - controls reasoning & abstract thinking

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

brain cannot perform articulatory functions w/o help from

PNS, specifically cranial nerves (CN's V, VII, VIII. IX, X, XI, XII) (corticobulbar) & (2) spinal cord (corticospinal) require connection w/ CN's to move articulators
lesion in upper part of pathway results in muscle

2 pathways descending from cortex to (1) brainstem

SPASTICITY (uncontrollable contraction) FLACCIDITY (lack of tone)

lesion in lower part of pathway results In muscle

both types of involvement can be symptomatic of motor

speech disorders known as DYSARTHRIA (problem in articulation - muscles either too weak or epileptic)

CRANIAL NERVES (CN's) ASSOCIATED WITH SPEECH /ARTICULATION

1. CN V TRIGEMINAL (s-m) largest & most important branch to speech.
sensory to deep structures of face, mouth, mandible;

superficial sensation to mucosa of ant. 2/3 of tongue, cheeks, hard palate, lip. suprahyoid muscles (digastric & mylohyoid).

motor to muscles of chewing , soft palate (levator), &

lesion :

1) may affect articulation due to impaired tactile sensation of ant. 2/3 of tongue & paralysis of muscles of mastication that control jaw movements. 2)resonance may be impaired because of soft palate involvement. 3)hearing may be impaired by paralysis of tensor tympani.

2. CN VII FACIAL (s-m) motor to stapedius muscle (middle ear), superficial muscles of face & scalp Sensory:

a) taste for ant. 2/3 of tongue ; parotid gland; soft palate b) deep pressure & position sense to facial muscles (proprioception) 1) paralysis of muscles of facial expression (Bell's Palsy) 2)pain behind or in ear 3)hearing loss 4)loss of taste 5)unilateral twitching of facial muscles 6)drooling 7)grimaces 8)loss of lacrimation during eating facial expression)

lesion:

pathology of nerve also affects verbal aspects of speech (i.e.

3. CM VIII ACOUSTIC (s) concerned w/ hearing & balance 2 parts :

COCHLEAR part - supplies auditory mechanism in inner ear VESTIBULAR part - supplies balance mechanism in inner ear 1) auditory acuity deafness 2) word deafness 3) auditory hallucinations 4) tinnitus (ringing in ears) 5) vertigo (dizziness) 6) nystagmus (rapid, involuntary movements of eyeballs)

Lesion:

nerve impairment may seriously affect speech

development & maintenance

4. CN IX GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (s-m) sensory to pharynx, soft palate, posterior 1/3 of tongue, uvula, pillars of fauces, tonsils, eustachian tube, & tympanic cavity. motor to pharyngeal & stylopharyngeus muscles lesion :
1) loss of gag reflex 2)loss of sensation to pharynx, tonsils, fauces, back of tongue 3)loss of constriction of post. pharyngeal wail movement 4)increased salivation 5)deviation of uvula 6)dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) 7)effect on speech - hypernasality & nasal air flow

associated w/ inadequate velopharyngeal closure related to defective sensory & motor functioning of the

5. CN X VAGUS (s-m) sensory to external auditory ear canal & to various structures of pharynx & larynx motor to pharynx., larynx, & base of the tongue lesion :
1) loss of voice 2) impaired voice 3) changes in vocal cord position 4) dysphagia 5) loss of gag reflex 6) pain 7) abnormal spontaneous sensation (paresthesia) in pharynx, larynx, ext. auditory ear canal 8) lack of sensitivity of lower pharynx & larynx 9) speech effects, mainly in voice production, voice quality, but can mildly affect articulation

6. CN XI SPINAL ACCESSORY (m) motor to intrinsic muscles of upper larynx, pharynx, uvula, neck muscles (trapezius & sternocleidomastoid) assists CN's IX & X Lesion: 1) may affect phonation, resonation, rotating the head, shrugging the shoulders, raising the chin. 2) effect on phonation - result of intrinsic muscles of larynx unable to make fine adjustments. 3) effect on resonance - lack of pharyngeal constriction.

7. CN XII HYPOGLOSSAL (s-m) provides for proprioceptive & kinesthetic feedback from the tongue motor to intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongue most Important nerve to articulation lesson:
1) unilateral/bilateral paralysis or paresis of the tongue. 2) unilateral upper motor neuronal Involvement (Spastic paralysis). 3) unilateral lower motor neuronal Involvement (Flaccid paralysis), sensory disturbances; arrhythmic tongue movement, & dysarthria.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

division of PNS ; supplies smooth muscles, viscera,

glands divisions :

sympathetic - prepares body for impending danger &

more localized reactions (fight or flight). parasympathetic - helps to maintain constant Internal body environment (vegetative reflex).

motor system which functions subconsciously, below

the level of the cortex. Lesion:

1) problems of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach,

Intestine, gall bladder, skin, salivary glands, & spleen. rhythm, inflection, loudness, pitch, stress, duration, juncture, tempo, voice quality.

2) effects on speech - suprasegmental features : rate,

OTHER BODILY SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN SPEECH PRODUCTION

Skeletal Articular Muscular Vascular Nervous Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Integurnentary

provide structures of speech mechanism provide functional aspects of speech mechanism

anatomy & physiology for speech production

assist in emotional, prosodic, pragmatic, & other non-verbal aspects of speech

in speech science, bodily systems condensed into 5

systemic processes involved in oral communication : 1. cerebration 2.respiration 3.phonation 4. resonation 5. articulation

The End