WORLD OF ELECTRONICS MEDIA (TECHNICAL)

INTERNSHIP REPORT..

TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT CLASSIFICATION

CENTRAL APPARTUS ROOM

EDITORIAL
All the writing ,audio, video are all sequenced by the these section for example : the ticker(running text at bottom and top) are first written by them and then processed to the MCR to fire it in AIR. Many more function are being processed through editoral section and then it transfored to other section There is a software called octopus which spread command to various section according to its work in PCR and MCR by these section

PROGRAM CONTROL ROOM (PCR)

STUDIO ANCHOR PANEL PRODUCER (PP)

VIDEO MIXER(VM)

AUDIO MIXER (AM)

CHARATER GENERATOR (CG)

PANEL PRODUCER(PP)
Panel producer is one who gives command to anchor giving shot in studio + video mixer+ audio mixer+ character generator. The final output of whole is send to AIR. Which we see in television.. PP is the key or important person in PCR because we has to cordinate not only the above section but also in breaks are to be taken PP use to give count down to MCR who skip PCR for a period of time and take command to himshelf..and again give back to PCR. PP is in touch with every single person of whole technical unit for giving or listioning any message for cordination

AUDIO MIXER(AM)
These section comes under PCR where the audio mixing is done . * The audio is generally analog so its speed is fast as compared to digital so delay is done for syncro standard is 120 db There are bsically 40 inputs in the mixer for various function . *Two studio sound control can be manage by these extreme left side is use for these ST1(CH1,CH2) AND ST2(CH1,CH2) *for phone live talk 4 or 6lines are given to connect it with anchor Ch1 is basically used for ambience (the sound coming from back or crowd while talking)

VSAT

A very-small-aperture terminal (VSAT), is a two-way satellite ground station or a stabilized maritime Vsat antenna with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m. Data rates typically range from 56 kbps up to 4 Mbps. VSATs access satellite(s) in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh topology) or master earth station "hubs" (in star topology). VSATs are most commonly used to transmit narrowband data (point of sale transactions such as credit card, polling or RFID data; or SCADA), or broadband data (for the provision of satellite Internet access to remote locations, VoIP or video). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-move (utilising phased array antennas) or mobile maritime communications

CONFIGURATIONS :

Most VSAT networks are configured in one of these topologies: A star topology, using a central uplink site, such as a network operations center (NOC), to transport data back and forth to each VSAT terminal via satellite, A mesh topology, where each VSAT terminal relays data via satellite to another terminal by acting as a hub, minimizing the need for a centralized uplink site, A combination of both star and mesh topologies. Some VSAT networks are configured by having several centralized uplink sites (and VSAT terminals stemming from it) connected in a multi-star topology with each star (and each terminal in each star) connected to each other in a mesh topology. Others configured in only a single star topology sometimes will have each terminal connected to each other as well, resulting in each terminal acting as a central hub. These configurations are utilized to minimize the overall cost of the network, and to alleviate the amount of data that has to be relayed through a central uplink site (or sites) of a star or multistar network

Constituent parts of a VSAT configuration

Antenna Block upconverter (BUC) Low-noise block downconverter (LNB) Orthomode transducer (OMT) Interfacility link cable (IFL) Indoor unit (IDU)

ANTENNA

An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as garage door openers, wireless microphones, bluetooth enabled devices, wireless computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on merchandise

BUC: block upconverter

A block upconverter (BUC) is used in the transmission (uplink) of satellite signals. It converts a band (or "block") of frequencies from a lower frequency to a higher frequency. Modern BUCs convert from the L band to Ku band, C band and Ka band. Older BUCs convert from a 70 MHz intermediate frequency (IF) to Ku band or C band. Most BUCs use phase-locked loop local oscillators and require an external 10 MHz frequency reference to maintain the correct transmit frequency. BUCs used in remote locations are often 2 or 4 W in the Ku band and 5 W in the C band. The 10 MHz reference frequency is usually sent on the same feedline as the main carrier. Many smaller BUCs also get their direct current (DC) over the feedline, using an internal DC block. BUCs are generally used in conjunction with low-noise block converters (LNB). The BUC, being an up-converting device, makes up the "transmit" side of the system, while the LNB is the downconverting device and makes up the "receive" side. An example of a system utilizing both a BUC and an LNB is a VSAT system, used for bidirectional Internet access via satellite. The block upconverter is assembled with the LNB in association with an OMT, orthogonal mode transducer to the feed-horn that faces the reflector parabolic dish.

LNB: low noise blockconverter

Ku-band LNB with both sides uncovered. A low-noise block downconverter (or LNB) is the receiving device of a parabolic satellite dish antenna of the type commonly used for satellite TV reception. The device is sometimes wrongly called an LNA (Lownoise amplifier), LNC (for low-noise converter) or even LND (for lownoise downconverter) but as block-downconversion is the principal function of the device, LNB is the preferred term, although this acronym is often incorrectly expanded to the incomplete descriptions, low-noise block or low-noise block converter.[1][2] [3] [4] The LNB is a combination of Low-noise amplifer, block downconverter and IF amplifier. It takes the received microwave transmission, amplifies it, downconverts the block of frequencies down to a lower block of intermediate frequencies where the signal can be fed to the indoor satellite TV receiver using relatively cheap cable. The signal from the dish is picked up by a feedhorn and is fed to a section of waveguide. In this waveguide a metal pin, or probe, protrudes into the waveguide at right angles to the axis and this acts as an aerial, and feeds the signal to a printed circuit board in the LNB. LNBF disassembled (All Parts) The LNB is usually fixed on the satellite dish framework, at the focus of the reflector, and it derives its power from the connected receiver. This phantom power is sent "up" the same cable that carries the received signals "down" to the receiver. The corresponding component in the transmit link uplink to a satellite is called a Block upconverter (BUC).

OMT: orthomode transducer

An orthomode transducer is a microwave duct component of the class of microwave circulators. It is commonly referred to as an OMT, and commonly referred as a polarisation duplexer. Such adevice may be part of a VSAT antenna feed. Orthomode transducers serve either to combine or to separate two microwave signal paths. One of the paths forms the uplink, which is transmitted over the same waveguide as the received signal path, or downlink path. For VSAT modems the transmission and reception paths are at 90 to each other, or in other words, the signals are orthogonally polarised with respect to each other. This orthogonal shift between the two signal paths provides approximately an isolation of 40dB in the Ku band and Ka band radio frequency bands. Hence this device serves in an essential role as the junction element of the outdoor, unit (ODU) of a VSAT modem. It protects the receiver frontend element (the low-noise block converter, LNB) from burn-out by the power of the output signal generated by the block up converter (BUC). The BUC is also connected to the feed horn through a wave guide port of the OMT junction device. Orthomode transducers are used in dual-polarised Very small aperture terminals (VSATs), in sparsely populated areas, radar antennas, radiometers, and communications links. They are usually connected to the antenna's down converter or LNB and to the High Power Amplifier (HPA) attached to a transmitting antenna.

Microwave & bands

A microwave telecommunications tower on Wrights Hill in Wellington, New Zealand Microwaves are radio waves with wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz.[1] This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various sources use different boundaries.[2] In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often putting the lower boundary at 1 GHz (30 cm), and the upper around 100 GHz (3 mm).

Microwave frequency bands Letter Designation Frequency

L band 1 to 2 GHz
S band 2 to 4 GHz C band 4 to 8 GHz X band 8 to 12 GHz Ku band 12 to 18 GHz K band 18 to 26.5 GHz Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz Q band 33 to 50 GHz U band 40 to 60 GHz V band 50 to 75 GHz E band 60 to 90 GHz W band 75 to 110 GHz F band 90 to 140 GHz D band 110 to 170 GHz