Petroleum Conservation Research Association

WELCOMES
P.Balachandran Joint Director PCRA-SR-Chennai

Energy Scenario and

Conservation Techniques
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VISION THOUGHTS
The energy scene in the 21st century is going to see a major shift. Very soon, oil and gas will see its finiteness. It is high time that we realize this factor and work towards the fuel of the future.
- Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam, Former President of India, Address at Energy Technology Conclave Technology for Sustainability

Conservation of Energy

P.E K.E. P.E. K.E. Is energy lost?

No! Energy is converted!

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be neither created nor

destroyed. The total energy in a closed system is always the same. The energy may be in different forms, but the amount will be equal.

ENERGY FOOTPRINTS
Solar Energy was Used For Drying And Heating. The Discovery Of Fire Led To The Possibility Of Burning Wood For Cooking And Heating Thereby Using Energy. For Several Thousand Years Energy Demands Were Met by Renewable

Energy Sourcessun, Biomass (Wood, Leaves, Twigs), Hydel (Water) And Wind Power.
As Early As 40003500 Bc, Sailing Ships And Windmills Were Developed

Harnessing Wind Energy.

With The Use Of Hydropower Through Water Mills Or Irrigation Systems, Things Began To Move Faster. Fuelwood And Dung Cakes Are A Major Source Of Energy In Rural India.

ENERGY FOOTPRINTS

With the advent of the industrial revolution,

the use of energy in the form of fossil fuels began growing as more and more industries were set up.
This occurred in stages, from the exploitation

of coal deposits to the exploitation of oil and natural gas fields.

It has been only half a century since nuclear

power began

Effect of using Non Renewable Energy

The consumption of non-renewable sources of energy had caused more environmental damage than any other human activity. Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This has in turn led to problems such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution is also a grave problem.

Energy

Energy Sources
Limited 1. 2. 3. Coal Oil Gas

Renewable
1. 2. 3. 4. Solar Wind Hydroelectricity Biomass etc.

LOSS OF ONE DROP OF OIL EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR
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Energy

Primary Energy
Extracted from Natural resources

Secondary Energy Generated From primary energy Like Steam and Electricity Non Renewable Crude Oil, Coal, NG ( Last for few decades only)

Renewable (Inexhaustible) 1. Solar 2. Wind 3. Hydroelectricity 4. Biomass etc (No Harmful Pollutants
environmental Friendly Fuels)

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Fossil EnergyLife As per the Availability and the Production rate Crude oil will last for 42 years Natural Gas will Last for 60 years Coal will last for 122 years

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Reserves Status
World Proven Reserves of Crude Oil : 1408.7 Thousand Million Barrels Indias Proven Reserves of Crude Oil:
800

5.8 Thousand Million Barrels

754.1

Thousand Million Barrel

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Asia Pacific North America S & Cent America Africa Europe & Eurasia Middle East

42

70.9

123.2

125.6

142.2

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Crude oil Reserves/Production Status

World Proven R/P of Crude Oil : 42 yrs Indias Proven R/P of Crude Oil: 20.7yrs
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Asia Pacific North America S & Cent America Africa Europe & Eurasia Middle East

78.6

R/P Ratio

50.3 33.4 22.1 14.5 14.8

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Primary Energy Consumption

India: At 524 MMTOE, 4th largest consumer of primary energy One of the largest growing market for energy
2432 2299

3.84% of total

685

524

507

330

311

258

in a Ch

US

ssi Ru

ia In d

Jap

an

a ad an C

Country-wise primary energy consumption MMTOE

14

y an rm Ge

ce ran F

228
Bra zil

UK

212

Primary Energy Consumption per GDP

Japanese primary energy consumption per GDP is the lowest in the world due to various energy conservation measures taken for the respective sectors. Primary Energy Consumption per GDP

Japan

EU

US

Korea

Canada Thailand Middle East China India

Indonesia Russia

Primary energy consumption (tons in oil equivalent)/GDP (thousand US$) indicated in the ratio when the Japanese figure is set at 1.
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Indias Energy Basket

Primary Energy

World Energy Consumption: 11,299 MTOE

Crude Oil 36% NG 23%

India Energy Consumption: 524 MTOE

Hydro 6%

Coal 29% Nuclear 5%

Coal 53%

Crude Oil 31%

Hydro 6% Nuclear 1%

NG 9%

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Oil Consumption
World oil consumption 3,928 MMT
India 4th largest consumer of oil : 135 MMT(3.4% of total) Indias Oil consumption increased at 4% (decade after 1998) against the world of 1.4 %.

885

376

222

135

130

118

US

in a Ch

n pa Ja

ia In d

si a us R

y an rm Ge

o re .k

Country-wise oil consumption MMTOE

103

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Energy outlook For India, sourcing challenge.. of Energy remains a

with 16% of Global Population;

0.5% of worlds Petroleum Reserve;

10% of worlds coal reserves;

8-10% GDP growth target;

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Indigenous crude

Domestic Crude Oil Production Trend

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
30.618 33.021 35.349 32.426 32.19

33.506

MMT

10.507 6.822 3.473 0.448 8.448

1960-61

1970-71

1980-81

1985-86

1995-96

2005-06

1965-66

1975-76

1990-91

2000-01

Source: Planning Commission & TERI Data Book

2008-09
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Indigenous NG
Domestic Natural Gas Production Trend
35
29.477 32.202 32.849

30 25
22.642

BCM

20 15 10 5 0 197071 197576 198081 198586 199091 199596 200001 200506 200809

1.4 2.4 2.4 8.1 10.64

Source: Planning Commission & TERI Data Book

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Energy Efficiency: The Fifth fuel

Energy efficiency is generally the cleanest, least expensive, most quickly deployable, least understood, and most neglected way to manage energy. Reducing energy intensity is the fastest growing source of energy

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Comprises of environment friendly industrial programmes, giving competitive advantage to enterprises, through: Savings in energy consumption, Substitution of materials with no loss of quality or performance, but less specific energy consumption Avoidance of waste or emissions leading to less handling of materials. And Optimisation of operating plant processes leading to lower costs and higher productivity

WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY?

Country facing power shortages

Peak Shortage 13% Average Shortage 8% Additional power required by 2012, 1 lakh MW Approximately 8,00,000 crores investment Indias energy Intensity is higher by 3.7 times of Japan, 1.48 times of Asia & 1.5 times of USA Higher wastage of energy. Very high energy saving potential.

Why energy efficiency? II

India is also highly dependent on imported oil to

meet the energy demand, which raises the question of energy security of the nation. Immense potential exists in this aspect of energy efficiency, particularly in the use of pumps, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting areas

SAVE ENERGY!!
ENERGY RESOURCES ARE LIMITED ENERGY DEMAND KEEP INCREASING

ENERGY PRICES ARE GOING UP

DUE TO GLOBAL COMPETITION WITH FALLING PRICES, THE INDUSTRY COMPELLED TO CUT COSTS REDUCES GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVESTMENTS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION PROVIDE MOST ATTACTIVE RETURNS IMPROVES OVERALL BUSINESS PROFITABILITY

EMERGENCE OF PCRA
1973 STUDY TEAM STUDY RESULTS : OIL CRISIS WORLD OVER : ENGINEERS FROM IOC, NPC, DGTD ESTIMATED HUGE OIL CONSERVATION POTENTIAL IN INDUSTRIES & STUs : CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF 20 - 30%

6th JAN 76 : PETROLEUM CONSERVATION ACTION GROUP (PCAG) FORMED 10th AUG78 : PCAG RECONSTITUTED AS PETROLEUM CONSERVATION RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (PCRA) AND REGISTERED AS A SOCIETY UNDER MOP&NG
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LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR

SECTROAL APPROACH
TO SOLAR/WIND
OIL TO GAS INDUSTRY

COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

PCRA
>TO CNG/H2 >GAS

TRANSPORT

DOMESTIC

PCRA An integrated Energy Solution Provider

LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR

PCRA ACTIVITIES
ENERGY AUDIT OF INSTALLATIONS DRIVER TRAINING PROGRAM TRANSPORT WORKSHOPS FUEL OIL DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES INSTITUTIONAL/INDUSTRY TRG PROGRAM SEMINAR/TECH MEET/CONSUMER MEET YOUTH/DOMESTIC PROGRAMS

BEE (Website: http://www.bee-india.nic.in)

The Government of India set up Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)) on 1st March 2002 under the provisions of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001. A)to assist in developing policies and strategies -the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 B)objective of reducing energy intensity C)This active participation of all stakeholders, D) sustained adoption of energy efficiency in all sectors.
LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR

With the enactment of the Indian Energy Conservation Act, 2001,

an institutional framework is now available for promoting energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy Efficient use of energy and its conservation leaders and captains of industry are taking lead in implementing the best practices supporting the conservation programme
LOSS OF EVEN ONE DROP EVERY SECOND CAN COST OVER 2000 LITERS A YEAR

What is Energy Audit ?

Energy Audit involves
Systematic Acquisition Analysis of Energy Data Implementing Energy Conservation Measures

Need for Energy Audit:

Energy Crisis that the world face. Depletion of Conventional Fuels Minimize Energy Consumption Maximize productivity Achieve Energy efficiency

TYPES OF ENERGY AUDIT

Walk-Through Audit
Utility Cost Analysis Standard Energy Audit Detailed Energy Audit

Walk-Through Audit
Short onsite visits for inspection.
Inexpensive and simple actions. Immediate energy savings considered.

Operating & Maintenance procedure.

E.g. Repairing broken windows E.g. Boiler A\F ratios Adjustment. E.g. Lowering Cooling Preset Temp

Utility Cost Analysis

Establish Relation between cost & Utility. Analyze Operating cost of the Utility. Obtain data from:
Energy Bills Peak Demands. Weather effects identified

Steps Include:
Verify Energy Bills & Ensure no mistakes made Determine dominant charges Peak demand shaving measures Will Alternative cost effective fuels help

Standard Energy Audit

Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Systems
Development of Baseline
Identification of Energy Uses Evaluation of Energy Savings Cost Effectiveness of Selected ECM.

Various Mathematical Tools are used

Degree day methods Linear regression Methods Simple Pay Back Analysis

Detailed Energy Audit

Most Comprehensive & Time Consuming
Use of hand held \ stationary instruments Sophisticated Computer Simulations

For:
Evaluating Energy use. Identifying Potential savings. Recommending Energy Retrofits Cost Effectiveness of Energy Retrofits

Energy Auditing Instruments.

Electrical Instruments
Measures Electrical Parameters like kva, kW, PF, Amps and Volts. Instant measurements can be taken. Hand held devices.

Combustion Analyzer.
Has Built in Chemical Cells Measures gases like O2,CO,Nox,Sox.

 Fuel Efficiency Monitor.

Amount of O2 in exhaust Measures temperature of flue gases Calorific value of fuel fed Combustion Efficiency Obtained

Contact Thermometer
These are Thermocouples Temp: of flue gases, hot water taken. Just insert the probe into the stream

I.R. Thermometer
Non Contact Type Directed to heat source. Direct Temperature Read outs. Eg: For finding hot spots in boilers.

Speed Measuring Instruments

Tachometer
Contact Type ones Direct Access Necessary.

Stroboscope
Sophisticated. Direct Access Not Necessary. Safer Ones.

Electrical Instruments
Measures Electrical Parameters like kva, kW, PF, Amps and Volts. Instant measurements can be taken. Hand held devices.

Combustion Analyzer.
Has Built in Chemical Cells Measures gases like O2,CO,Nox,Sox.

Leak Detectors
Ultrasonic Instruments Detects leaks In compressor Leaks beyond human abilities

Lux Meters
Measures Illumination Levels Contains a Photocells. Converts light to Electric Signal Calibrated as Lux.

ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT,2001

LIST OF ENERGY INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES(schedule)
1. Aluminium 2. Fertilisers 3. Cement 4. Pulp & Paper 5. Iron & Steel 6. Chlor Alkali 7. Sugar 8. Textile 9. Chemicals 10.Railways

11. Port Trust 12. Transport Sector(Industries and Services) 13. Petrochemical, Gas Crackers and Naptha Crackers & Petroleum Refineries 14. Thermal Power Stations, Electricity transmission and distribution companies and commercial buildings or establishments specified as designated consumer 15. Commercial Buildings of establishments

ENERGY LABEL,FROST FREE REFRIGERATOR

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Concepts for Future

Enjoy the interest on the principal

of natures bounty. Do not treat it as booty. Mankind should not be the worst NPA amongst the life forms.
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THANK YOU.