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SUPERVISOR DR. SANJEEV KUMAR VERMA CHAIRMAN, DEPTT.OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTAL ANATOMY DR.Z.A.DENTAL COLLEGE,AMU,ALIGARH
Overview of seminar
Introduction to medical computing
Role of medical computing Introduction to statistics
in medicine ?
Emergence of a Discipline
After taking this course, you should know the answers to these questions:
Why
What are integrated information-management environments and how might we expect them to affect the practice of medicine and biomedical research in coming years?
What do we mean by the terms medical computer science, medical computing ,medical informatics, clinical informatics, nursing informatics, bioinformatics, and health informatics?
Why should health professionals and students of the
How has the development of mini-computers, microprocessors, and the Internet changed the nature of biomedical computing? How is medical informatics related to clinical practice , biomedical engineering, molecular biology, decision science, information science, and computer science?
Role of computing
Medical Decision making: Probabilistic medical
reasoning. Patient care systems. Patient monitoring systems. Computer aided surgery. Computer based patient record systems.
Imaging modalities.
Image management systems. Telemedicine. Bioinformatics.
Data sheets
Computer database
Analyses
Results
WHAT IS STATISTICS
Introduction
Statistics is a science that comprises data collection
methods,processing of data into useful information,and utilising this information in taking decisions with least error
Medical statistics-
Medicine is empirical science depending on observations Medical data are necessary for any medical decision,be it for diagnosis,for treatment planning or prognosis,is that some information is availaible for the patient
1)biological variability 2)environmental variability 3)sampling fluctuations 4)chance variability 5)instrument variability
pervade all aspects of medical practice, a separate science has developed,called biostatistics
It provides methods to measure uncertainities by
probabilities ,and helps to control the impact of uncertainities on medical practice by laying principles to choose decisions that judiciously combine the probabilities with judgements
Collect Data
Analyze Data Descriptive statistics Statistical Inference
delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right track.
Develop Study Design Research question Study sample Sample size Enrollment/Follow-up strategies On-going monitoring
sampling
Sample is that part of target population which is
1)Simple random 2)systematic random 3)stratified random 4)cluster random 5)multistage random
Existing data
Primary data are those which one elicits from
database on the web,medical literature,records of surveys and registrations done by the government
and experiments
Basically there are two types of studies to generate new
studied
Objective
descriptive
analytical
Method
surveys
observational
experimental
Time frame
Setting
animal trial
Frequency table
variables frequency
Mortality (%)
11.2-15.1 15.2-20.1 20.2-25.1 25.2-30.1
Tally
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 1, 1, 1
No. of ICU
9 8 5 3
30.2-35.1
1,
0
1 2 3 4 7 8
5
6 14 10 3 1 1
12.5
15 35 25 7.5 2.5 25
12.5
27.5 62.5 87.5 95 97.5 100
Cross tabulation
Two variables within a single group of individuals
Caries Yes Occlusal 21 (84%) (66) 2 or fewer children No 11 (73%)(34) 32(100) Totals
proximal Totals
8(100) 40
3) Charting discrete metric data 4) Charting continuous metric data 1)the histogram
Pie chart
4-5 categories One variable Start at 0 in the same order as the table
Pie chart: Hair color of children reciving d-phenothrin
red, 4, 4%
Histogram
Exercise 3-5, Histogram
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35 Percentage age distribution of pregnant women Thrombosis cases
Step chart
Exercise 3.8 Cumulative percetage o finfants 120 100 90 80 60 40 20 0 0 60 36.67 16.67 6.67 5 10 Cumulative percetage o finfants 100
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
75-84
> 85
Percentage cumulative frequency curves of age for male suicide attempters and later succeeders
evidence itself
Thus it is important that the data gathered for creating
evidence is correct
are availaible
information
scale
Quantitative data are on metric scale
unsatisfied.
Statisitcal analyses
Descriptive Statistics Describe the sample
Inference Make inferences about the population Primarily performed in two ways:
Prediction
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics are a way of summarizing the complexity of the data with a single number.
A. For one variable ("univariate analysis"): Measures of "CENTRAL TENDENCY") (averages) and of DISPERSION or variance around that average. Examples: Means, Modes, Medians, Standard Deviation, quartiles
B. Descriptive statistics for the strength of relationship between two variables (bivariate analysis) or among a set of variables
(multivariate analysis) are measures of ASSOCIATION or correlation.
Means
Measure of dispersion
Nominal & Ordinal (qualitative) Range Deviation Interval & Ratio(quantitative) Standard Quartiles
Measure of association
Nominal & Ordinal Interval & Ratio
Pearson's R
Measure of significance
Nominal & Ordinal Chi Squre ,t-test Interval & Ratio Anova (F-ratio)
Inferential statistics
Are measures of the SIGNIFICANCE of the relationship between two or more variables. Significance refers to the probability that the findings could be attributed to sampling error.
Appropriate statistics depend on the LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT OF THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE (and of the independent variable).
Parameters
Summary measures , as mean and standard deviation
because nobody has time and resources to study the entire population
invariably is,it becomes necessary to fall back on samples to get some tangible lead regarding the characteristic of population
Measures such as mean and SD when obtained for
for comparison of means in three or more groups (both the above test requires that the means follow a Gaussian distribution and hence are called parametric tests)
Nonparametric test
When sample size is very small and distribution is
in scientific endeavours provided the first is chosen with due precautions such as random selection and inclusion of sufficient number of individuals
sample alone are considered good estimates of the respective characteristics of target population
These are called point estimates
derived sample are fairly representative of population parameters,uncertainities arising out of sampling variation must be taken into account
Sampling variation is a reality that says that samples in
S.E. of mean calculates these uncertainities Point estimates have reliability only when SE is small
Confidance interval
When SE is large,an interval estimate should be
obtained
This is also called confidence interval This is the range that is very likely to contain the
parameter value
This likelihood is called confidence level Generally a 95% confidence level is used The 95% CI is obtained as statistic+_2 SE of that
statistic
Null hypothesis
It is the hypothesis that says that there is no
difference,or that asserts the existing knowledge or claim,and is tested for refutation by the study
For eg- newer drug B is not better than existing drug A
conducting a study
never accepted
Alternate hypothesis is the assertion that is accepted
terms of the results of a trial conducted on some patients,or observations regarding natural occurences in a group or many group of people
hypothesis if 1)study is unbiased 2)There are no confounders that can affect the findings 3)Sample size is sufficient to inspire confidence in results and sampling fluctuations are minimal
probability of type-I error is called the significance level It is denoted by and is fixed in advance,generally at 0.05 percent
P-value is calculated on basis of the data but is fixed
in advance
Role of statistics
Define problem question and research aims Review of litrature Develop a hypothesis Design experiments or other tests
Collect and record data Analyse and interprete data Revise or modify protocol Replication of results
Statistical software
There are many softwares to perform statistical
analysis and visualization of data. Some of them are SAS (System for Statistical Analysis),PASW S-plus, R, Matlab, Minitab16, BMDP, Stata, SPSS, StatXact, Statistica, LISREL, JMP, GLIM, HIL, MS Excel etc.
statistical softwares-
Minitab 16
Menu and tools arranged logically, matching textbooks
and training materials Project Manager organizes analysis ReportPad for generating reports Easily export output to PowerPoint and Word Clear, comprehensive Help system StatGuide explains output
Tool-specific tutorials
Glossary of statistical terms Methods and formulas used in calculations
THANK YOU