Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Chapter I.
Introduction
Statistical data, international associations EDANA, INDA

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Definition of nonwoven textile (ISO 9092 1988)

A manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibres, bonded by friction, and/or cohesion and/or adhesion, excluding paper (see note) and products which are woven, knitted, tufted, stitch-bonded incorporating binding yarns or filaments, or felted by wet-milling, whether or not additionally needled. The fibres may be of natural or man-made origin. They may be staple or continuous filaments or be formed in situ.
To distinguish wetlaid nonwovens from wetlaid papers, a material shall be regarded as a nonwoven if 1) more than 50% by mass of its fibrous content is made up of fibres (excluding chemically digested vegetable fibres) with a length to diameter ratio greater than 300; or, if the conditions in 1) do not apply, then 2) if the following conditions are fulfilled: more than 30% by mass of its fibrous content is made up of fibres (excluding chemically digested vegetable fibres) with a length to diameter ratio greater than 300 and its density is less than 0,40 g/cm3

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Mechanical technology within scheme of nonwovens

Scheme of nonwovens consists of the web formation and web bonding WEB FORMATION WET LAID random layed fibers DRY LAID

CARDING fibers layed in parallel, crosswise and perpendicularly

AIR LAID random layed fibers

SPUN LAID SPUNBOND MELTBLOWN ELECTROSPINNING mainly random layed fibers

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

WEB BONDING MECHANICAL NEEDLE PUNCH SPUN LACED (STITCH BONDED) (TUFTING) THERMAL CALENDERING THROUGH AIR BONDING SONIC BONDING CHEMICAL IMPREGNATING FOAM COATING SPRAYING PRINT BONDING

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Statistical data from Czech Republic

production of selected commodities in tons per year 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

cotton yarn flax yarn worsted wool yarn sem worsted wool i yarn nonwovens netkan textilie

(tones/year)

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Nonwoven production in Europe and in the world

P ro duc tio n o f N o nwo ve ns in E uro pe (s o urc e E D A N A ) Billions dollars, millions tons 1400 1200 1000 1000 Tons 800 600 400 200 0 1985 1990 1995 T ime (ye a rs ) 2000 2005 25 20 15 10 5 0 1994 2004 2009 9,1 2,2 4,5 6,4 16,4 B illions dollars M illions tons Worldwide Outlook for Nonwovens Production 23,3

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Production of nonwovens technologies in Europe

Production of Nonwovens by Web-Forming Process 0,6 0,5 Million tons 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Spunlaid Carded Airlaid Wetlaid Source: EDANA 2001 2002 2003

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

Production of nonwovens technologies in the world

Europe Production of Nonwovens Technology in the year 2003 (1,29 m illion tons)

Spunlaid 42%

Carded 41%

Wetlaid 8%

Airlaid 9%

W w e Prod ct orld id u ion of N w on oven Techn s olog y in th y r 2 0 (4 m e ea 0 4 ,5 illion t s) on

Spu laid n 41%

Carded 47% Wet laid 4% Airlaid 8%

Source: INDA

Applications of nonwoven fabrics

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

European association of nonwoven producers EDANA

EDANA is the international association serving the nonwovens and related industries, with around 190 member companies in 26 countries Activities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Promotion and education Technical services (test standards for nonwovens) Statistics and information Public affairs Meeting and platform activities

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

EDANA test methods I.

0.0-89 Definition 1.4-02 Vocabulary 10.4-02 Absorption 20.2-89 Tensile strength 30.5-99 Thickness 40.3-90 Mass per unit area 50.6-02 Bending length 60.2-99 Conditioning 70.4-99 Tear resistance 80.4-02 Burst 90.4-99 Drape 100.1-78 Brightness 110.1-78 Opacity 120.2-02 Repellency 130.2-89 Sampling 140.2-99 Air permeability definice slovnk absorbce kapaliny pevnost v tahu tlouka plon hmotnost ohybov dlka (tuhost v ohybu) klimatizovn odolnost v dalm trhn odolnost v protren tlakem splvavost odrazivost neprhlednost vodoodpudivost vzorkovn prodynost vzduchu

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

EDANA test methods II.

150.5-02 Liquid strike-through time protlaen kapaliny za as 151.3-02 Coverstock - wetback odolnost vi optnmu smoen 152.1-02 Run-off 153.0-02 Repeated Strike-Through time 154.0-02 Wetback after repeated strike- through time 170.1-02 Wet barrier - mason jar odolnost vi smoen 180.0-89 Bacterial filtration efficiency odluivost pro bakterie 190.1-02 Dry bacterial penetration prnik suchch bakteri 200.1-02 Wet bacterial penetration prnik mokrch bakteri 210.1-99 Free formadehyde - I uvolovn formaldehydu 211.1-99 Free formaldehyde - II (under stressed conditions) 212.0-96 Free formaldehyde - III (determination by HPLC) 213.0-99 Free formaldehyde - IV (in processing) 220.1-02 Linting - dry state pren za sucha 230.1-02 Demand absorbency savost 300.0-84 Surface linting (useful method)

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

INDA and EDANA test method for nonwovens I.

INDA is the trade association representing the nonwoven fabrics industry since 1968. In cooperation with EDANA has been published standard test methods for nonwovens industry. Table of contents:
GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS Glossary of Terms How to Write a Test Method Sample and Laboratory Conditioning Worldwide Associations Sampling List of Vendors Guidance to Nonwoven Test Methods Guidance to Highloft Test Methods

USEFUL METHODS Surface Linting Lamination Strength

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

INDA and EDANA test method for nonwovens II.

ABSORPTION Nonwoven Absorption Rate of Sorption of Wiping Materials Demand Absorbency ABRASION RESISTANCE Inflated Diaphragm Flexing and Abrasion Double Rotary Platform (Tabor) Modified Martindale BURSTING STRENGTH Diaphragm Burst Burst ELECTROSTATIC PROPERTIES Surface Resistivity Decay OPTICAL PROPERTIES Opacity (INDA) Brightness (INDA) Brightness (EDANA) Opacity (EDANA) PERMEABILITY Air Permeability Liquid Strike-Through Water Vapor Transmission Rate Mocon/INDA Water Vapor Transmission Rate Mocon/EDANA Part 1 Water Vapor Transmission Rate Lyssy/EDANA Part 2 Repeated Liquid Strike-Through Time Wetback after Repeated Strike-Through

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

INDA and EDANA test method for nonwovens III.

REPELLENCY Surface Wetting Spray Penetration by Water (Rain Test) Penetration by Water (Spray Impact) Penetration by Saline Solution (Automated Mason Jar) Water Resistance (Hydrostatic Pressure) Penetration by Oil (Hydrocarbon Resistance) Alcohol Repellency Run-Off Coverstock Wetback Wet Barrier Mason Jar STIFFNESS Cantilever Bending (INDA) Stiffness Using the Gurley Handle-O-Meter Cusick Drape Bending Length (EDANA) TEAR STRENGTH Elmendorf Trapezoid Tear Tongue Tear TENSILE Grab Tensile Strip Tensile Ball Burst THICKNESS Thickness (INDA) Thickness of Highloft Compression and Recovery, Highloft Compression and Recovery, Highloft Using Weights and Plates Compression and Recovery, Highloft High Temperature/High Humidity Thickness (EDANA)

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

INDA and EDANA test method for nonwovens IV.

WEIGHT Mass per Unit Area BINDER/APPEARANCE/DRYCLEANING Binder Distribution/Penetration Appearance and Integrity of Highloft Batting LINTING Particulate Shredding, Dry Particulate Shredding, Wet Fibrous Debris from Nonwovens Fibrous Debris from Hydrophobic Nonwovens GEOTEXTILES Conditioning Sampling Bursting Strength Air Permeability Cantilever Stiffness Trapezoid Tear Force and Elongation Grab Breaking Force Strip Test Thickness Thickness of Highloft Mass per Unit Area

Mechanical technology of nonwovens Department of nonwovens

INDA and EDANA test method for nonwovens V.

SUPERABSORBENT MATERIALS pH of Polyacrylate (PA) Powders Residual Monomers Particle Size Distribution Mass Loss Upon Heating Free Swell Capacity in Saline, Gravimetric Determination Fluid Retention Capacity in Saline, after Centrifugation Absorption Under Pressure, Gravimetric Determination Flow-rate, Gravimetric Determination Density, Gravimetric Determination Extractable Respirable Particles Dust in Collection, Sodium Atomic Absorption/Emission Spectrometry BACTERIAL Filtration Efficiency Dry Bacterial Penetration Wet Bacterial Penetration FORMALDEHYDE Water Extraction Method I Stressed Extraction Method II Free Formaldehyde Determination HPLC, Method III Free Formaldehyde in Processing Method IV ABSORBENT HYGIENE PRODUCTS Syngina Method (Tampons) Ethanol - Extractable Organotin 1 Synthetic Urine - Extractable Organotin 2