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Computing?
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using
Types of Computing
Monolithic
Distributed Parallel Cooperative
Monolithic Computing
The simplest form of computing, a single computer,
thus it may use only the resources within its immediate access. This form of computing is called Monolithic computing.
Monolithic Computing
Examples: Use of applications such as word processing
Monolithic Computing
Terminals Main frame
Distributed Computing
Distributed Computing is performed in a distributed
system.
Distributed System is a collection of independent
computers, interconnected via a network, that are capable of collaborating on a task. Computers are considered independent if they do not share memory or program execution space.
Distributed Computing
Distributed computing involves computing performed
among multiple network-connected computers, each of which has its own processor(s) and other resources.
A user, using a workstation , has full use of the
resources on the local computer to which its workstation is connected as well may resources on the remote computers.
Distributed Computing
Example: The world wide web is an excellent example
such as Internet Explorer runs on local system and interacts with a program(known as web server) which runs on remote system to fetch a file or resource.
Distributed Computing
CLIENT INTERMEDIATE HOSTS
SERVER
Parallel Computing
Parallel computing is typically performed on a single
Parallel computing
Example: weather forecasting,biology and
semiconductor design .
Cooperative Computing
Cooperative Computing is done using multiple
computers for processing a task by sharing a problem into units between multiple computers.
Cooperative Computing
Example: Ebay Auctioning System
universally available and generally affordable, the large number of interconnected computers makes for an ideal community for distributed computing.
Resource Sharing
The architecture of distributed computing mirrors the
computing architectures of modern organizations. Each organization independently maintains computers and resources that are local to the organization while sharing resources over the network.
Scalability
Distributed computing provides scalability in that
increasing demand for resources can be addressed effectively with addition of resource required.
Fault tolerance
Distributed computing provides the opportunity for
fault tolerance in that a resource can be replicated to sustain its availability in the presence of failures.
computing. Since multiple computers are involved, all of which depend on the network for communication,the failure of one or more computers or one or more network links can cause trouble for distributed computing.
Security Concerns
In distributed computing there are more opportunities
for unauthorized attack. The decentralization of control makes it difficult to implement and enforce security policies, hence distributed computing is vulnerable for security breaches and unauthorized access.
is represented as a process.
Concurrent Programming
Distributed computing involves concurrent
Multiple computers
The processes interact with each other by exchanging
data over the network, but their execution is otherwise completely independent. Example:
When you access a web page using a browser, a process
of the browser program, running on your machine interacts with the process running on the web server machine
Single Computer
Modern computers are supported by multitasking
operating systems, which allow multiple tasks or processes to be executed concurrently. Example:
TimeSharing of a resource(such as CPU) by player for
In a Process
Concurrent programming in separate processes, it is
often necessary for a single program to initiate tasks that are to be executed concurrently. Example:
It may be necessary for a program to perform other tasks
while waiting indefinitely for user input in one user interface window.(untill we press a key the program runs)
or child process.
The process that spwans subordinate process is called
Parent Process.
A Child process is a complete process, consisting of an
executing program, its own current values, and state information, some of which is inherited from the parent process.
Threads
A process may spawn threads, also known as
lightweight processes.
Threads carry a minimum of state information, but
child processes.
Software Engineering
Software engineering is a discipline in computer
science that covers the process of developing applications. The classes of building network applications are of two types
Procedural Object oriented
Procedural
The C language is the primary example.
It uses procedures to break down the complexity of the
tasks of an application.
An appplication is coded using a procedure or
function.
Object-Oriented
The example can be Java.
The problem is broken into objects and the messages
between object. Each object simulates an object in real life, carrying state data as well as behaviours. State Instance member Behavior - Methods
UML
An important step in the production of artifacts or
provide common set of language notations for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting the artifacts of software systems.
Functionalities
The functionalities of the distributed applications can
Presentation Layer
It provides the user interface.
Example: If the application is a shopping cart, this layer generates the set of web pages that are viewable by a shooper using a browser
Service Layer
It provides the underlying services needed to support
the functionalities of the top two layers. Services may include data access facilities such as DBMS,DNS,IPC