Introduction to Computer Networks

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
A network consists of 2 or more computers connected together, and they can communicate and share resources.

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) Software (application software)
Information Sharing Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) Search Capability (WWW) Communication Email Message broadcast Remote computing Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Types of Networks
Depending on ones perspective, we can classify networks in different ways
Based on transmission media: Wired (UTP, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables) and Wireless Based on network size: LAN and WAN (and MAN) Based on management method: Peer-to-peer and Client/Server Based on topology (connectivity): Bus, Star, Ring
--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN & WAN

Local Area Network (LAN)
Small network, short distance A room, a floor, a building Limited by no. of computers and distance covered Usually one kind of technology throughout the LAN Serve a department within an organization Example: Network inside the Student Computer Room
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Wide Area Network(WAN)

Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network) Towns, states, countries Example: Internet
Student Computer Centre

WAN

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Your home

USA

Introduction to Computer Networks

Peer-to-Peer Networks
Peer-to-peer network is also called workgroup No hierarchy among computers, all are equal No administrator responsible for the network

Peer-to-peer

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Advantages of peer-to-peer networks:

Low cost Simple to configure User has full accessibility of the computer

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networks:

May have duplication in resources Difficult to uphold security policy Difficult to handle uneven loading

Where peer-to-peer network is appropriate:

10 or less users No specialized services required Security is not an issue Only limited growth in the foreseeable future
--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Clients and Servers

Network Clients (Workstation) Computers that request network resources or services Network Servers Computers that manage and provide network resources and services to clients Usually have more processing power, memory and hard disk space than clients Run Network Operating System that can manage not only data, but also users, groups, security, and applications on the network
Client-Server

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Advantages of client/server networks

Facilitate resource sharing centrally administrate and control Facilitate system backup and improve fault tolerance Enhance security only administrator can have access to Server Support more users difficult to achieve with peer-to-peer networks

Disadvantages of client/server networks

High cost for Servers Need expert to configure the network Introduce a single point of failure to the system

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
All the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable. Simple and low-cost A single cable called a segment Only one computer can send messages at a time computer only listen for, not regenerate data Failure of one host can cause failure of network.

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Star Topology
Connection from each device to a central location. Most commonly used . Failure of one cable does not bring down network. More cabling, hence higher cost If switch down, entire network down Switch Two or more computers may send message at the same time

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame. The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame.

Single ring All the devices on the network share a single cable
Dual ring The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
Physical Media
Interconnecting Devices Computers

Networking Software
Applications

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

--Shashank Dubey

Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Cables
Types of Cables Twisted-Pair 10BaseT

Unshielded (UTP) Shielded (STP)

Coaxial
10Base2, 10Base5

ThinNet ThickNet

Fiber-Optics

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Wireless Communication Devices

Wireless Communication Devices

Infrared Transmission

Narrowband Radio Transmission

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
HUB, Switches, Routers, Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.

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Repeaters and Hubs

Repeater Transmits data to all connected computers

Repeater
Hub Transmits data to all connected computers in a star topology

Hub

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Bridges

Bridge

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Switches

Switch

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Routers
Router

Router

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Gateways
Ethernet

Gateway

Token Ring

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
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Introduction to Computer Networks

Types of Data Transmissions

Unicast Broadcast

Multicast

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Introduction to Computer Networks

IP Address Classes
Class A Network ID Host ID

Class B

Network ID

Host ID

Class C

Network ID

Host ID

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Domain Naming
Domain Name (example.microsoft.com) Top-level domain (com) Second-level domain (microsoft.com)
Subdomain (example.microsoft.com)

com

microsoft.com

example.microsoft.com

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Domain Organization
nwtraders.msft
Domain

Forest
Domain

Domain

Tree
Domain

Tree

namerica.nwtraders.msft
Domain

samerica.nwtraders.msft
Domain

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
E-mail Searchable Data (Web Sites) E-Commerce News Groups Internet Telephony (VoIP) Video Conferencing Chat Groups Instant Messengers Internet Radio

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