SEQUENCE ADOPTED FOR COTTON

DONE BY, M.BHUVANESHWARI 11MCD003

SEQUENCE ADOPTED FOR COTTON

Grey cloth Singeing (Removal of loose hairy fibers from the surface of the fabric by burning) Desizing (Removal of size materials present in the fabric) Hot & cold wash Scouring (Removal of all impurities except natural coloring matter) Souring (Neutralize the fabric) Bleaching (Removal of natural coloring matter present in the textile material) Souring (Neutralize the fabric and remove the chlorine smell and also improves the whiteness of the fabric)

Washing & Drying Mercerizing Dyeing To increase the good To apply color on luster, Absorbing capacity the textile material strength of the material Finishing Folding Packing Dispatching

Printing To apply Design of the fabric.

SINGING
OBJECTS Singeing is the process of removing the loose hairy fibers projecting from the surface of the fabric by burning. These are done to give a smooth, even, and clean looking face to the fabric. The main types of singeing are, Roller singeing Hot plate singeing Gas singeing IMPORTANCE OF SINGEING: The fabric to be mercerized must be singed to develop max luster. The fabric to be printed must be singed to impart clearly defined and sharped designs on the cloth. So, singeing is considered to be important and essential process before mercerizing and printing.

GAS SINGEING MACHINE

It is more economical, more convenient and more efficient singeing. It is mostly used in all processing mills in India. The machine consists of the following parts: Guide rollers Drying cylinder Brush rollers Burners Water trough Drag roller squeeze roller steam chamber ADVANTAGES Both sides of the fabric can be singed at a single passage. Their production is more because of high speed. DISADVANTAGES When the flame is not controlled there is a chance of fire on the cloth.

DESIZING
OBJECTS:
Removal of size from the grey fabric which is applied during weaving. This is done to make the fabric more absorbency.

CLASSIFICATION OF DESIZING METHODS:

1.HYDROLYTIC METHODS ROT STEEP ENZYMATIC STEEEP ACID STEEP 2. OXIDATIVE METHODS CHLORINE CHLORITE BROMITE

ROT STEEP: ADVANTAGES :

Cheapest methods No chemicals required DISADVANTAGES: Large floor space is required. Slow process . Mildew may attack on the cloth during storage. ACID DESIZING: ADVANTAGES : It is very cheap DISADVANTAGES: Danger of tendering Prolonged treatment with acid. ENZYME DESIZING: ADVANTAGES: The enzymes do not degrade the fabric. very safe method. DISADVANTAGES : If the temperature and pH are not controlled, enzymes become inactive.

SCOURING
OBJECTS Scouring is the process of removal of oils, fats, waxes, seed bits, leaf bits, foreign matters etc.,.(except natural coloring matter). Scouring is carried out in a boiler which is called as kiers. CHANGES TAKING PLACE DURING SCOURING: 1.Saponifiable oils and fats are converted into soaps. Oils and fats + NaOH soap + Glycerin (saponification) 2. Waxes and unsaponifable oils are converted into suspension products. (Emulsification) 3. Proteins are hydrolyzed into soluble products. 4. Simple amino compounds are dissolved. 5. Pectins and pectoses are converted into soluble salt of pectic acids. 6. Mineral matters are dissolved.

ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR GOOD SCOURING PROCESS Use of soft water Absence of air from inside the kier. Good packing and thorough circulation of the liquor Presence of sufficient quantity of alkali in the liquor. Removal of residual alkali in the absence of air. Purity of chemicals used. Temperature factor. Correct steam pressure in sufficient volume.

BLEACHING
OBJECTS Bleaching is the process by which the natural yellowish grey coloring matter left in the cotton material, after scouring is completely removed. TYPES OF BLEACHING AGENTS There are two types of bleaching agents. There are, Reducing bleaching agents Oxidizing bleaching agents

BLEACHING WITH HYDROGEN PER OXIDE SEQUENCE OF PROCESS: Impregnate the material with 5%-7% NaOH at 70c Passed through the pre -heater (90c-100c) Reached J box. Time 60-90 min. Temp-90c-100c (scouring process) Hot and Cold wash Impregnate the scoured material with H2O2 (5%-7%) Passed through the heater (90c-100c) Reached J box (60-90 min. Temp-90c-100c) bleaching process Cold wash- scoured and bleached material.

MERCERISATION
Mercerization improves the luster of cotton fabrics. It also gives the cotton material a greater affinity for coloring matters. Mercerization produces a permanent change in the structure of cotton fiber. OBJECTS To improve the luster of the fabric. To increase the strength of the material. To give good dye absorbing capacity to the cotton material. To increase the hygroscopicity property. To remove crease from the fabric.

MACHINES USED FOR MERCERISING

The machines used for mercerizing are , Chain mercerizing machine Chainless mercerizing machine Chainless padless mercerizing machine. CHAIN MERCERIZING MACHINE: This machine consists of The impregnating machinery The stretching and washing machinery The recuperator The washing and centralizing machinery.

CHAINLESS MERCERIZING MACHINE This machine also consists of The impregnating machinery The stretching and washing machinery The recuperator The washing and neutralizing machinery. Except the stretching process, functions and conditions are same as chain mercerizing machines PROCESS: Mercerizing consists of impregnating the cotton material with cold 25%-27% caustic soda solution (50c-60c) under tension for specified time (30-45 sec). Washing out of caustic soda is done while the cloth is still under tension. Tension during mercerization is essential to improve the luster.

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