Circulatory Systems

AP Biology

AP Biology

Exchange of materials Animal cells exchange material across

their cell membrane
fuels for energy nutrients oxygen waste (urea, CO2)

If you are a 1-cell organism thats easy!

diffusion

If you are many-celled thats harder

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Overcoming limitations of diffusion Diffusion is not adequate for moving

material across more than 1-cell barrier
CO2 CO2

aa
CH O2

aa

NH3
CO2

NH3

CO2 CO2

O2

NH3

aa
CHO

CO2

CHO

NH3

O2 aa
CH

NH3
CO2

CO2

NH3
CO2

CH

NH3

NH3
CO2 CO2

NH3

CHO

O2
AP Biology

aa

aa

In circulation
What needs to be transported

nutrients & fuels

from digestive system

respiratory gases
O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills

intracellular waste
waste products from cells water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)

protective agents
immune defenses white blood cells & antibodies blood clotting agents

regulatory molecules
hormones

AP Biology

BLOOD!!! What is it good for???? 55% of blood volume = plasma 45% of blood volume = cells, platelets

ERYTHROCYTES (rbcs) Last about 120 days No organelles! Produced in red bone marrow, sternum, ribs, some long bones old rbcs removed by spleen and liver Hemoglobin on rbcs is what carries O2 -> lack of hemoglobin = anemia
Each rbc has 280 million molecules of hemoglobin. How many hem. mol. in your body if have 5 million rbcs per mL of blood AP Biology and usually have body volume of 5L? <-MATH ATTACK!

BLOOD, cont. Leukocytes (wbcs) Immunity! TWO TYPES: 1. Granular (produced in bone marrow) *Neutrophils (most abundant) phagocytic *Eosinophils allergic reactions *Basophils allergic reactions (histamines) 2. Agranular *Lymphocytes produce antibodies *Monocytes (largest WBC) phagocytic

LEUKEMIA = cancer of wbcs (overabundance of wbcs leads to weakness/impaired clotting)

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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!!!

Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

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Circulatory systems All animals have:

circulatory fluid = blood tubes = blood vessels muscular pump = heart

open

closed

hemolymph AP Biology

blood

Open circulatory system Taxonomy

invertebrates
insects,

arthropods, mollusks

Structure

no separation between blood & interstitial fluid

hemolymph

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Closed circulatory system

Taxonomy

closed system = higher pressures

invertebrates
earthworms, squid,

octopuses

vertebrates

Structure

blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid

1 or more hearts large vessels to smaller

vessels material diffuses between blood vessels & interstitial fluid

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Vertebrate circulatory system Adaptations in closed system

number of heart chambers differs 3 4

low pressure to body

low O2 to body

high pressure & high O2 to body

Whats the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?

4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & AP Biology oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure

Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system

fish 2 chamber

amphibian 3 chamber

reptiles 3 chamber
Birds AND mammals! Wassssup?!

birds & mammals 4 chamber

V A

A V

A V

A V

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Evolution of 4-chambered heart

Selective forces

increase body size

protection from predation bigger body = bigger stomach for

herbivores

endothermy
can colonize more habitats

flight
decrease predation & increase prey

capture

Effect of higher metabolic rate

greater need for energy, fuels, O2, waste removal

endothermic animals need 10x energy AP Biology need to deliver 10x fuel & O2 to cells

convergent evolution

Vertebrate cardiovascular system Chambered heart

atrium = receive blood ventricle = pump blood out

Blood vessels

arteries = carry blood away from heart

arterioles

veins = return blood to heart

venules

capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion

capillary beds = networks of capillaries

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Blood vessels
arteries arterioles
venules arterioles veins artery

capillaries venules veins

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Arteries: Built for high pressure pump Arteries

thicker walls
provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood

narrower diameter elasticity

elastic recoil helps

maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes

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Veins: Built for low pressure flow Blood flows toward heart Veins
thinner-walled wider diameter

Open valve

blood travels back to heart

at low velocity & pressure lower pressure

distant from heart blood must flow by skeletal muscle
contractions when we move Closed valve squeeze blood through veins

valves
in larger veins one-way valves

allow blood to flow only toward heart

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Capillaries: Built for exchange Capillaries

very thin walls

lack 2 outer wall layers only endothelium enhances exchange
across capillary

diffusion
exchange between

blood & cells

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Controlling blood flow to tissues

Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincters
supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from

digestive tract to skeletal muscles

Why?

capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity

AP Biology sphincters open

sphincters closed

Exchange across capillary walls

Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure
bulk flow
BP > OP
Interstitial fluid

Lymphatic capillary

Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis

plasma proteins osmotic
pressure in capillary
BP < OP

What about edema?

Blood flow

85% fluid returns to capillaries

Capillary

15% fluid returns via lymph

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Arteriole

Venule

Lymphatic system
Parallel circulatory system

transports white blood cells

defending against infection

collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood

maintains volume & protein

concentration of blood drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium

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Lymph system

Production & transport of WBCs Traps foreign invaders

lymph vessels
(intertwined amongst blood vessels)

lymph node
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Mammalian circulation

systemic

pulmonary

systemic

AP Biology What do blue vs. red areas represent?

Mammalian heart

to neck & head & arms

Coronary arteries

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Coronary arteries
bypass surgery

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Heart valves
4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract
lub
AV

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

SL AV

Semilunar valves

between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing
dub

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Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds

closing of valves Lub

recoil of blood against

SL AV AV

closed AV valves

Dub
recoil of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur

defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve

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With every beat of your heart. Watch me go! SA (Sinoatrial) node (pacemaker) = in wall of right atrium when this fires, action potential spreads to both atria via gap junctions in intercalated discs AV (Atrioventricular) node = in lower right atrium acts as delay/relay sends message to ventricles to contract Cardiac center in medulla communicates with heart to regulate (hormones can speed up/slow down)
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Issues of the heart What actually kills women???? What Women Think The Facts 60% Cancers 35% Heart disease 19% Heart disease 23% All cancers 13% Dont know (4% breast) 4% Other causes 20% Other causes 2%Stress 8% Strokes 1% Old age 4% Pulmonary dis. 1% Smoking 4% Pneumonia/flu 3% Accidents 3% Diabetes

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Issues of the heart cont. Heart murmur improper closing of heart valve(s) can lead to need for repair/replacement Cardiomegaly enlarged heart ranges from mild to severe (need for replacement) hole in heart improper closing of septum between L and R ventricles (open before birth b/c babies dont need lungs until born) foramen ovale Hypoplasia only one side of heart functions properly Brugada Syndrome sudden cardiac death irregular heart rhythms (genetic) Mitral stenosis narrowing of mitral valve decreased blood flow to body SO MANY MORE -CHECK THEM OUT
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Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping

heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase

systole ventricles pumps blood out

relaxation phase
diastole atria refill with blood

systolic ________ AP Biology diastolic

pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure)

110 ____ 70

Measurement of blood pressure

High Blood Pressure (hypertension)

AP Biology

if top number (systolic pumping) > 150 if bottom number (diastolic filling) > 90

Bloody well ask some questions, already!

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