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The hormone HCG is secreted at the time of implantation by the trophoblast cells (which later becomes the placenta), when the embryo attaches to the uterine wall. Main role : to maintain the corpus luteum (whose role is to secrete progesterone) which is necessary for implantation of the embryo.
This is first hormone that detects pregnancy as it is present in the blood about ten days after fertilization, and in the urine a few days later. The most sensitive, accurate and reliable pregnancy test is a blood test for the presence of beta HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), often just called "beta". Beta HCG levels vary according to the gestational age.
Beta HCG levels during pregnancy (more than 10 mIU/ml) in the blood can be detected as early as 2 days before the period is missed. Beta-HCG are typically about 100 mIU/ml 14 days after ovulation in a healthy singleton pregnancy. They should double every 48- 72 hours in a healthy pregnancy.
The test for HCG to diagnose pregnancy, as well as other problems of pregnancy is done by determining the levels of -subunit (betasubunit) of hCG (-hCG).
This procedure is employed to ensure that tests do not make false positives by confusing hCG with the levels of LH (Luetenizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle stimulating Hormone).
USES:
Confirmation of pregnancy
ovarian follicles, ovulation can be triggered by Human chorionic gonadotropin can be used the a tumor marker, as its As ovulation will as administration of hCG. subunit is happen between 38 and 40 hours after a secreted by some cancers. single HCG injection, procedures can be For this reason a positive result in males can scheduledfor take advantage ofThe normal be a test to testicular cancer. this time sequence, men is between 0-5 mIU/mL. range for such as intrauterine insemination or sexual intercourse. Combined with alpha-fetoprotein, -HCG is an excellent tumor marker for the monitoring of germ cell tumors.
Other names: Blood Test Urine Test Serial beta HCG Repeat quantitative beta HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin blood test Beta-HCG blood test Pregnancy test - blood
QUALITATIVE
Just simply reports whether or not there is hCG present in the bloodstream .
QUANTITATIVE
reports the exact level of hormone that is present.
(MAJOR ADVANTAGE)
1. Blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with antiseptic. The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.
2. Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The 2-4ml of blood collected into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm.
2. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. 3. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.
There is very little risk involved with having blood sample taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.
Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:
Excessive bleeding Fainting or feeling light-headed Hematoma (blood accumulating under the skin) Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)
Quantitative HCG measurements can help to determine the exact age of the fetus and can diagnose abnormal preqnancies, such as ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and potential miscarriages. It is also used as part of a screening test for Down Syndrome. This test is also done to diagnose abnormal conditions unrelated to pregnancy that can raise HCG levels. The lack of a visible fetus on vaginal ultrasound after the hCG levels have reached 150,000 mIU/ml is strongly indicative of an ectopic pregnancy.
Qualitative
Detection thresholds range from 20 to 100 mIU/ml, depending on the Only tells whether brand of test.
the pt is pregnant or not, without telling Early in pregnancy, more accurate the obtained by using results may beexact levels of B-HCG the first urine of the morning (when present. hCG levels are highest).
Then the the brands for The majority of woman needs to wait a few minutes. Different brands the urine test tell the user to instruct the woman to wait different amounts of hold a stick in the urine stream. Others time. Once the time has passed, the user involve collecting urine should inspect the "result in a cup and then dipping the window." The user is pregnant a line stick into it. Another brandiftells or plus symbol is present. the woman to collect urine in a It does not matter how faint the line is. A cup and then put a few drops means the line, whether bold or faint, into a specialis positive. with a container result dropper.
When the urine is dilute (specific gravity less than 1.015), the hCG concentration may not be representative of the blood concentration, and the test may be falsely negative.
mIU/mL
3 4 5 6
LOW
HIGH
7,650 229,000 25,700 288,000 13,300 254,000 4,060 165,400 3,640 117,000 <5.0 <9.5
Gestational trophoblastic disease like Hydatidiform moles ("molar pregnancy") Choriocarcinoma may produce high levels of hCG (due to the presence of syncytialtrophoblasts- part of the villi that make up the placenta) despite the absence of an embryo. Ovarian Cancer (women); Testicular Cancer (men)