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Single Phase Induction Motor
The single-phase induction machine is the most
frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so
forth.
The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron
core with two windings arranged perpendicularly.
One is the main and
The other is the auxiliary winding or starting
winding
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Single Phase Induction Motor
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Single Phase Induction Motor
This single-phase
motors are truly two-
phase machines.
The motor uses a
squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated
iron core with slots.
Aluminum bars are
molded on the slots and
short-circuited at both
ends with a ring.
Stator with laminated
iron core Slots with winding
Bars
Ring to short
circuit the bars Starting winding
+
_
Main winding
Rotor with
laminated
iron core
+
_
Figure 7.42 Single-phase
induction motor.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
Figure 7.10 Squirrel cage rotor
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Single Phase Induction Motor
The single-phase induction motor operation
can be described by two methods:
Double revolving field theory; and
Cross-field theory.
Double revolving theory is perhaps the
easier of the two explanations to understand
Learn the double revolving theory only
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Single Phase Induction Motor
7.6.1 Double revolving field theory
A single-phase ac current supplies the main winding
that produces a pulsating magnetic field.
the pulsating field could be divided into two fields,
which are rotating in opposite directions.
The interaction between the fields and the current
induced in the rotor bars generates opposing torque
So the resultant torque is equal zero.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
The interaction between
the fields and the current
induced in the rotor bars
generates opposing
torque.
Under these conditions,
with only the main field
energized the motor will
not start
However, if an external
torque moves the motor in
any direction, the motor
will begin to rotate.
Starting winding
Main winding
+et -et
Main winding flux
Figure 7.43 Single-phase motor main winding
generates two rotating fields, which oppose and
counter-balance one another.
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*To make the single phase
induction motor self start:
By adding extra winding to the main winding .
These two winding (main winding and auxiliary
winding )are perpendicular . And are connected in
parallel with the single phase supply.
To produce torque to rotate the motor there must be
phase angle between the current down by main
winding (Im)and the current drown by the start
winding.
To make this there are many methods:
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Split phase machine:
Main winding has low
resistance and high
reactance .
Auxiliary winding has
high resistance and low
reactance.
To increase the resistance
of the start winding
connect resistance in
series with the start
winding.
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Is lags volt by small angle but
Im lags volt by larger angle so
there is larger phase angle
between the two currents so
the torque of split phase
depend on sin(alpha)
The center fugal switch is
disconnect the starting
winding after the motor
reaches to 70 to 80 percentage
of its full load speed.
Center fugal switch
connected in series with the
starting winding.
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We can use electromagnetic relay
instead of center fugal switch:
The relay coil us connected to the
main winding
The pair of contacts witch is
normally open is included in the
starting winding.
At start Im is very larg the relay
contacts close and allow to Is to
flow and the motor start as usual .
After speed reaches to 7
percentage of the full load speed
Im drop to low value enough to
open the contacts of the relay.
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*capacitor start induction-run motors:
At this type we connect
capacitor in series with the
starting winding and also
center fugal switch.
the capacitor connected out of
the motor.
The phase angle at this type
reaches to 80 degrees at
(200W,50Hz motor) but at split
phase type phase angle reaches
to 30 degrees. This means that
the torque developed in case of
capacitor start type is twice the
value at split phase type.
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*capacitor start capacitor run:
We get greater phase angle and greater
torque than capacitor start by adding
capacitor in parallel with the capacitor in
the previous type .

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Single Phase Induction Motor
Forward
rotating field
X
sta
/2
V
sta
I
sta
R
rot
(1-s
pos
)/(2s
pos
)
R
sta
/2
R
c
/2 X
m
/2
X
rot
/2 R
rot
/2
Reverse
rotating field
X
sta
/2
R
rot
(1-s
neg
)/(2s
neg
)
R
sta
/2
R
c
/2 X
m
/2
X
rot
/2 R
rot
/2
I
pos
I
neg
Figure 7.44 Equivalent circuit of a single-phase motor in running condition.
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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
The results of the calculations are:
Input power:


Developed or output power:
*
sta sta in
I V S =
neg
neg
rot
pos
pos
rot
dev
s
s
R
s
s
R
P

+

=
1
2
1
2
2 2
neg pos
I I
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7.6 Single Phase Induction Motor
n
m
400rpm 410rpm , 1780rpm .. :=
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0
100
200
300
400
500
P
mech
n
m
( )
W
P
mot_dev
n
m
( )
W
P
mech
n
rated
( )
W
n
m
rpm
P
dev_max
n
max
Operating Point
P
mech_max
Stable
Operating
Region
Figure 7.47 Single-phase motor mechanical output power and electrically
developed power versus speed.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
Operating Point
n
m
0.1rpm 1rpm , n
sy
.. :=
0 500 1000 1500
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
T
sm
n
m
( )
N m
T
m
n
m
( )
N m
T n
m
( )
N m
T
nom
N m
n
m
rpm
Starting winding
is disconnected
Main winding
generated torque
Combined main and
starting windings
generated torque
Figure 7.51
Torquespeed
characteristic of
a small single-
phase induction
motor.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
A less effective but more economical method using
shaded pole motors
The motor has two salient poles excited by ac
current.
Each pole includes a small portion that has a short-
circuited winding. This part of the pole is called the
shaded pole.
The main winding produces a pulsating flux that
links with the squirrel cage rotor.
This flux induces a voltage in the shorted winding.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
The induced voltage produces a current in the
shorted winding.
This current generates a flux that opposes the main
flux in the shaded pole (the part of the pole that
carries the shorted winding).
The result is that the flux in the unshaded and
shaded parts of the pole will be unequal.
Both the amplitude and the phase angle will be
different.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
These two fluxes generate an unbalanced rotating
field. The field amplitude changes as it rotates.
Nevertheless this rotating field produces a torque,
which starts the motor in the direction of the shaded
pole.
The starting torque is small but sufficient for fans
and other household equipment requiring small
starting torque.
The motor efficiency is poor but it is cheap
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Single Phase Induction Motor
The motor has two
salient poles excited
by ac current.
Each pole includes a
small portion that has
a short-circuited
winding.
This part of the pole
is called the shaded
pole
Main winding
Shorted
coil
Unshaded
pole
Unshaded
pole
Shaded
pole
Shaded
pole
Shorted
coil
Squirrel cage
rotor
Figure 7.52 Concept of single-
phase shaded pole motor.
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Single Phase Induction Motor
Figure 7.53
Shaded pole
motor for
household fan.