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EXAM OBJECTIVES
Given
a code example, determine if a method is correctly overriding or overloading another method, and identify legal return values (including covariant returns), for the method. a scenario, develop code that declares and/or invokes overridden or overloaded methods and code that declares and/or invokes superclass, overridden, or overloaded constructors.
Given
OVERRIDING
What The
is overriding?
The
key benefit of overriding is the ability to define behavior that's specific to a particular subclass type. method: In the superclass.
Overridden
Overriding
METHOD OVERRIDING
public class Car { public void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 60 mph"); } } class Ferrari extends Car { public void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 120 mph"); } public void msc(){} }
Example:
public static void main(String args[]) { Ferrari f=new Ferrari(); f.maxSpeed(); } OR public static void main(String args[]) { Car f=new Ferrari(); f.maxSpeed();
}
In
the preceding code, the test class uses a Car reference to invoke a method on a Ferrari object. This is possible because Ferrari IS-A Car. The compiler will allow only methods in class Car to be invoked when using a reference to a Car.
Car
JVM
The return type must be the same as, or a subtype of, the return type declared in the original overridden method in the superclass. class Alpha { Alpha doStuff(char c) { return new Alpha(); } } class Beta extends Alpha { Beta doStuff(char c) { return new Beta();// legal override in Java 1.5 } }
The access level can't be more restrictive than the overridden method's.
public class Car { public void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 60 mph"); } } class Ferrari extends Car { private void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 120 mph"); } public void msc(){} }
The access level CAN be less restrictive than that of the overridden method.
public class Car { protected void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 60 mph"); } } class Ferrari extends Car { public void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 120 mph"); } public void msc(){} }
o o o o
The overriding method CAN throw any unchecked (runtime) exception, regardless of whether the overridden method declares the exception. An unchecked exception, also called runtime exception, is detected only at runtime. Examples of unchecked exceptions: ArithmeticException ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException NullPointerException NumberFormatException
public class NoRunExc { public void divideBy() { int result= 100/1; System.out.println(result); } public static void main(String[] args) { NoRunExc n=new NoRunExc(); n.divideBy(); NoRunExc r=new RunExc(); r.divideBy(); } } class RunExc extends NoRunExc { public void divideBy() throws ArithmeticException { int result= 100/0; System.out.println(result); } }
FileNotFoundException EOFException
RIGHT
import java.io.*; public class Exc { public void openFile() throws IOException { try { FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("Filename.txt"); } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } class Exc2 extends Exc { public void openFile() throws FileNotFoundException { try { FileReader fw=new FileReader("Filename.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
WRONG
import java.io.*; public class Exc { public void openFile() throws FileNotFoundException
An overriding method doesn't have to declare any exceptions that it will never throw, regardless of what the overridden method declares.
import java.io.*; public class Exc { public void openFile() throws IOException { try { FileReader fw=new FileReader("Filename.txt"); } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } class Exc2 extends Exc { public void openFile() { System.out.println(Ill open the file later"); } }
cannot override a method marked final. You cannot override a method marked static.
public class Car { public final void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 60 mph"); } } class Ferrari extends Car { public void maxSpeed() { System.out.println("Max speed is 120 mph"); } public void msc(){} }
the code in the overridden method. Also add extra features in overriding method.
class Ferrari extends Car { public void maxSpeed() { super.maxSpeed(); System.out.println("I can race"); }
}
Introduction to overloading
Same
name, different arguments. Code deals with different argument types rather than forcing the caller to do conversions prior to invoking your method. It CAN have a different return type. Argument list MUST be different. Access modifier CAN be different. New exceptions can be declared. A method can be overloaded in the same class or in a subclass.
In same class
public class Sort { public void sort2(int[] a ) { //Program to sort integers } public void sort2(String[] a ) { //Program to sort Strings }
public class TestSort { public void arr() { int[] a={3,8,6,1,2}; String[] s={"Sachin","Sourav","Dravid"}; Sort s=new Sort(); s.sort2(a); s.sort2(s); }
In different classes
public class Sort { public void sort2(int[] a ) { //Program to sort integers } } class FloatSort extends Sort { public void sort2(double[] a ) { //Program to sort floats }
public class TestSort { public void arr() { int[] a={3,8,6,1,2}; double[] f={3.5,6.8,1.4,67.9}; Sort s=new Sort(); s.sort2(a); FloatSort s2=new FloatSort(); s2.sort2(f); }
public class TestSort { public void arr() { int[] a={3,8,6,1,2}; double[] f={3.5,6.8,1.4,67.9}; Sort s=new Sort(); s.sort2(a); Sort s2=new FloatSort(); s2.sort2(f); }
METHODS THAT ARE BOTH OVERLOADED AND OVERRIDDEN public class Animal
class Horse extends Animal { public void eat() { System.out.println("Horse eating hay "); } public void eat(String s) { System.out.println("Horse eating " + s); } }
Which is a correct class? (Choose all that apply.) A. public abstract class Frob implements Frobnicate { public abstract void twiddle(String s) { } } B. public abstract class Frob implements Frobnicate { } C. public class Frob extends Frobnicate { public void twiddle(Integer i) { } } D. public class Frob implements Frobnicate { public void twiddle(Integer i) { } } E. public class Frob implements Frobnicate { public void twiddle(String i) { } public void twiddle(Integer s) { } }
ANSWER
Answer: B is correct, an abstract class need not implement any or all of an interfaces methods. E is correct, the class implements the interface method and additionally overloads the twiddle() method. A is incorrect because abstract methods have no body. C is incorrect because classes implement interfaces they dont extend them. D is incorrect because overloading a method is not implementing it.
Given:
class Clidder { private final void flipper() { System.out.println("Clidder"); } } public class Clidlet extends Clidder { public final void flipper() { System.out.println("Clidlet"); } public static void main(String [] args) { new Clidlet().flipper(); }} What is the result? A. Clidlet B. Clidder C. Clidder Clidlet D. Clidlet Clidder E. Compilation fails
ANSWER
A is correct. Although a final method cannot be overridden, in this case, the method is private, and therefore hidden. The effect is that a new, accessible, method flipper is created. The method invoked is simply that of the child class, and no error occurs.
Given:
1. class Plant { 2. String getName() { return "plant"; } 3. Plant getType() { return this; } 4. } 5. class Flower extends Plant { 6. // insert code here 7. } 8. class Tulip extends Flower { } Which statement(s), inserted at line 6, will compile? (Choose all that apply.)
A. Flower getType() { return this; } B. String getType() { return "this"; } C. Plant getType() { return this; } D. Tulip getType() { return new Tulip(); }
ANSWER
A, C, and D are correct. A and D are examples of co-variant returns, i.e., Flower and Tulip are both subtypes of Plant.
Given
1. class Programmer { 2. Programmer debug() { return this; } 3. } 4. class SCJP extends Programmer { 5. // insert code here 6. }
A. Programmer debug() { return this; } B. SCJP debug() { return this; } C. Object debug() { return this; } D. int debug() { return 1; } E. int debug(int x) { return 1; } F. Object debug(int x) { return this; }
ANSWER
References:
Head First Java, 2nd Edition,by Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates. SCJP Sun Certified Programmer for Java 5 Study Guide (Exam 310055),by Kathy Sierra and Bert Bates.