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Khairy Assistant Lecturer of Anesthesia & intensive care Faculty of Medicine-Ain Shams University
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3.
At the PSIS At the Midline At point 4 cm lateral to intersection between midline & intercrestal line 4. At L2-L4 vertebrae
1. 2. 3. 4.
1.
Formed by the anterior divisions of the anterior rami of L2L4. 2. Supply the adductors of the thigh 3. Supply the medial aspect of the lower leg via the saphenous nerve. 4. it is positioned immediately lateral and slightly deeper than the femoral artery
1.
The first sign of onset of blockade is the loss of sensation of the skin over the medial aspect of the leg below the knee (saphenous nerve). 2. Typical onset time for this block is 10-15 minutes 3. Visible twitch of the quadriceps muscle) at 0.2-0.5 MA current is the optimal response. 4. Carry high risk of postoperative falls.
Introduction Anatomy Distribution of anesthesia Patient positioning Equipment Nerve stimulator guided technique US guided technique Complications
The lumbar plexus block is an advanced nerve block technique. The block has significant clinical applicability and because of this, it is used commonly in our practice. However, this block has a relatively higher potential for complications and should be practiced only after appropriate training
Anterior, medial, and lateral procedures of the thigh including harvest of skin grafts, malignant hyperthermia (MH)-biopsy procedure. Knee replacement, Total hip replacement ,hip fractures. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
lumbar plexus is formed by the anterior rami of the first four lumbar nerves; it frequently includes a branch from T12 and occasionally from L5.
The
plexus lies between the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles in the so-called psoas compartment.
lumbar plexus is formed by the anterior rami of the first four lumbar nerves; it frequently includes a branch from T12 and occasionally from L5.
The
plexus lies between the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles in the so-called psoas compartment.
Distribution of Anesthesia
The
femoral nerve supplies motor fibers to the quadriceps muscle (knee extension), skin of the anteromedial thigh, and the medial aspect of the leg below the knee and foot.
The
obturator nerve sends motor branches to the adductors of the hip and a highly variable cutaneous area on the medial thigh or knee joint.
The
lateral femoral cutaneous and genitofemoral nerves are purely cutaneous nerves
Patient Positioning
The
foot on the side to be blocked should be positioned over the dependent leg so that twitches of the patella can be seen easily.
Equipment
A standard
regional anesthesia tray is prepared with the following equipment: Sterile towels and 4"x4" gauze packs 20-mL syringes with local anesthetic Sterile gloves, marking pen, and surface electrode One 1" 25-gauge needle for skin infiltration A 10-cm long, short bevel, insulated stimulating needle Peripheral nerve stimulator
Landmarks
Landmarks for the lumbar plexus block include: Iliac crest Midline (spinous processes)
Needle insertion 4cm lateral to the intersection of landmarks 1 and 2
Landmarks
Landmarks for the lumbar plexus block include: Iliac crest Midline (spinous processes)
Needle insertion 4cm lateral to the intersection of landmarks 1 and 2
Technique
Local anesthetic skin infiltration After a cleaning with an antiseptic solution.
Technique
The needle
is
Technique
As the needle
is advanced, local twitches of the paravertebral muscles are obtained first at a depth of a few cms.
Technique
The
needle is then advanced further until twitches of the quadriceps muscle are obtained (usually at the depth of 68 cm). After the twitches are obtained, the current should be lowered to obtain stimulation between 0.5 mA and 1.0 mA. At this point, 25-35 mL of local anesthetic is slowly injected with frequent aspiration to rule out inadvertent intravascular placement of the needle. .
Requires a relatively large volume of local anesthetic The choice of the type and concentration of local anesthetic should be based on whether the block is planned for surgical anesthesia or pain management. Due to the highly vascular nature of the area there is high potential for inadvertent intravascular injection, rapid absorption from the deep muscle beds, and epidural spread
Adequate sedation and analgesia are necessary to ensure a still and tranquil patient. Typically, we use midazolam 4-6 mg after the patient is positioned and alfentanil 500-1000 g just before needle insertion. A typical onset time for this block is 15-25 minutes, depending on the type, concentration, and volume of local anesthetic and the level at which the needle is placed.
The first sign of the onset of blockade is usually the loss of sensation in the saphenous nerve territory (medial skin below the knee).
Infection Hematoma (should not be performed in anticoagulated pts) Nerve injury Vascular puncture Local Anesthetic Toxicity Hemodynamic consequence (Spread of the local anesthetic to
the epidural space may result in significant hypotension and occurs in as many as 15% of the patients)
US Guided
Ultrasound Landmarks: The transverse processes of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae and the psoas muscle. Transducer Type: Linear or curved array, 3 to 7 MHz
Transducer Position: Sagittal plane, 4 to 5 cm lateral to the posterior spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra
US Guided
Longitudinal sonogram of the lumbar paravertebral region showing an optimal scan for lumbar plexus block the trident sign.
Introduction Anatomy Distribution of anesthesia Patient positioning Equipment Nerve stimulator guided technique US guided technique Complications
An 83-yr-old woman (70 kg ) is admitted to the emergency room after a fall in her nursing home. She has fractured the neck of her femur, but otherwise there is no trauma. In addition, she has many medical problems, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and chronic obstructive lung disease. On examination, she was cooperative and orientated for time and place. HR 100 atrial fibrillation, blood pressure (BP) 170/100. The electrocardiogram (ECG) shows old MI change with left-axis deviation. Room oxygen saturation is 91%. Her chest is clear, except for crepitations at the bases and increased respiratory wheeze.
Because she is orientated for time and place, she requests a spinal anesthetic, as she is worried about going to sleep. You are happy to oblige and explain that she must either sit up or lie on her side for you to do the spinal. She absolutely refuses and claims this will be very painful.
You attempt to sit her up, but she complains of severe pain. You give her midazolam 0.5 mg and fentanyl 50 mg, slowly. A little later she claims to feel better. However, her oxygen saturation has now fallen to 87% on room air. You give her supplemental oxygen and her saturation improves to 93%. You attempt to sit her up again, but she complains bitterly. You could use a small dose of ketamine so that you can place the spine in a lateral position, but you are concerned about a potentially unacceptable increase in BP with ketamine and the need to use atropine with its side effects.
What else could you do to make her pain free. so that you can perform the spinal block? You can perform a femoral nerve block
Femoral nerve block is a basic nerve block technique that is easy to master. It carries a low risk of complications, and has a significant clinical applicability for surgical anesthesia and post-operative pain management.
Anterior thigh surgery ACL repair Knee arthroscopy (+ intra-articular local) Femur surgery Knee arthroplasty (pain management only)
Anatomy
The femoral nerve,
formed by the dorsal divisions of the anterior rami of L2 L4, is the largest terminal branch of the lumbar plexus.
Anatomy
The
femoral nerve passes underneath the inguinal ligament into the thigh.
As
femoral nerve passes underneath the inguinal ligament, it is positioned immediately lateral and slightly deeper than the femoral artery
the
Anatomy
At
the femoral crease, the nerve it is covered by the fascia iliaca and separated from the femoral artery and vein by a portion of the psoas muscle and the ligamentum ileopectineum.
This
physical separation of the femoral nerve from the vascular fascia explains the lack of the spread of a "blind paravascular" injection of local anesthetics toward the femoral nerve.
After emerging from the ligament, the femoral nerve divides into an anterior and posterior branch. At this level it is located lateral and posterior to the femoral artery anterior branch posterior branch Motor Motor Sartorius and pectineus ms quadriceps muscles Sensory Sensory skin of the anterior and medial aspect of the medial thigh lower leg via the saphenous nerve
Distribution of Anesthesia
A femoral block results
in anesthesia of the entire anterior thigh and most of the femur and knee joint.
The block also confers
anesthesia of the skin on the medial aspect of the leg below the knee joint (saphenous nerve - a superficial terminal extension of the femoral nerve).
Patient position
The patient is in the
pillow placed underneath patient's hips may facilitate palpation of the femoral artery and block performance.
Patient position
The patient is in the
pillow placed underneath patient's hips may facilitate palpation of the femoral artery and block performance.
Equipment
Sterile towels and 4"x4"
gauze packs 20 mL syringes with local anesthetic Sterile gloves, marking pen, and surface electrode One 1" 25-gauge needle for skin infiltration A 5-cm long, short bevel, insulated stimulating needle Surface electrode Peripheral nerve stimulator
Landmarks
Landmarks
for the femoral nerve block are easily recognizable in all patients and include:
Femoral crease Femoral artery
pulse
Landmarks
Needle
insertion site is labeled immediately lateral to the pulse of the femoral artery.
All landmarks
Technique
After a thorough
cleaning with an antiseptic solution, local anesthetic is infiltrated subcutaneously at the estimated site of needle insertion.
Technique
The anesthesiologist is
standing on the side of the patient with the palpating hand on the femoral artery.
The nerve stimulator is
introduced immediately at the lateral border of the artery and advanced in the saggital and slightly cephalad plane
Technique
The
femoral nerve innervates a number of muscle groups. A visible or palpable twitch of the quadriceps muscle (patella twitch) at 0.2-0.5 mA current is the optimal response.
A femoral block can be accomplished with as little as 10 mL of local anesthetic. However, we often use larger volumes of local anesthetic (e.g., 20-25 mL), because the local anesthetic often disperses underneath fascia iliaca laterally and results also in block of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh.
The choice of the type and concentration of local anesthetic should be based on whether the block is planned for surgical anesthesia or pain management.
Long-acting local anesthetic should be avoided in ambulatory patients undergoing relatively minor procedures as ambulation is affected by prolonged motor block of the quadriceps muscle.
Minimal patient discomfort However, many patients feel uncomfortable being exposed. Sedation is necessary for the patient's comfort and acceptance. Midazolam 1-2 mg after patient is positioned and alfentanil 250-500g just before the local infiltrations suffices for most patients.
A typical onset time for this block is 10-15 minutes, depending on the type, concentration, and volume of local anesthetic used.
The first sign of onset of blockade is the loss of sensation of the skin over the medial aspect of the leg below the knee (saphenous nerve).
Weight bearing on the blocked side is impaired and this should be clearly explained the patient to prevent the risk of falls.
US Guided
Ultrasound Landmarks: The femoral artery and the femoral nerve. The nerve lies lateral or occasionally deep to the artery.
US Guided
Transducer Type:
The probe is located in the axial plane along the inguinal crease
US Guided
The femoral nerve
US Guided
The spread of the local
anesthetic can be visualized in real time as hypoechoic solution surrounding the femoral nerve, and the needle tip is repositioned if required to ensure appropriate spread.
Indications: Hip, anterior thigh, and knee surgery Landmarks: Iliac crest, spinous processes (midline) Nerve stimulation: Twitch of the quadriceps muscle at 0.5-1.0 mA current Local anesthetic: 25-35 mL Complexity level: advanced
Indications: Anterior thigh and knee surgery Landmarks: Femoral (inguinal) crease, femoral artery pulse Nerve Stimulation: Twitch of the patella (quadriceps) at 0.2-0.5 mA current Local anesthetic: 20 mL Complexity level: Basic
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3.
At the PSIS At the Midline At point 4 cm lateral to intersection between midline & intercrestal line 4. At L2-L4 vertebrae
1. 2. 3. 4.
1.
Formed by the anterior divisions of the anterior rami of L2L4. 2. Supply the adductors of the thigh 3. Supply the medial aspect of the lower leg via the saphenous nerve. 4. it is positioned immediately lateral and slightly deeper than the femoral artery
1.
The first sign of onset of blockade is the loss of sensation of the skin over the medial aspect of the leg below the knee (saphenous nerve). 2. Typical onset time for this block is 10-15 minutes 3. Visible twitch of the quadriceps muscle) at 0.2-0.5 MA current is the optimal response. 4. Carry high risk of postoperative falls.