Power Supply

Power supply - Internet URL http://www.pcguide.com/ref/power/sup/index.htm

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Purpose of the Power Supply

The Power Supply converts AC (alternating current) which is external power to DC (direct current) internal power that the computer can use. Convert household power into a form the computer can use. Power supply is a device that supply electrical energy to various component including motherboard of PC.
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Characteristics of power supply

Wattage Regulation Ripple Load Regulation Line Regulation Efficiency
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Characteristics of power supply

Wattage-It is the total maximum output power that the power supply provides.Typical power ranges from 200W to 500W. Regulation-The ability of power supply to control or maintain the output voltage level when the load ie DC output on power supply increases or decreses or when the AC input voltage varies. Ripple-Periodic noise in constant output voltage of powerUNIT-2:POWER is called Ripple. supply SUPPLY 9/4/2012 4

Characteristics of power supply

Load Regulation-The ability of power supply to control or maintain the output voltage level when the load ie DC output on power supply increases or decreses. Line Regulation-The ability of power supply to control or maintain the output voltage level when the AC input voltage varies. Efficiency-The power output divided by total electrical power consumed is called Efficiency. 9/4/2012 UNIT-2:POWER SUPPLY 5

Power Problems
Spike
300V

Surge

Normal
230V 140V 0V

Brownout

blackout

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Power Problems
Power Problems that may lead to power supply problems. Line Noise Surges Spikes Brownouts Blackouts
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Line Noise
Line Noise - Line noise consists of small variations in the voltage level delivered to the computer.

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Surges
This is a temporary increase of voltage i.e small over voltage conditions that can last just a few thousandths of a second, but in this time the voltage can increase from 110 to 1,000 volts or even higher. Excessive Voltage creates overheating in the supply damage your computer equipment and will destroy it.
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Spike

A Spike is a large over voltage condition,that occurs in some milliseconds.Heavy equipment like drill,presses,grinders and othe highly motorized device can produce tremendous power spikes during normal operation.If PC is on the same circuitas that o heavy equipment ,the spikes can damage the power supply
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Brownout
Brownout - when a brownout occurs, the voltage drops from its normal level to a lower voltage and then returns; in some ways, it's like the opposite of a surge. i.e.the under voltage condition is called Brownout.high load items draw so much current that the AC voltage level drops.under voltage conditions can also damage the power supply. 9/4/2012 UNIT-2:POWER SUPPLY 11

Blackout
Blackout - A blackout, of course, is when the power totally fails. Blackout is a complete loss of electrical power where voltage and current drop is a very low value i.e.0.Blackout is usually caused by a physical interupption in the power line due to accidental damage by a person or act of the nature.the loss of AC shut 9/4/2012 UNIT-2:POWER SUPPLY 12 down the computer in milliseconds.

Block diagram of SMPS

AC MAINS SUPPLY

Bridge Rectifier DC And Filter

Switching Transistor

DC

Transformer

AC

DC Fullwave Rectifier filter

DC output

PULSE WIDTH MODULAITION

Opto isolator

Comparator

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Reference volatge

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(Switch Mode Power Supply)

SMPS

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(Switch Mode Power Supply)

The Bridge Rectifier converts The AC input voltage into DC voltage. The Filter removes ripple at the output voltage. The Switching Transistor converts the DC voltage into square wave AC. The Transformer step down the voltage. This AC square wave is rectified by a full 9/4/2012 UNIT-2:POWER SUPPLY 15 wave rectifier.

SMPS

SMPS
Th DC output which ripples from the rectifier is filtered by a filter. The DC output voltage is compared with a reference voltage by a comparator. The error voltage at the comparator output is fed to the Pulse Width Modulation,
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SMPS Output Voltages

Voltage
+5V -5V +12V
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Current
2.3A 1A 1A
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Application/Use
All logic chips CMOS -VCC for DRAM Drive motors DRAM Serial Port
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Motherboard Power Connector

Power switches to the power supply have changed over time. AT connector added a remote switch on the front of the computer connected to the power supply in the back. ATX/NLX connector uses an electric switch connected to the motherboard that uses a feature called Soft_Power to turn on the computer.
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Motherboard Power Connector

Most important connection. Supplies power to other devices through the motherboard. Wires are made of copper.
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ATX 20 pin

Older P8 & P9 Or P1 & P2 19

Motherboard Power Connector

ATX

AT

P8

P9

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AT connector
The AT power connector provides DC output on two 6-pin connectors i.e. P8 and P9,connected to the motherboard. Carry +5V,-5V,+12V,-12V voltages and PW-OK signal ie power good signal,is a signal indicating that the output voltages are stable and usable by the CPU.
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ATX connector

The ATX power supply provides 5 voltages to the motherba +5V -5V +12V -12V +3.3V Through a 20 pin connector. The 3.3V supply is added to support the broad use of lo-volt It has 3 special signals : 1)PS-ON 2) 5 VSB 3)PW-OK
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ATX connector
-12V: Used for some types of serial port.

PS-ON: is an input to SMPS.only when this signal s low,the SMPS output should be ON.otherwise,the output should be OFF.
PW-OK: is a power good signal.
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ATX power connector

5 VSB: The 5 VSB is a standby voltage which supplies power to special circuits,when the SMPS and the system are OFF.
-5V: used for compatibility with older hardware.used with floppy controller.
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Protection Devices
To run computer system properly,it require a steady power supply with clean and noise free power. It acheives through protection devices. 2 types of protection devices: 1)circuit Breaker 2)Surge suppressor
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circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.

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Surge suppressor
A surge suppressor also called surge protector,is a device,used to prevent damage to electronic equiment from voltage spikes called transients. Is a small box with a power supply and 3-wire chord for plugging. The immediate threat of damage to your electrical components and equipment by high voltage transients, spikes, and 9/4/2012 UNIT-2:POWER SUPPLY 27 surges would be eliminated.

(Uninterruptible Power Supply)

WHAT IS AN UPS?

UPS

An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is also known as a battery back-up, which provides emergency power to the connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when power is not available

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GENERAL PURPOSE UPS

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF UPS

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Block diagram of UPS

AC MAINS Section

Static switch Line filter And Transformer Rectifier Inverter DC to AC Filters

AC MAINS SUPPLY

Battery charger Battery Load 230V

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UPS
It consist of following functional block:
AC mains section(filter,transformer and rectifier) Inverter and Filter Battery charger circuit and Battery Static Switch

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UPS
AC mains section:
When AC main supply is applied,it has pass through line filter and transformer.The rectifier rectifies AC.

Inverter and filter:

This circuit work with power or without power.when power is there it delivers constant 230 v output to the load.

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UPS
Battery charger circuit and Battery:
The Battery charger converts input AC supply to the desired DC level and charges the battery.Battery

provide the backup if blackout occurs.

Static Switch:
If power failure occurs,the invertor is connected to load with the help of static switch.This inverter changes DC from from battery to AC.
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Types of UPS
There are 2 types of UPS:
ONLINE UPS OFFLINE UPS

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OFFLINE UPS
It is a standby power supply. In this type of UPS,Battery is charged when AC mains are ON and as soon as AC mains are OFF,battery discharges and supplies power to PC. Switching is invloved.
AC Mains supply

Transformer Rectifier AC to DC Filter

Electronic Switching

Inverter DC to AC

230V

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ONLINE UPS
It is main power supply. Battery is continuously charged and then delivers DC power to inverter. Switching is not involved.
AC Mains supply

Transformer Rectifier AC to DC Filter

Battery charger

Battery DC

Inverter DC to AC

230V

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Difference Between OnLine and Off-Line UPS

On-line UPS 1)It is main power supply 2) Battery is continuously charged and then delivers DC power to inverter. Off-line UPS 1)It is standby power supply 2) Battery is charged when AC mains are ON and as soon as AC mains are OFF,battery discharges and supplies power to PC. 3)Switching is invloved

3)Switching is not involved.

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