THERMOELASTIC EFFECT and RETARDED ELASTICITY

In a perfect elastic material the relationship

between stress and strain is linear and independent of time. However, there are always some deviations from this perfect elastic behavior.

 A B

When a metal bar is rapidly stretched (line OA), it

Mechanical Thermal def. def.

increases in volume and its temperature decreases.

(Rapid! No time for heat exchange with the environment)

If the specimen is allowed to remain under the load

for a sufficiently long time it warms up to room temperature and expands (line AB)

 Adiabatic line A B

Mechanical Thermal def. def.

If unloaded at the original rate it will contract (line BC)

and its temperature increases. When allowed to cool it cools to room tamperature (line CO). This is called an adiabatic process. There is no heat exchange of the material with the environment. In other words the mechanical and thermal deformations can be identified.

 If a specimen is stretched at such a rate that

its temperature remains constant (because of the heat exchange with the environment), youll obtain the isothermal behaviour as represented by line OB.

Isothermal line

Mechanical Thermal def. def.

 As seen from the figure Eadiabatic > Eisothermal In real life, the changes are not adiabatic,

there will always be some heat exchange. Thus the - will assume the following shape. This loop is called as HYSTERESIS LOOP and represents the amount of heat dissipated (energy loss) during loading and unloading.

The area of a hystresis loop is small especially for metals. From an engineering point of view, the energy loss leads to heating, damping of vibrations and also contributes to friction, particularly in materials like rubber.

 Heating and cooling of

a material as a result of its deformation is called THERMOELASTIC EFFECT, this effect is due to a phenemenon called RETARDED ELASTICITY.

In the elastic analysis of metals it is assumed that elastic strain is a function of stress only. This is strictly not true since there is time dependence to elasticity. In metals the effect is very small and usually neglected. In polymers the effect is much more significant. The general name for this time dependence is anelasticity.

Thermoelastic effect and retarded elasticity are the

aspects of anelasticity.

Example 1:
P1 5cm 10cm P3 P2

P2 50cm P3 P1

The steel prismatic member is subjected to the following load combination. P1=900kN P2=-900kN P3=900kN =0.26, E=200GPa a) Find the change in volume. b) What must be the magnitude of the compressive load if there is to be no change in volume?

a) 1 =

P1 A1

900*103(N) = =2 180 MPa = 0.18 GN/m2 50x100(mm )

P1 A1

2 =

-P2 A2

-900*103 500x50

= - 0.036 GN/m2

A2 P2

3 =

P3 A3

900*103 500x100

= 0.018 GN/m2

A3

P3

avg =

1+2+3 3

0.18-0.036+0.018 = = 0.054 GN/m2 3

V0 = 0.05 x 0.10 x 0.5 = 2.5x10-3 m2 200 E = 138.96 GN/m2 = K= 3(1-2) 3(1-2*0.26) 0.054

138.96 =

V/2.5x10-3

V = 9.7x10-7 m3

b) For V = 0

= 0.5

or avg = 0

Since = 0.26 then avg = 0 should be satisfied.

avg = 1 + 2 + 3 = 0.18 + 2 + 0.018 = 0 2 = -0.198 GN/m2

P2 = -0.198 * 500 * 50 = -4950 kN

Example 2: An aluminum alloy rod 3 cm in diameter and 75 cm in length is subjected to a tensile load of 2000 kgf. Calculate: a) Longitudinal strain, l b) Change in length, l c) Change in diameter, d Material properties are: E = 7x105 kgf/cm2 & = 0.33
2000 kgf

75

cm

cm

2000 kgf

a) E =

l = E

2000/(*32/4) = 7x105 (Tensile) Elongation

l = 4.042x10-4 cm/cm
b) l =

L L

L = 4.042x10-4 * 75 =0.0303 cm

lat c) = long

lat = . l d = . l . d

Shortening

= 0.33 * 4.042x10-4 * 3 = 0.0004 cm

d) K =

avg V/V0

E 3(1-2)

avg*3*(1-2) V = V0 E V = V0 avg*3*(1-2)

E
*

= = 0.073 cm3

Volume expansion

Example 3: A steel bar having a diameter of 1 cm shows a unit elongation of 0.0007 when a uniaxial tensile load is applied. Determine the load P. E = 2.1x106 kgf/cm2
=
E & =

P A

P A.E

P=.A.E

P = 0.0007 * * 12/4 * 2.1x106 = 1155 kgf